Airway Epithelium-derived CXCL14 Promotes Eosinophil Accumulation in Allergic Airway Inflammation.

C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 14 (CXCL14) is expressed in the airway epithelial cells of patients with asthma. However, the mechanisms of CXCL14 secretion and its effects on asthma pathogenesis remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of CXCL14 in allergic airway inflammation and its effects on eosinophil infiltration. Our findings showed that Alternaria alternata, a major environmental allergen, stimulated CXCL14 secretion from airway epithelial cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, especially in OXPHOS complex II. In vivo, in a mouse model of allergic airway inflammation, intranasal administration of anti-CXCL14 antibody suppressed eosinophil and dendritic cell infiltration into the airways and goblet cell hyperplasia. In vitro, in human eosinophil-like cells, CXCL14 promoted cell migration through C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) binding. Eosinophil CXCR4 expression was upregulated by Alternaria stimulation via ROS production. These findings suggest that the crosstalk between Alternaria-stimulated airway epithelial CXCL14 secretion and eosinophil CXCR4 upregulation plays an important role in eosinophil infiltration into the lungs during allergic airway inflammation. In summary, this study demonstrates that CXCL14 could be a therapeutic target for allergic airway inflammation.

Corrigendum: 1270 nm near-infrared light as a novel vaccine adjuvant acts on mitochondrial photoreception in intradermal vaccines.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1028733.].

Vitamin D levels and bone mineral density of middle-aged premenopausal female football and volleyball players in Japan: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The number of football teams in senior categories has increased. As outdoor sports entail players being exposed to sunlight, playing football may contribute to maintaining vitamin D stores and body mineral density while preventing osteoporosis. This study aimed to determine the bone mineral density and vitamin D levels in middle-aged premenopausal female football players. METHODS: Participants were premenopausal females in their 40s. We evaluated bone mineral density of the second to the fourth lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OHD) levels, which is an indicator of vitamin D stores, and body composition. In addition, we administered a questionnaire survey on exercise habits and lifestyle. Ninety-two participants were categorised into three groups: the football group (n = 27), volleyball group (n = 40), and non-exercise group (n = 25). RESULTS: Bone mineral density was higher in the football and volleyball groups than in the non-exercise group (P < 0.01). The volleyball group had a significantly higher bone mineral density of the lumbar spine and femoral neck than the non-exercise group (P < 0.01). The football group had a significantly higher bone mineral density of the femoral neck than the non-exercise group (P < 0.01). Although the football group had played fewer years than the volleyball group (P < 0.01), serum 25-OHD levels were the highest in the football group and were significantly higher than those in the volleyball and non-exercise groups (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Middle-aged premenopausal football players had higher body vitamin D levels and bone mineral densities than non-active females. These results suggest that playing football may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000054235. 2024/04/23. Retrospectively registered.

Acute Flaccid Myelitis With Human Rhinovirus A19 Detection: Case Report and Literature Review.

Human rhinovirus (HRV) has been sporadically detected in patients with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). We report a case of AFM in a 2-year-old boy with severe neurologic sequelae, whose nasopharyngeal and stool samples tested positive for HRV-A19. Clinical information related to AFM with HRV is limited. Further study of the association of AFM with HRV is warranted.

Prenatal exposure to intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma species increases the prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

OBJECTIVES: The present study investigated the relationship between bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma species. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Patients with singleton pregnancies who underwent inpatient management at our department for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), preterm labor, cervical insufficiency, and asymptomatic cervical shortening at 22-33 gestational weeks were included. Amniocentesis was indicated for patients with PPROM or an elevated maternal C-reactive protein level (≥0.58 mg/dL). Patients with an amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration ≥3.0 ng/mL were diagnosed with intra-amniotic inflammation, while those with positive aerobic, anaerobic, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. cultures were diagnosed with microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC). Patients who tested positive for both intra-amniotic inflammation and MIAC were considered to have intra-amniotic infection. An umbilical vein blood IL-6 concentration >11.0 pg/mL indicated fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). The maternal inflammatory response (MIR) and fetal inflammatory response (FIR) were staged using the Amsterdam Placental Workshop Group Consensus Statement. RESULTS: Intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma spp. was diagnosed in 37 patients, intra-amniotic infection without Ureaplasma spp. in 28, intra-amniotic inflammation without MIAC in 58, and preterm birth without MIR/FIR and FIRS in 86 as controls. Following an adjustment for gestational age at birth, the risk of BPD was increased in patients with intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma spp. (adjusted odds ratio: 10.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.55-71.2), but not in those with intra-amniotic infection without Ureaplasma spp. or intra-amniotic inflammation without MIAC. CONCLUSION: BPD was only associated with intra-amniotic infection with Ureaplasma species.

Antibiotic administration reduced intra-amniotic inflammation 7 days after preterm premature rupture of the membranes with intra-amniotic infection.

OBJECTIVE: Intra-amniotic infections increase the risk of preterm delivery and short- and long-term fetal morbidity; however, no consensus exists on the choice of antimicrobial agents as treatment for these infections. We aimed to examine the efficacy of intravenous administration of sulbactam/ampicillin (SBT/ABPC) and azithromycin (AZM) for intra-amniotic infection in patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). METHODS: This study followed a single-centered retrospective cohort design. We compared changes in interleukin 6 (IL-6) levels and the load of Ureaplasma species DNA in the amniotic fluid between singleton pregnancy patients with intra-amniotic infection (Group A) and without either intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI) or microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) (Group B) who developed PPROM between week 22, day 0 and week 33, day 6 of gestation and maintained pregnancy for ≥7 d after diagnosis (August 2014 to April 2020). Patients in Group A were treated with SBT/ABPC and AZM, whereas those in Group B were treated with ABPC and AZM or clarithromycin. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients with IAI and 48 patients without either IAI or MIAC at diagnosis of PPROM underwent pregnancy/delivery management at our hospital. Following the study population selection, we evaluated six patients in Group A and 13 patients in Group B. Amniotic fluid IL-6 concentrations at the initial amniocentesis were high, ranging from 11.7 ng/mL to 139.2 ng/mL, indicating a state of severe IAI in all six patients in Group A. In five of the six patients in Group A, the amniotic fluid cultures during the first amniocentesis included Ureaplasma species only. In both groups, the amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration at the follow-up amniocentesis was lower than that at the initial amniocentesis (Group A: follow-up median 3.06 ng/mL [quartiles, 1.75-6.74], initial median 30.53 ng/mL [quartiles, 15.60-67.07], p＝.03; Group B: follow-up median 0.40 ng/mL [quartiles, 0.18-0.69], initial median 0.96 ng/mL [quartiles, 0.65-1.42], p＝.005); Group A showed a greater decrease than Group B (p < .001). No difference was found between the microbial loads of Ureaplasma species DNA in the initial and follow-up amniocentesis (p = .13). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with PPROM and intra-amniotic infection, IL-6 levels in the amniotic fluid decreased significantly from before antimicrobial administration to day 7. This decrease is thought to be mainly due to the effects of intravenous AZM. The efficacy of AZM in patients with PPROM needs to be further confirmed via randomized controlled studies in the future.

The HCN1 p.Ser399Pro variant causes epileptic encephalopathy with super-refractory status epilepticus.

HCN1 is one of four genes encoding hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. The phenotypic spectrum associated with HCN1 variants ranges from neonatal developmental and epileptic encephalopathy to idiopathic generalized epilepsy. We report a Japanese patient with repetitive focal seizures and super-refractory status epilepticus since early infancy caused by a de novo HCN1 variant, NM_021072.4, c.1195T>C, p.(Ser399Pro). This variant might have a dominant-negative effect on channel function, leading to severe epileptic encephalopathy.

Eribulin mesylate induces bone mass loss by promoting osteoclastic bone resorption in mice.

Over the past few decades, the clinical outcomes of patients with cancer have significantly improved mostly owing to the development of effective chemotherapeutic treatments. However, chronic health conditions such as bone mass loss and risk of fragility fractures caused by chemotherapy have also emerged as crucial issues in patients treated for cancer. In this study, we aimed to understand the effect of eribulin mesylate (ERI), a microtubule-targeting agent currently used to treat metastatic breast cancer and certain subtypes of advanced sarcomas, on bone metabolism in mice. The administration of ERI reduced bone mass in mice, mainly by promoting osteoclast activity. Gene expression analysis of skeletal tissues revealed no change in the expression levels of the transcripts for RANK ligand, one of the master regulators of osteoclastogenesis; however, the transcript levels of osteoprotegerin, which neutralizes RANK ligand, were significantly reduced in ERI-treated mice compared with those in vehicle-treated controls, indicating a relative increase in RANK ligand availability after ERI treatment. In line with the increased bone resorption in ERI-treated mice, we found that zoledronate administration effectively suppressed bone loss in these mice. These results reveal a previously unrecognized effect of ERI on bone metabolism and suggest the application of bisphosphonates for patients with cancer undergoing treatment with ERI.

Interfacial Molecular Compatibility for Programming Organic-Metal Oxide Superlattices.

Artificially programming a sequence of organic-metal oxide multilayers (superlattices) by using atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a fascinating and challenging issue in material chemistry. However, the complex chemical reactions between ALD precursors and organic layer surfaces have limited their applications for various material combinations. Here, we demonstrate the impact of interfacial molecular compatibility on the formation of organic-metal oxide superlattices using ALD. The effects of both organic and inorganic compositions on the metal oxide layer formation processes onto self-assembled monolayers (SAM) were examined by using scanning transmission electron microscopy, in situ quartz crystal microbalance measurements, and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy. These series of experiments reveal that the terminal group of organic SAM molecules must satisfy two conflicting requirements, the first of which is to promptly react with ALD precursors and the second is not to bind strongly to the bottom metal oxide layers to avoid undesired SAM conformations. OH-terminated phosphate aliphatic molecules, which we have synthesized, were identified as one of the best candidates for such a purpose. Molecular compatibility between metal oxide precursors and the -OHs must be properly considered to form superlattices. In addition, it is also important to form densely packed and all-trans-like SAMs to maximize the surface density of reactive -OHs on the SAMs. Based on these design strategies for organic-metal oxide superlattices, we have successfully fabricated various superlattices composed of metal oxides (Al-, Hf-, Mg-, Sn-, Ti-, and Zr oxides) and their multilayered structures.

Relationship of maternal inflammatory response and fetal inflammatory response to duration and intensity of intra-amniotic infection and inflammation.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to use two indices, amniotic fluid interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration at diagnosis and diagnosis-to-delivery interval, to clarify the frequencies of maternal inflammatory response (MIR) and fetal inflammatory response (FIR) in the placenta of patients with intra-amniotic infection and intra-amniotic inflammation (IAI). METHODS: This is a single-center retrospective cohort study. From August 2014 to April 2020, participants were diagnosed with IAI with or without microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity (MIAC) using amniocentesis. IAI was defined as concentrations of amniotic IL-6 ≥ 2.6 ng/mL. MIAC was defined as a positive amniotic fluid culture. IAI with MIAC was defined as an intra-amniotic infection. We calculated the cut-off values for IL-6 concentration in the amniotic fluid at diagnosis and the diagnosis-to-delivery interval for MIR-positive cases among those with intra-amniotic infection. RESULTS: The amniotic fluid IL-6 concentration at diagnosis and diagnosis-to-delivery interval were 15.8 ng/mL and 12 h, respectively. Among cases with intra-amniotic infection, MIR was 98% (52/53) positive, i.e., when either of the two cut-off values was exceeded. There were no significant differences between the frequencies of MIR and FIR. In cases with IAI but no MIAC, the frequencies of MIR and FIR were significantly lower than those with intra-amniotic infection, except when neither of the two cut-off values was exceeded. DISCUSSION: We clarified the MIR- and FIR-positive cases in intra-amniotic infection and cases with IAI but no MIAC according to condition, including the diagnosis-to-delivery interval.

Diagnostic accuracy of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 for fetal inflammatory response syndrome.

AIM: This study aimed to clarify the diagnostic accuracy of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 for fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in a single institution and targeted cases of preterm birth within 24 h after amniocentesis among singleton cases that underwent amniocentesis at our hospital for suspected intraamniotic inflammation (IAI) from gestational ages of 22-36 weeks between August 2014 and March 2020. FIRS was defined as >11.0 pg/mL of umbilical cord blood interleukin-6. RESULTS: The analysis included 158 pregnant women. There was a strong correlation between amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and umbilical cord blood interleukin-6 (r = 0.70, p < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 for FIRS was 0.93, with a cutoff value of 15.5 ng/mL, and showed high sensitivity and specificity (0.91 and 0.88, respectively). An amniotic fluid interleukin-6 cutoff value of ≥15.5 ng/mL was associated with a significant risk of FIRS (adjusted odds ratio: 27.9; 95% confidence interval: 6.3-123.0; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that amniotic interleukin 6 alone can be used to diagnose FIRS prenatally. While there is a need for validation, it may be possible to treat IAI while preventing damage to the central nervous and respiratory systems in the uterus by keeping the amniotic fluid interleukin-6 below the cutoff value.

Contribution of Fetal Inflammatory Response Syndrome (FIRS) with or without Maternal-Fetal Inflammation in The Placenta to Increased Risk of Respiratory and Other Complications in Preterm Neonates.

This study classifies fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS) based on the presence or absence of maternal-fetal inflammation in the placenta and clarifies the association of FIRS with neonatal morbidities. Women (330) who delivered at gestational ages of 22w0d-33w6d were enrolled and grouped into four based on FIRS and maternal/fetal inflammatory response (MIR/FIR) statuses: Group A: without FIRS and MIR/FIR (reference group); Group B: MIR/FIR alone; Group C: FIRS and MIR/FIR; and Group D: FIRS without MIR/FIR. The associations between bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), adverse neonatal outcomes, extremely low gestational age and Groups B, C, and D were investigated after adjustment for potential confounders. Among patients with FIRS, 29% were in Group D. The risk of BPD was increased in Groups C (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 3.36; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.14-9.89) and D (aOR: 4.17; 95% CI: 1.03-16.9), as was the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes (Group C: aOR: 7.17; 95% CI: 2.56-20.1; Group D: aOR: 6.84; 95% CI: 1.85-25.2). The risk of extremely low gestational age was increased in Group D (aOR: 3.85; 95% CI: 1.56-9.52). Therefore, FIRS without MIR/FIR is not rare and may be associated with neonatal morbidities more than FIRS and MIR/FIR.

1270 nm near-infrared light as a novel vaccine adjuvant acts on mitochondrial photoreception in intradermal vaccines.

With the development of laser technology in the 1960s, a technique was developed to inject intradermal vaccines immediately after irradiating the skin with laser light to elicit an adjuvant effect, referred to as "laser adjuvant." We have been investigating the mechanism of laser adjuvant in influenza mouse models using noninvasive continuous-wave (CW) near-infrared (NIR) light mainly at a wavelength of 1064 nm, and have shown that the production of reactive-oxygen-species (ROS) in the skin and mast cells in the skin tissue plays an important role in the laser adjuvant effect. The new wavelength of 1270 nm NIR light is characterized by its ability to elicit the same vaccine adjuvant effect as other wavelengths at a lower energy, and may be suitable for clinical applications. In this study, we investigated the physiological activity of CW1270 nm NIR light in mast cells, its biological activity on mouse skin, and the durability of the vaccine adjuvant effect in influenza vaccine mouse models. We show that irradiation of mast cells with 1270 nm NIR light produced ROS and ATP, and irradiation of isolated mitochondria also produced ATP. In mouse skin, the relative expression levels of chemokine mRNAs, such as Ccl2 and Ccl20, were increased by irradiation with 1270 and 1064 nm NIR light at minimum safe irradiance. However, the relative expression of Nfkb1 was increased at 1064 nm, but not at 1270 nm. Serum anti-influenza IgG antibody titers increased early after immunization with 1064 nm, whereas with 1270 nm, there was not only an early response of antibody production but also persistence of antibody titers over the medium- to long-term. Thus, to our knowledge, we show for the first time that 1270 nm NIR light induces ROS and ATP production in mitochondria as photoreceptors, initiating a cascade of laser adjuvant effects for intradermal vaccines. Additionally, we demonstrate that there are wavelength-specific variations in the mechanisms and effects of laser adjuvants. In conclusion, CW1270 nm NIR light is expected to be clinically applicable as a novel laser adjuvant that is equivalent or superior to 1064 nm NIR light, because it can be operated at low energy and has a wavelength-specific adjuvant effect with medium- to long-lasting antibody titer.

A rare case of an enterochromaffin-like neuroendocrine tumor associated with parietal cell dysfunction treated using endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Most gastric neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) develop from enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells. ECL-cell NETs are classically categorized into three types according to their etiology. A 50-year-old woman presented with submucosal tumor-like lesions in the stomach, which were identified via esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Although esophagogastroduodenoscopy and pathological findings of biopsy specimens showed an absence of mucosal atrophy in the body of the stomach, sticky, adherent, dense mucus was observed. All lesions were diagnosed as ECL-cell NETs based on histological examination findings; however, ECL-cell NETs did not apply to any of the classic types I-III categorization based on laboratory, computed tomography, and 24-h intragastric pH monitoring test findings. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of the tumor was performed. Pathological findings of the excised specimen indicated that parietal cell hyperplasia with a protrusion, dilated fundic glands, and endocrine cell hyperplasia in the background mucosa, and parietal cells were not immunostained for the α-subunits of H+/K+-ATPase. Genetic analysis identified mutation in the ATP4A gene. The patient opted for additional gastric resection due to the risk of lymph node metastasis with deeper submucosal invasion and vascular infiltration. This report describes the first case of ECL-cell NETs caused by parietal cell dysfunction, which was treated via endoscopic submucosal dissection.

Recurrence rates and risk factors for seizure recurrence following antiseizure medication withdrawal in adolescent patients with genetic generalized epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify the recurrence rate of genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) and risk factors for recurrence after antiseizure medication (ASM) withdrawal in adolescent patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients with GGE who were included in the registry at the Department of Child Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital from 2000 through 2020. The eligibility criteria were as follows: onset of epileptic seizures at <15 years of age, treatment with an ASM, and attempted treatment withdrawal at 10-19 years of age. The rates of seizure recurrence after drug withdrawal were evaluated. Moreover, several variables were evaluated as predictors of recurrence. RESULTS: In total, 77 patients with GGE (21, 13, and 43 patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy [JME], juvenile absence epilepsy [JAE], and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone [EGTCSA], respectively) were included in this study. Recurrence was detected in 68% of patients with GGE (86%, 31%, and 70% of patients with JME, JAE, and EGTCSA, respectively). Recurrence rates for patients who developed epilepsy at ≥13 years of age, those who started dose reduction at ≥16 years of age, those who exhibited a seizure-free period of <36 months before withdrawal, and those who chose to discontinue treatment at their own discretion were significantly higher than those for their counterparts. Multivariate analysis revealed that initiation of dose reduction at ≥16 years of age was associated with increased recurrence risk. Meanwhile, a diagnosis of JAE was associated with decreased recurrence risk. All patients with JAE were treated with valproic acid. SIGNIFICANCE: Antiseizure medication withdrawal at ≥16 years of age and a diagnosis other than JAE may be independent risk factors for seizure recurrence after drug withdrawal in adolescent patients.

Morphological characterization of cholinergic partition cells: A transmitter-specific tracing study by Cre/lox-dependent viral gene expression.

BACKGROUND: Partition cells are cholinergic interneurons located in lamina VII of the spinal cord. Some partition cells are the source of the cholinergic boutons, known as C-terminals or C-boutons, that modulate the activity of spinal motor neurons. Therefore, partition cells might play an important role in motor control. Previous studies categorized partition cells into three groups (medial, intermediate, and lateral partition cells) according to their distance from the central canal. However, the morphological characteristics of the three groups remain obscure. METHODS: To analyze the morphology of partition cells, we developed an efficient technique for visualization of specific neurons at single-cell level in particular positions using adenovirus vectors and Cre/lox mediated recombination. Cre/lox conditional vectors were injected into the spinal cord of choline acetyltransferase-Cre transgenic mice, and partition cells labeled by green fluorescent protein were reconstructed from histological serial sections at the single-cell level. RESULTS: This technique allowed for the visualization of partition cells at high resolution and revealed that partition cells had various patterns of dendrite orientations and fields. Most of the visualized partition cells had more than 60% of their dendrites located in lamina VII of the spinal cord. Partition cells had dendrites extending into various Rexed's laminae (V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X), but none of the cells had dendrites extending dorsal to lamina IV. The dendrites of partition cells terminated both ipsilaterally and bilaterally. We also found that C-terminals on motor neurons may be derived from the middle/outer group of partition cells. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicated that partition cells have various morphological features of the dendritic pattern and may receive differential inputs. Our results suggested that C-terminals originate not only from medial but also from intermediate/lateral cholinergic partition cells. The present study suggests that intermediate/lateral partition cells modulate activities of motor neurons through C-terminal synapses.

Lipopolysaccharide Preconditioning Augments Phagocytosis of Malaria-Parasitized Red Blood Cells by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages in the Liver, Thereby Increasing the Murine Survival after Plasmodium yoelii Infection.

Malaria remains a grave concern for humans, as effective medical countermeasures for Plasmodium infection have yet to be developed. Phagocytic clearance of parasitized red blood cells (pRBCs) by macrophages is an important front-line innate host defense against Plasmodium infection. We previously showed that repeated injections of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) prior to bacterial infection, called LPS preconditioning, strongly augmented phagocytic/bactericidal activity in murine macrophages. However, whether LPS preconditioning prevents murine Plasmodium infection is unclear. We investigated the protective effects of LPS preconditioning against lethal murine Plasmodium infection, focusing on CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages, which are increased by LPS preconditioning. Mice were subjected to LPS preconditioning by intraperitoneal injections of low-dose LPS for 3 consecutive days, and 24 h later, they were intravenously infected with pRBCs of Plasmodium yoelii 17XL. LPS preconditioning markedly increased the murine survival and reduced parasitemia, while it did not reduce tumor necrosis factor (TNF) secretions, only delaying the peak of plasma gamma interferon (IFN-γ) after Plasmodium infection in mice. An in vitro phagocytic clearance assay of pRBCs showed that the CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages, but not spleen macrophages, in the LPS-preconditioned mice had significantly augmented phagocytic activity against pRBCs. The adoptive transfer of CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages from LPS-preconditioned mice to control mice significantly improved survival after Plasmodium infection. We conclude that LPS preconditioning stimulated CD11bhigh F4/80low liver macrophages to augment the phagocytic clearance of pRBCs, which may play a central role in resistance against Plasmodium infection.

Binocular superior visual field areas associated with driving self-regulation in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of our study was to investigate the associations between driving self-regulation and glaucoma severity, and between driving self-regulation and glaucomatous visual field (VF) defect patterns. METHODS: In 247 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma included in this prospective observational study, a battery of ophthalmic examination was performed, including visual acuity (VA) and VF. Integrated binocular VF was constructed and mean of total deviation (mTD) values in four sectors was calculated (mTDsup-peri, mTDsup-centre, mTDinf-peri and mTDinf-centre). In addition, all participants answered seven questions regarding their avoidance in driving. (1) at night, (2) in rain, (3) in fog, (4) on freeways, (5) lane changing, (6) at high speed and (7) close to the car in front. The associations between these driving behaviours and 10 variables (age, gender, best VA, worst VA, the four sectorial average TD values, years holding a driver's licence and distance driven per week) were analysed using the generalised linear model with binomial distribution, followed by the model section method using the corrected Akaike information criterion. RESULTS: As a result of the model selection, it was suggested that deterioration of mTDsup-peri was associated with (1) avoiding driving at night and (2) avoiding driving in rain. On the other hand, mTDsup-centre was related to (3) avoiding driving in fog. CONCLUSION: Damage in visual function was related with driving behaviours in patients with glaucoma.

Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning reduces liver metastasis of Colon26 cells by enhancing antitumor activity of natural killer cells and natural killer T cells in murine liver.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning drastically augments bactericidal activity but reduces the host inflammatory response. Therefore, it may be beneficial to prevent postoperative infectious complications and mitigate host damage by surgical stress. Considering its clinical application, how LPS preconditioning influences the antitumor effect in the liver is an important issue. We then investigated the effect of LPS preconditioning on antitumor activity against Colon26 tumor cells in mice. METHODS: Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning was induced in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of 5 µg/kg LPS for three consecutive days. Intraportal inoculation of Colon26 cells, which express luminescent protein called Nano-lantern, was performed to evaluate the effect of LPS preconditioning on tumor liver metastasis. The antitumor activities of cytotoxic liver lymphocytes, especially natural killer (NK) cells and natural killer T (NKT) cells, against Colon26 cells were also examined in LPS preconditioned mice. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning remarkably prevented liver metastasis of Colon26 cells, as observed by IVIS imaging system, and prolonged survival after tumor inoculation. LPS preconditioning increased the proportions and number of liver NK cells and NKT cells and augmented their intracellular perforin and granzyme B expression, while reducing their intracellular expression of IFN-γ. An in vitro antitumor cytotoxicity assay revealed that LPS preconditioning significantly augmented antitumor cytotoxicities of the liver NK cells and NKT cells, especially NKT cells, against Colon26 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Lipopolysaccharide preconditioning potently augmented antitumor cytotoxicity of liver NK cells and NKT cells, thereby improving mouse survival after intraportal inoculation of Colon26 tumor cells. It may be useful for perioperative care in oncological patients.

Successful treatment of severe intra-amniotic inflammation and cervical insufficiency with continuous transabdominal amnioinfusion and cerclage: A case report.

Severe intra-amniotic inflammation, even with a negative bacterial culture, can lead to premature labor. We report a 43-year-old multiparous woman with severe intra-amniotic inflammation and cervical insufficiency at 23 weeks and 5 days of gestation. Continuous transabdominal amnioinfusion was started 2 days after the diagnosis. The amniotic fluid interleukin-6 level normalized after 2 days of treatment. She underwent Shirodkar cervical cerclage on day 7. Despite termination of amnioinfusion and catheter removal on day 16, the pregnancy was maintained without any subsequent treatment. At 33 weeks and 5 days of gestation, an intrauterine Ureaplasma parvum infection and the onset of contractions led to repeat cesarean delivery. The birth weight was 2292 g, and the Apgar scores were 8/8. Both mother and infant had good outcomes. Continuous transabdominal amnioinfusion may have eliminated factors causing intra-amniotic inflammation, thereby prolonging the pregnancy and improving the infant's prognosis.