Os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde no planejamento da testagem à covid-19 no Amazonas, Brasil / The Social Determinants of Health in the planning of COVID-19 testing in Amazonas, Brazil

RESUMO A sindemia da covid-19 afetou desproporcionalmente populações mais vulneráveis do ponto de vista social, como pessoas de baixa renda, populações indígenas e ribeirinhas. No estado do Amazonas, onde a geografia única e as disparidades sociais apresentam desafios significativos para o acesso e a equidade em saúde, os Determinantes Sociais da Saúde (DSS) desempenham um papel crucial. Este artigo analisa se e como os DSS foram considerados durante o planejamento de testes para a covid-19 no Amazonas. Para tal análise, realizou-se um estudo de caso qualitativo por meio de análise documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com atores-chave envolvidos no planejamento e na implementação da testagem. Os documentos oficiais foram sistematizados usando TIDieR-PHP. Os dados foram analisados empregando a ferramenta REFLEX-ISS. Os DSS não foram considerados no planejamento de testes no Amazonas. Não houve consenso entre os entrevistados sobre a importância de considerar os DSS no planejamento da intervenção. Os testes foram restritos a pacientes com sintomas graves e a algumas categorias de trabalhadores em serviços considerados essenciais. Faz-se necessário, aos gestores de políticas de saúde, conhecimento sobre a importância de considerar os DSS no planejamento em intervenções populacionais para realizar uma política equânime.

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 syndemic has disproportionately affected socially vulnerable populations, such as low-income individuals, Indigenous peoples, and riverine communities. Social Determinants of Health (SDH) have played a crucial role in the state of Amazonas, where unique geography and social disparities pose significant challenges to health access and equity. This article examines whether and how SDH were considered during COVID-19 testing planning in Amazonas. For this analysis, we conducted a qualitative case study through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders involved in testing planning and implementation. Official documents were systematized using TIDieR-PHP, and data were analyzed using the REFLEX-ISS tool. SDH were not considered in testing planning in Amazonas. The respondents could not all agree on the importance of considering SDH in intervention planning. Testing was limited to patients with severe symptoms and specific categories of essential workers. Health policymakers need to understand the relevance of considering SDH in planning population interventions to ensure equitable policy implementation.

Did the design and planning of testing and contact tracing interventions for COVID-19 consider social inequalities in health? A multiple case study from Brazil, Canada, France & Mali.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to an unprecedented global crisis. It has exposed and exacerbated weaknesses in public health systems worldwide, particularly with regards to reaching the most vulnerable populations, disproportionately impacted by the pandemic. The objective of our study was to examine whether and how social inequalities in health (SIH) were considered in the design and planning of public health responses to COVID-19 in jurisdictions of Brazil, Canada, France, and Mali. This article reports on a qualitative multiple case study of testing and contact tracing interventions in regions with high COVID-19 incidence in each country, namely: Manaus (Brazil), Montréal (Canada), Île-de-France (France), and Bamako (Mali). We conducted interviews with 108 key informants involved in these interventions in the four jurisdictions, focusing on the first and second waves of the pandemic. We analyzed our data thematically using a theoretical bricolage framework. Our analysis suggests that the lack of a common understanding of SIH among all actors involved and the sense of urgency brought by the pandemic eclipsed the prioritization of SIH in the initial responses. The pandemic increased intersectoral collaboration, but decision-making power was often unequal between Ministries of Health and other actors in each jurisdiction. Various adaptations to COVID-19 interventions were implemented to reach certain population groups, therefore improving the accessibility, availability, and acceptability of testing and contact tracing. Our study contributes to identifying lessons learned from the current pandemic, namely that the ways in which SIH are understood shape how interventions are planned; that having clear guidelines on how to integrate SIH into public health interventions could lead to more inclusive pandemic responses; that for intersectoral collaboration to be fruitful, there needs to be sufficient resources and equitable decision-making power between partners; and that interventions must be flexible to respond to emerging needs while considering long-standing structural inequalities.

Communication and Information Strategies Implemented by Four Hospitals in Brazil, Canada, and France to Deal with COVID-19 Healthcare-Associated Infections.

During the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, COVID-19 healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and risk management became major challenges facing hospitals. Using evidence from a research project, this commentary presents: 1) various communication and information strategies implemented by four hospitals and their staff in Brazil, Canada and France to reduce the risks of COVID-19 HAIs, and how they were perceived by hospital staff; 2) the flaws in communication in the hospitals; and 3) a proposed agenda for research on and action to improve institutional communications for future pandemics. By analyzing "top-down" strategies at the organizational level and spontaneous strategies initiated by and between professionals, this study shows that during the first waves of the pandemic, reliable information and clear communication about guidelines and health protocols' changes can help alleviate fears among staff and avoid misapplication of protocols, thereby reducing infection risks. There was a lack of a "bottom-up" communication channel, while, when making decisions, it is crucial to listen to and fully take into account staff's voices, experiences, and feelings. More balanced communication between hospital administrators and staff could strengthen team cohesion and lead to better enforcement of protocols, which in turn will reduce the risk of contamination, alleviate the potential impacts on staff health, and improve the quality of care provided to patients.

Lessons Learned from Field Experiences on Hospitals' Resilience to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Approach.

In this concluding article of the special issue, we examine lessons learned from hospitals' resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, Canada, France, Japan, and Mali. A quality lesson learned (QLL) results from a systematic process of collecting, compiling, and analyzing data derived ideally from sustained effort over the life of a research project and reflecting both positive and negative experiences. To produce QLLs as part of this research project, a guide to their development was drafted. The systematic approach we adopted to formulate quality lessons, while certainly complex, took into account the challenges faced by the different stakeholders involved in the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we present a comparative analysis of the lessons learned by hospitals and their staff with regard to four common themes that were the subject of empirical analyses: 1) infrastructure reorganization; 2) human resources management; 3) prevention and control of infection risk; and 4) logistics and supply. The lessons learned from the resilience of the hospitals included in this research indicate several factors to consider in preparing for a health crisis: 1) strengthening the coordination and leadership capacities of hospital managers and health authorities; 2) improving communication strategies; 3) strengthening organizational capacity; and 4) adapting resources and strategies, including for procurement and infection risk management.

Hospital Resilience in Three COVID-19 Referral Hospitals in Brazil.

Health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, challenge health systems in demonstrating resilience-the ability to cope with change, manage challenges, and adapt in order to retain their effectiveness. Understanding how such challenges affect and produce reactions in those involved in this response is extremely important. This study evaluated resilience in three referral hospitals in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil-one public, one private, and one philanthropic hospital-by examining the coping activities adopted by the nursing staff working on the COVID-19 frontline. A multiple case study was carried out, using a qualitative approach, triangulating data from direct observations, document analysis, and interviews with 21 nursing professionals working in management and care provision. Data were collected from April to October 2020. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed based on the resilience categories defined by Blanchet (2017): absorption capacity, adaptive capacity, and transformative capacity. Four themes were considered relevant to the objectives of this study: institutional support, access to personal protective equipment (PPE), work relationships, and fear and mental health. Adaptive capacity was demonstrated concerning the four themes analyzed, absorption capacity was demonstrated in two themes, and no transformative capacity was identified. The study highlighted that the health crisis was challenging for all the hospitals studied, regardless of their legal-administrative status. No differences were observed among them in terms of resilience.

Hospital Governance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multiple-Country Case Study.

In response to the disruptions caused by COVID-19, hospitals around the world proactively or reactively developed and/or re-organized their governance structures to manage the COVID-19 response. Hospitals' governance played a crucial role in their ability to reorganize and respond to the pressing needs of their staff. We discuss and compare six hospital cases from four countries on different continents: Brazil, Canada, France, and Japan. Our study examined how governance strategies (e.g., special task forces, communications management tools, etc.) were perceived by hospital staff. Key findings from a total of 177 qualitative interviews with diverse hospital stakeholders were analyzed using three categories drawn from the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework on health systems resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic: 1) delivering a clear and timely COVID-19 response strategy; 2) coordinating effectively within (horizontally) and across (vertically) levels of decision-making; and 3) communicating clearly and transparently with the hospital's diverse stakeholders. Our study gleaned rich accounts for these three categories, highlighting significant variations across settings. These variations were primarily determined by the hospitals' environment prior to the COVID-19 crisis, namely whether there already existed a culture of managerial openness (including spaces for social interactions among hospital staff) and whether preparedness planning and training had been routinely integrated into their activities.

Potential Strengths and Weaknesses in Hospital Resilience in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil: A Case Study.

The analysis of hospital resilience is essential in understanding how health services prepared for and responded to sudden shocks and unexpected challenges in the COVID-19 health crisis. This study aimed to analyze the resilience of a referral hospital in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The main theoretical approach based on resilience is the system's capacity to maintain essential functions and to absorb, adapt, and transform in the face of unprecedented or unexpected changes. A single case study approach was used to identify the strengths and weaknesses of this response capacity. Data triangulation was employed. Data were collected from April (beginning of case discharges) to October 2020 (decrease in the moving average of cases in 2020). A content analysis was then conducted. Data were analyzed in relation to context, effects, strategies, and impacts in facing the disruptions caused by the pandemic. The results indicated the occurrence of four configurations mostly favorable to hospital resilience during the study period. Among the main strengths were: injection of financial resources; implementation of new hospital protocols; formation of a support network; equipping and continuing education of professionals; and proactive leadership. Weaknesses found in the analysis included: initial insufficiency of personal protective equipment and confirmatory tests; difficulties in restructuring work schedules; increasing illness among professionals; stress generated by constant changes and work overload; sense of discrimination for being a health professional; lack of knowledge about the clinical management of the disease; and the reduction of non-COVID assistance services.

Attributes and Organizational Factors that Enabled Innovation in Health Care Service Delivery during the COVID-19 Pandemic - Case Studies from Brazil, Canada and Japan.

Innovation by health service organizations can enable adaptation to and transformation of challenges caused by health shocks. Drawing on results from case studies in Brazil, Canada, and Japan, this study looked at innovations the study hospitals introduced in response to challenges caused by COVID-19 to identify: 1) attributes of the innovations that make them conducive to adoption; and 2) organizational factors that facilitate the creation and implementation of innovative health care approaches during health system shocks. Qualitative information was gathered using key informant interviews, participatory observations at the study hospitals and a review of relevant documentation. A thematic approach was used for analysis, and a cross-country comparison framework was prepared to synthesize findings from the case studies in the three countries. In response to the disruptions caused by COVID-19, the study hospitals undertook innovative changes in services, processes, organizational structures, and operational policy. The driving force behind the innovations was the need and urgency generated by the unprecedented nature of the pandemic. With COVID-19, if an innovation met the perceived needs of hospitals and provided an operational advantage, some level of complexity in the implementation appeared to be acceptable. The study findings suggest that for hospitals to create and implement innovations in response to health shocks, they need to: have adaptive and flexible organizational structures; build and maintain functioning communication systems; have committed leadership; ensure all staff share an understanding of hospital organizational and professional missions; and establish social networks that facilitate the creation and implementation of new ideas.

A Descriptive Comparison of Mass Testing During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Montreal, Paris, Bamako, and Recife.

Objective: The aim of this descriptive article was to compare mass testing for SARS-CoV-2 during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal, Canada; Bamako, Mali; Paris, France; and Recife, Brazil. Methods: Data was collected through interviews with key informants involved in the testing response and a review of the grey literature. The TIDieR-PHP checklist was then used to provide the basis of the intervention descriptions and to compare the data between cities. Results: Descriptive comparisons revealed that the type of test, the testing process, and materials used were similar between the cities during the first wave of the pandemic. In addition, all cities experienced similar material and personnel resource shortages, directly affecting testing accessibility and capacity. The main differences were related to testing capacity and implementation timelines, which were dependent on the state of the health care systems, governance, and access to resources. Conclusion: Results of this study highlight the similarities and differences in testing between the cities and demonstrate the importance of comprehensive intervention descriptions to highlight lessons learned, increase knowledge sharing, and inform policy decisions.

Evaluating the implementation of user embracement in the healthcare system of Jaboatão dos Guararapes city, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: The advent of the Family Health Strategy required healthcare teams to strengthen bonding and accountability towards users. In this sense, humanisation has been the key to a successful care provision and to the acceptance of interventions that can meet demands. Our study aimed to evaluate the implementation of user embracement in Family Health Units of Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco, Brazil. METHODS: The studied population belonged to 48 Family Health teams. Eighty-five healthcare workers with higher education answered the questionnaire, and the registration forms of 272 users were examined, from which sociodemographic information was gathered. These data were analysed according to the degree of vulnerability. Questionnaire results were collected and tabulated using the HCMaps software. Dimensions were analysed through a Likert-type grading scale ranging from 1 to 5. This is an evaluative, cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, considering the dimensions proposed in the RE-AIM framework. RESULTS: User embracement was considered unsatisfactory, as were Reach and Adoption. The Effectiveness, Implementation, and Maintenance dimensions yielded satisfactory results. The main ones were the perception of user embracement as a screening process, and the delimitation of open slots and/or schedules. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that user embracement has been effective in strengthening bonds, reducing queues, and solving demands. However, the potential user embracement sustainability and implementation have been hampered by factors related to the Adoption of the intervention.

Mise en œuvre de la capacité de réponse à la COVID-19 dans un hôpital au Brésil.

After the declaration of a public health emergency of international importance, hospitals have become a benchmark in the response to the pandemic. It is important to assess health professionals' response capacity to the COVID-19 pandemic at a referral hospital in Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil. This study deals with qualitative evaluative research, of the case study type. Three methods were used to identify critical events: interviews with 18 healthcare professionals who had worked on the "front line" of care for people with COVID-19; direct observation in the sectors of this hospital; and literature review. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed using MaxQDA Analytics pro 2020® software, using the Actor-Network Theory for analysis; and to interpret the critical events the categories of resilience: absorption, adaptation and transformation. It was found that the response capacity of professionals was influenced by five critical events: the arrival of cases, new ways to connect the patients with their social support network, social and personal impact on the daily life of professionals, insufficient supplies, essential equipment and confirmatory tests, and shortage and illness of professionals. In everyday experiences, the response capacity of professionals has led to a process of priority adaptation, which can accelerate important changes in the health system.

Desempenho dos serviços de saúde do SUS de uma macrorregião do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Performance of SUS health services in a macroregion of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho dos serviços de saúde de uma macrorregião do estado de Pernambuco. A pesquisa foi realizada utilizando dados do Projeto de Avaliação do Desempenho do Sistema de Saúde nas dimensões efetividade, acesso, adequação e aceitabilidade. O período de análise foi de 2008 a 2017. O julgamento foi realizado a partir da tendência esperada dos indicadores. Classificou-se o desempenho em: excelente (=75%), satisfatório (50%-74,9%), insatisfatório (49%-25%) e crítico (<25%). O desempenho foi insatisfatório nas dimensões efetividade (41,7%) e acesso (46%), e excelente nas dimensões adequação (76,2%) e aceitabilidade (100%). Entre os indicadores que contribuíram para o baixo desempenho nas primeiras dimensões, destacam-se: internações por pneumonia, incidência da síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida, sífilis congênita, vacinação em crianças menores de um ano com tetravalente/pentavalente e procedimentos de alta complexidade. A classificação final revelou resultado satisfatório (52,4%) na Macrorregião de Saúde. Diante dos resultados, torna-se necessária a observação individual dos indicadores, visando ao planejamento de ações que promovam uma melhora nesse panorama. Esta pesquisa contribuiu para uma ampliação da avaliação de desempenho, divulgando a potencialidade do Projeto de Avaliação do Desempenho do Sistema de Saúde para o monitoramento e a análise do sistema de saúde.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of health services in a macro-region in the state of Pernambuco. The research was carried out using data from the Health Services Performance Assessment Methodology Project in the dimensions of effectiveness, access, adequacy and acceptability. The analysis period was from 2008 to 2017. The judgment was made based on the expected trend of the indicators. Performance was classified as: excellent (=75%), satisfactory (50%-74.9%), unsatisfactory (49%-25%) and critical (<25%). The performance was unsatisfactory in the dimensions effectiveness (41.7%) and access (46%), and excellent in the dimensions adequacy (76.2%) and acceptability (100%). Among the indicators that contributed to poor performance in the first dimensions, the following stand out: hospitalizations for pneumonia, incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, congenital syphilis, vaccination in children under one year of age with tetravalent/pentavalent and highly complex procedures. The final classification revealed a satisfactory result (52.4%) in the Health Macroregion. In view of the results, it is necessary to observe the indicators individually, aiming at planning actions that promote better results. This research contributed to the expansion of performance evaluation, disclosing the potential of the Health Services Performance Assessment Methodology Project for monitoring and analyzing the health system.

Learning from public health and hospital resilience to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: protocol for a multiple case study (Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, and Mali).

BACKGROUND: All prevention efforts currently being implemented for COVID-19 are aimed at reducing the burden on strained health systems and human resources. There has been little research conducted to understand how SARS-CoV-2 has affected health care systems and professionals in terms of their work. Finding effective ways to share the knowledge and insight between countries, including lessons learned, is paramount to the international containment and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this project is to compare the pandemic response to COVID-19 in Brazil, Canada, China, France, Japan, and Mali. This comparison will be used to identify strengths and weaknesses in the response, including challenges for health professionals and health systems. METHODS: We will use a multiple case study approach with multiple levels of nested analysis. We have chosen these countries as they represent different continents and different stages of the pandemic. We will focus on several major hospitals and two public health interventions (contact tracing and testing). It will employ a multidisciplinary research approach that will use qualitative data through observations, document analysis, and interviews, as well as quantitative data based on disease surveillance data and other publicly available data. Given that the methodological approaches of the project will be largely qualitative, the ethical risks are minimal. For the quantitative component, the data being used will be made publicly available. DISCUSSION: We will deliver lessons learned based on a rigorous process and on strong evidence to enable operational-level insight for national and international stakeholders.

Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família: reflexão do seu desenvolvimento através da avaliação realista / Family Health Support Center: reflection on its development through realist evaluation

RESUMO O estudo objetiva avaliar o desenvolvimento de uma equipe do Núcleo de Apoio à Saúde da Família (Nasf) da cidade do Recife (PE). Trata-se de um estudo avaliativo, com enfoque qualitativo, com base na avaliação realista. Foram realizadas a identificação e a análise dos contextos, mecanismos e resultados produzidos por uma equipe do Nasf. A pesquisa se iniciou com a formulação da teoria inicial da intervenção, a partir de pesquisa documental e oficinas com informantes do programa. Em seguida, foram realizados grupos focais, com os profissionais de uma equipe de Saúde da Família apoiada e de usuários do território, assim como entrevistas semiestruturadas com os gestores do programa, nos níveis distrital e municipal. Foram identificados treze contextos, sete mecanismos e quatro resultados que, juntos, interagem produzindo seis Contextos-Mecanismos-Padrão de Resultado. A equipe Nasf avaliada produz um perfil dual que compartilha o aspecto técnico-pedagógico em concomitância com o aspecto clínico-assistencial. Essa dualidade produz resultados que, em conjunto, significam uma maior resolutividade da Atenção Básica (AB). Entretanto, observa-se, em determinados momentos, a produção de uma lógica ambulatorial em sua atuação junto à AB e aos usuários no território. A identificação dos elementos e suas interações são fundamentais para a sustentabilidade e a disseminação dessa intervenção no contexto brasileiro.

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess the development of a Family Health Support Center (Nasf) team in the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. This is a qualitative study based on realist evaluation. Identification and analysis of the contexts, mechanisms and results were carried out by an Nasf team. The research was initiated by the formulation of the initial theory of intervention based on documentary research and workshops with program informants. Next, focus groups were formed with professionals from a Family Health Team (FHT) receiving support and users from the area, as well as semi-structured interviews with program managers at district and municipal level. Thirteen contexts, seven mechanisms and four results were identified, which together produced six Context-Mechanism-Outcomes (CMOs). Evaluation of the Nasf team revealed a dual profile that combines technical-pedagogical features with clinical ones relating to care. This duality produces results that, together, generate higher resolution Primary Care (PC). On some occasions, however, an outpatient-centered approach can be seen to emerge in its work with PC and the users in the locality. Identification of elements and the interactions among them is fundamental for ensuring sustainability and replication of this intervention throughout Brazil.

Indicadores de desempenho do Sistema Único de Saúde: uma análise de tendência / Unified Health System performance indicators: a trend analysis / Indicadores de desempeño del Sistema Único de Salud: un análisis de tendencia

Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal dos indicadores de desempenho dos serviços de saúde. Métodos: Estudo ecológico de séries temporais e quantitativo. Analisaram-se indicadores de desempenho dos serviços de saúde das regiões pertencentes à III Macrorregião do estado de Pernambuco: Arcoverde (VI), Afogados da Ingazeira (X) e Serra Talhada (XI), no período de 2008 a 2017. Realizou-se regressão linear simples no software estatístico R, versão 3.5.0. Os indicadores avaliados representam as dimensões de efetividade, acesso, adequação e aceitabilidade do modelo de avaliação de desempenho do sistema de saúde brasileiro. Resultados: Observou-se tendência crescente no percentual de usuários diabéticos que realizaram amputação de membros inferiores na X e XI regiões, incidência de tuberculose na VI região, casos novos de sífilis congênita, cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família, percentual de pacientes com acidente vascular encefálico que realizaram tomografia computadorizada, de nascidos vivos com mais de 6 consultas de pré-natal, e de partos cesáreos na VI, X e XI regiões de saúde (p<0,05). Decresceram as internações por asma e por gastroenterite nas três regiões e as internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária e por insuficiência cardíaca na X e XI regiões (p<0,05). Conclusão: A análise dos indicadores de desempenho demonstrou tendências heterogêneas. Destaca-se o decréscimo nas internações por condições evitáveis e o crescimento na incidência de tuberculose na VI região e de sífilis congênita nas três regiões de saúde.

Objective: To analyze the temporal trend of health services performance indicators. Methods: This is a quantitative ecological study of time series. We analyzed health services performance indicators in the regions belonging to the III Macro-region of the state of Pernambuco, namely Arcoverde (VI), Afogados da Ingazeira (X) and Serra Talhada (XI), in the period from 2008 to 2017. Simple linear regression was performed in the R software version 3.5.0. The indicators analyzed represent the dimensions of effectiveness, access, adequacy and acceptability of the model for assessment of the performance of the Brazilian health system. Results: An increasing trend was observed in the percentage of diabetic users who underwent lower limb amputation in the X and XI region, incidence of tuberculosis in the VI region, new cases of congenital syphilis, coverage of the Family Health Strategy, percentage of patients with stroke who underwent computed tomography, live births with more than 6 prenatal consultations, and cesarean deliveries in the VI, X and XI health regions (p<0.05). There was a decrease in hospitalizations for asthma and gastroenteritis in the three regions and in hospitalizations for conditions sensitive to primary care and for heart failure in the X and XI regions (p<0.05). Conclusion: The analysis of the performance indicators showed heterogeneous trends. The decrease in hospitalizations due to preventable conditions and the increase in the incidence of tuberculosis in the VI region and congenital syphilis in the three health regions should be highlighted.

Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia temporal de los indicadores de desempeño de los servicios de salud. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo y ecológico de series temporales. Se analizaron indicadores de desempeño de los servicios de salud de las regiones de la III Macro región del estado de Pernambuco: Arcoverde (VI), Ahogados de la Ingazeira (X) y Sierra Tallada (XI) en el periodo entre 2008 y 2017. Se realizó la regresión linear simple en el software estadístico R versión 3.5.0. Los indicadores evaluados representan las dimensiones de la efectividad, el acceso, la adecuación y la aceptabilidad del modelo de evaluación de desempeño del sistema de salud brasileño. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia creciente en el porcentual de usuarios con diabetes que realizaron la amputación de miembros inferiores en las X y XI regiones, la incidencia de tuberculosis en la VI región, los casos nuevos de sífilis congénita, la cobertura de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia, el porcentual de pacientes con accidente cerebrovascular que realizaron la tomografía computadorizada, de nacidos vivos con más de 6 consultas prenatal y de partos cesáreos en las VI, X y XI regiones de salud (p<0,05). Los ingresos por la asma y por la gastroenteritis en las tres regiones y los ingresos debido las condiciones sensibles de la atención primaria y por la insuficiencia cardiaca en las X y XI regiones (p<0,05) disminuyeron. Conclusión: El análisis de los indicadores de desempeño ha demostrado tendencias heterogéneas. Se destaca la disminución de los ingresos por condiciones evitables y el aumento de la incidencia de tuberculosis en la VI región y de la sífilis congénita en las tres regiones de salud.

Provimento médico na atenção primária à saúde no estado da Paraíba por meio do Programa Mais Médicos / Provision of physicians in primary health care in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, according to the More Doctors Program / Proveimiento de médicos en la atención primaria de salud en el estado de Paraíba, Brasil, según el Programa Más Médicos

Resumo A provisão médica tem sido fruto de debates internacionais há décadas, inclusive no Brasil, onde há um cenário de déficit e má distribuição de médicos. Esta pesquisa objetivou descrever o perfil dos médicos inseridos no Programa Mais Médicos a fim de avaliar a qualidade do provimento médico. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo do tipo transversal, descritivo, seguido de estudo de caso baseado em informações de 272 questionários, no período de 2015 e 2016.Os dados foram analisados com o programa estatístico IBM SPSS v.22.0. A idade média dos entrevistados foi de 38,2 anos, sendo 50,7% do sexo feminino, 11% estavam no primeiro emprego, 51,1% tinham entre 1 e 5 anos de formado e 85% disseram ter experiência de trabalho na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Observou-se que, com a implantação do Programa na Paraíba, houve uma mudança não apenas no quantitativo de médicos, como também no número de postos de trabalho, na interiorização e redistribuição desses profissionais. Todavia, há 22 municípios paraibanos sem médico, e 85,3% dos médicos inseridos no Programa sem título de especialista. Denota-se que as condições de acesso e a qualidade dos serviços prestados constituem um grande desafio a ser superado, com fundamental participação reguladora do Estado.

Abstract The provision of physicians has been the object of international discussions for decades, and the same is true for Brazil, where there is a situation of shortage and bad distribution of physicians. The present research had the aim of describing the profile of the physicians included in the 'More Doctors' Program (Programa Mais Médicos, in Portuguese). It is a quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive study, followed by a case study with information from 272 questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical software, version 22.0. The average age of the interviewees was 38.2 years, and 50.7% of them were female, 11% were in their first jobs, 51.1% had graduated between 1 and 5 years prior to the study, and 85% reported having experience working in primary health care. We observed that, with the implementation of the 'More Doctors' Program in the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil, there was a change not only in the amount of doctors, but also in the number of job posts, in the number of physicians who go work on the countryside, and in the redistribution of these professionals. However, the results indicate that there still are 22 municipalities in Paraíba without physicians, and that 85.3% of the physicians included in the Program still did not have a specialist title. The conditions of access and the quality of the services provided still constitute a great challenge yet to be overcome.

Resumen Hace décadas que se discute internacionalmente el proveimiento de médicos, y la situación no es distinta en Brasil, donde hay un escenario de déficit y mala distribución de médicos. Esta investigación tuvo el objetivo de describir el perfil de los médicos integrantes del Programa "Más Médicos". Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo del tipo transversal, descriptivo, seguido de estudio de caso con informaciones de 272 cuestionarios. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS, versión 22.0. La edad media de los entrevistados fue de 38,2 años, y 50,7% era del sexo femenino, 11% estaban en su primer empleo, 51,1% tenían entre 1 y 5 años de egresados, y 85% afirmaron tener experiencia de trabajo en la atención primaria. Se observó que, con la implantación del Programa en Paraíba, hubo un cambio no sólo en la cantidad de médicos, sino que también en el número de puestos de trabajo, en la interiorización, y en la redistribución de estos profesionales. Sin embargo, los resultados indican que todavía hay 22 municipios de Paraíba sin médico, y 85,3% de los médicos integrantes del Programa aún no tenían el título de especialista. Las condiciones de acceso y la calidad de los servicios prestados aún son un gran reto por superar.

Processo educativo do núcleo ampliado de saúde da família na atenção à hipertensão e diabetes / Educational process of the extended family health center in the care of hypertension and diabetes / Proceso educativo del núcleo extendido de salud familiar en el cuidado de la hipertensión y la diabetes

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar o processo educativo realizado pelo Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica na atenção à hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus em Recife, Pernambuco. Foi realizada uma pesquisa avaliativa orientada pela teoria educacional de Paulo Freire, com elaboração de um modelo teórico. Participaram do estudo quatro profissionais do Núcleo Ampliado de Saúde da Família e Atenção Básica, onze profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família e dez usuários com hipertensão e/ou diabetes. Foram realizados grupos focais e os dados coletados, entre novembro de 2018 e fevereiro de 2019, foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Evidenciou-se a coexistência do uso pelos profissionais das concepções bancária e problematizadora. Foram identificadas práticas verticalizadas e pouco dialogadas pelos profissionais, bem como uma visão curativista e medicalocêntrica nos discursos dos usuários. Observou-se também ações transformadoras no processo de trabalho dos profissionais e relatos de melhorias das condições de saúde dos usuários participantes dos grupos educativos. Além disso, o incentivo pela busca de direitos durante as ações educativas levou à conquista da implantação do Programa Academia da Cidade no território. Esses achados revelam o poder de transformação das ações educativas quando se tornam participativas e construídas com base nas experiências e necessidades da população.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the educational process carried out by the Extended Family Health and Primary Care Center in the care of systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Recife, Brazil. An evaluative research was conducted, guided by Paulo Freire's educational theory, with the elaboration of a theoretical model. Four professionals from the Extended Family Health and Primary Care Center, eleven professionals from the Family Health Strategy and ten patients with hypertension and / or diabetes participated in the study. Focus groups were conducted, and the data collected between November 2018 and February 2019 were submitted to content analysis. The coexistence of use by professionals of banking and problematizing concepts was evidenced. Vertical and little discussed by the professionals practices as well as a curative and medical-centered view in the patients' statements were identified. There were also transformative actions in the work process of professionals and reports of improvements in the health conditions of patients participating in educational groups. In addition, the incentive to seek rights during educational activities led to the achievement of the implementation of the Academia da Cidade [City Gym] Program in the territory. These findings reveal the transformative power of educational actions when they become participatory and are built based on the experiences and needs of the population.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el proceso educativo llevado a cabo por el Núcleo Extendido de Salud Familiar y Atención Primaria en el cuidado de la hipertensión arterial sistémica y la diabetes mellitus en Recife, Brasil. Se realizó una investigación evaluativa, guiada por la teoría educativa de Paulo Freire, con la elaboración de un modelo teórico. Participaron del estudio cuatro profesionales del Núcleo Extendido de Salud Familiar y Atención Primaria, once profesionales de la Estrategia de Salud Familiar y diez usuarios con hipertensión y / o diabetes. Se realizaron grupos focales y los datos recopilados entre noviembre de 2018 y febrero de 2019, se sometieron a análisis de contenido. Se evidenció la coexistencia de uso por parte de profesionales de l aconcepción bancaria y problematizadora. Se identificaron prácticas verticales y poco discutidas por parte de los profesionales, así como una visión curativista y centrada en la figura del médico en los discursos de los usuarios. También se observaron acciones transformadoras en el proceso de trabajo de los profesionales e informes de mejoras de las condiciones de salud de los usuarios que participan en grupos educativos. Además, el incentivo en buscar derechos durante las actividades educativas condujo a la implementación del Programa Academia de la Ciudad en el territorio. Estos hallazgos revelan el poder transformador de las acciones educativas cuando se involucran en la participación y se construyen con base en las experiencias y necesidades de la población.

Ator social e as investigações em saúde: olhar para nova contribuição teórica / Social actor and health research: looking at a new theoretical contribution / Ator social y las investigaciones en salud: mirada hacia una nueva contribución teórica

Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar o conceito de ator social na saúde coletiva. Para o direcionamento da pesquisa, foram identificados 1.830 documentos, disponibilizados em bancos de dados como LILACS, SciELO, Web of Science e PubMed, além de teses e dissertações (Catálogo de Teses e Dissertações Capes). Para a seleção dos artigos, foram usados como critério: (1) pertencer ao campo da saúde coletiva; (2) apresentar definição/noção de "ator social"; (3) adotar uma perspectiva conceitual que se constitua na ação social; (4) ter referencial teórico da ação social associado ao conceito/noção de "ator social"; (5) possuir dados empíricos de processos de pesquisa ou ser estudo teórico sobre a temática; e (6) investigação realizada na América Latina e Caribe. Após análise e apreciação, foram selecionados 18 documentos que embasaram esta revisão. Observou-se que distintas nomenclaturas foram utilizadas para qualificar os "atores" das ações em saúde, vários autores do campo das ciências sociais foram citados, e a maioria dos trabalhos empregou combinações variadas de referenciais teóricos. A teoria da tradução se apresenta como uma possibilidade pouco explorada no campo da saúde coletiva, e apresentou-se uma breve revisão da teoria do ator-rede. Concluiu-se que as diversas teorias que dialogam com o campo da saúde coletiva buscam explicitar as diversas vertentes de sujeito produtor da ação, contudo, há muito ainda a ser produzido.

This study aims to investigate the concept of social actor in collective health. For that, 1,830 articles, thesis, and dissertations were identified in the databases Lilacs, SciELO, Web of Science, and PubMed, as well as in the Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES). Articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) pertaining to the field of collective health; (2) defining or conceptualizing "social actor"; (3) adopting a conceptual perspective that constitutes social action; (4) utilizing social action associated with the concept/notion of "social actor" as theoretical framework; (5) consisting of a theoretical study on the subject or including empirical data from research processes; and (6) being conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. After analysis and evaluation, 18 documents were included in this review. In these studies, the "actors" of health actions were classified using different nomenclatures, including several authors in the field of social sciences. Moreover, most of the works combined theoretical references in different manners. Translation theory comprises a theoretical possibility little explored in the field of collective health, presenting a brief review of the actor-network theory. In conclusion, the various theories dialoguing with collective health seek to explain the various aspects of the subject performing the action, but much study on this matter is still to be produced.

Este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar el concepto de actor social en la salud colectiva. Para orientar esta investigación se identificaron 1.830 documentos, disponibles en bases de datos como LILACS, SciELO, Web of Science y PubMed, además de tesis y disertaciones (catálogo de Capes de tesis y disertaciones). Para la selección de artículos, el criterio utilizado fue: (1) pertenecer al campo de la salud colectiva; (2) definición / noción actual de "actor social"; (3) adoptar una perspectiva conceptual que constituya la acción social; (4) tener el marco teórico de la acción social asociado al concepto / noción de "actor social"; (5) poseer datos empíricos de procesos de investigación o ser un estudio teórico sobre el tema; e (6) investigación realizada en América Latina y el Caribe. Después del análisis y la apreciación, se seleccionaron 18 documentos para respaldar esta revisión. Se observó que se utilizaron diferentes nomenclaturas para calificar a los "actores" de las acciones de salud, se mencionaron varios autores en el campo de las ciencias sociales y la mayoría de los trabajos utilizaron diversas combinaciones de referencias teóricas. La teoría de la traducción muestra una posibilidad teórica poco explorada en el campo de la salud colectiva, presentando una breve revisión de la teoría actor-red. Se concluye que las diversas teorías que dialogan con el campo de la salud colectiva buscan explicar los diversos aspectos del sujeto que producen la acción, pero aún queda mucho por producir.

Cartão de Evento-Crítico: ferramenta analítica para translação do conhecimento / Critical Event Card: analytical tool for knowledge translation

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou utilizar ferramenta analítica, o Cartão de Evento-Crítico (CEC), para potencializar a aplicação do conhecimento científico em promoção da saúde à tomada de decisão. Foi realizada oficina e sete entrevistas com usuários do conhecimento (representantes da gestão, usuários e profissionais de saúde) com intuito de mapear esses eventos-críticos ligados à promoção da saúde. Extraíram-se da oficina os acontecimentos ligados à promoção da saúde que marcaram a evolução da intervenção em Nova Aliança; e das entrevistas, os códigos preestabelecidos a partir da teoria presentes no CEC: actantes/atuantes, interesses, interações, mediação técnica, ações e consequências, utilizando a análise de conteúdo direcionada. Foram identificados três eventos-críticos relacionados com as ações de promoção da saúde: chegada do Programa de Agentes Comunitários (Pacs); 1º conselho local e implantação da residência multiprofissional e médica, os quais foram sistematizados de acordo com as categorias apresentadas. Observou-se que as categorias presentes possibilitaram a compreensão da intervenção e que o CEC é uma ferramenta útil que pode ajudar os tomadores de decisão a se beneficiarem dos conhecimentos científicos produzidos.

ABSTRACT This study aims to use analytical tool, the Critical Event Card (CEC), to potentialize the application of scientific knowledge in health promotion to decision making. A workshop and seven interviews with users of knowledge (management representatives, users, and health professionals) were conducted in order to map these critical events related to health promotion. From the workshop were extracted the events related to health promotion that marked the evolution of the intervention in Nova Aliança; and from the interviews, the pre-established codes on the theory present in the CEC: actants/actors, interests, interactions, technical mediation, actions and consequences, using directed content analysis. Three critical events related to health promotion actions were identified: the arrival of the Community Health Workers Program (Pacs); the first Local Council and the implementation of multidisciplinary and medical residency, which were systematized according to the categories presented. It was observed that the present categories made it possible to understand the intervention and that the CEC is a useful tool that can help decision-makers benefit from the scientific knowledge produced.

Razões para a expansão de consórcios intermunicipais de saúde em Pernambuco: percepção dos gestores estaduais / Reasons for the expansion of inter-municipal health consortia in Pernambuco: perception of state managers

Resumo A cooperação intergovernamental entre municípios de pequeno porte é operacionalizada por meio de consórcios de saúde, historicamente, no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Tais iniciativas favoreceram a descentralização da saúde no contexto da municipalização. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a sua implementação no processo de regionalização. Este estudo objetivou analisar as razões para a expansão dos consórcios intermunicipais de saúde conduzida pela autoridade sanitária estadual como um fenômeno político institucional novo na regionalização da saúde no SUS em Pernambuco. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de caráter analítico com abordagem qualitativa. Realizaram-se quatro entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores estaduais, as quais foram analisadas mediante técnica de método de condensação de significados proposta por Kvale. A Teoria das Representações Sociais guiou a análise dos dados. As razões para a indução do consorciamento intermunicipal foram: o fortalecimento da regionalização dos serviços de saúde; a ampliação de oferta e cogestão de serviços de saúde; a absorção de experiências exitosas e a necessidade da indução estadual das políticas regionais de saúde. Os consórcios se configuraram como uma possibilidade positiva na percepção dos gestores estaduais na regionalização de ações de saúde no estado; porém, estudos adicionais são necessários no que diz respeito ao impacto dos indicadores de saúde em escala regional.

Abstract Intergovernmental cooperation between small municipalities is operationalized through health consortia, historically, in the Brazilian National Health System (SUS). These initiatives favored the decentralization of health in the context of municipalization. However, little is known about its implementation in the regionalization process. The objective of this study was to analyze the reasons for the expansion of intermunicipal health consortia conducted by the state sanitary authority as a new institutional political phenomenon in the regionalization of the SUS in Pernambuco. This is a retrospective analytical study with a qualitative approach. Four semi-structured interviews with state managers were carried out and analyzed using a method of condensation of meanings proposed by Kvale. The Theory of Social Representations guided the data analysis. The reasons for the induction of intermunicipal consortium were: the strengthening of the regionalization of health services; the expansion of supply and co-management of health services; the absorption of successful experiences and the need for state induction of regional health policies. Consortia have become a positive possibility in the perception of state managers in the regionalization of health actions in the state, but additional studies are needed regarding the impact of health indicators on a regional scale.