Determinates of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) testing practices among inpatients with diarrhea at selected acute-care hospitals in Rochester, New York, and Atlanta, Georgia, 2020-2021.

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the impact of test-order frequency per diarrheal episodes on Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) incidence estimates in a sample of hospitals at 2 CDC Emerging Infections Program (EIP) sites. DESIGN: Observational survey. SETTING: Inpatients at 5 acute-care hospitals in Rochester, New York, and Atlanta, Georgia, during two 10-workday periods in 2020 and 2021. OUTCOMES: We calculated diarrhea incidence, testing frequency, and CDI positivity (defined as any positive NAAT test) across strata. Predictors of CDI testing and positivity were assessed using modified Poisson regression. Population estimates of incidence using modified Emerging Infections Program methodology were compared between sites using the Mantel-Hanzel summary rate ratio. RESULTS: Surveillance of 38,365 patient days identified 860 diarrhea cases from 107 patient-care units mapped to 26 unique NHSN defined location types. Incidence of diarrhea was 22.4 of 1,000 patient days (medians, 25.8 for Rochester and 16.2 for Atlanta; P < .01). Similar proportions of diarrhea cases were hospital onset (66%) at both sites. Overall, 35% of patients with diarrhea were tested for CDI, but this differed by site: 21% in Rochester and 49% in Atlanta (P < .01). Regression models identified location type (ie, oncology or critical care) and laxative use predictive of CDI test ordering. Adjusting for these factors, CDI testing was 49% less likely in Rochester than Atlanta (adjusted rate ratio, 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.63). Population estimates in Rochester had a 38% lower incidence of CDI than Atlanta (summary rate ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.54-0.71). CONCLUSION: Accounting for patient-specific factors that influence CDI test ordering, differences in testing practices between sites remain and likely contribute to regional differences in surveillance estimates.

Prevalence and Correlates of COVID-19 Vaccine Information on Family Medicine Practices' Websites in the United States: Cross-sectional Website Content Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Primary care providers are regarded as trustworthy sources of information about COVID-19 vaccines. Although primary care practices often provide information about common medical and public health topics on their practice websites, little is known about whether they also provide information about COVID-19 vaccines on their practice websites. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and correlates of COVID-19 vaccine information on family medicine practices' website home pages in the United States. METHODS: We used the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid National Provider Identifier records to create a sampling frame of all family medicine providers based in the United States, from which we constructed a nationally representative random sample of 964 family medicine providers. Between September 20 and October 8, 2021, we manually examined the practice websites of these providers and extracted data on the availability of COVID-19 vaccine information, and we implemented a 10% cross-review quality control measure to resolve discordances in data abstraction. We estimated the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine information on practice websites and website home pages and used Poisson regression with robust error variances to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for correlates of COVID-19 vaccine information, including practice size, practice region, university affiliation, and presence of information about seasonal influenza vaccines. Additionally, we performed sensitivity analyses to account for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: Of the 964 included family medicine practices, most (n=509, 52.8%) had ≥10 distinct locations, were unaffiliated with a university (n=838, 87.2%), and mentioned seasonal influenza vaccines on their websites (n=540, 56.1%). In total, 550 (57.1%) practices mentioned COVID-19 vaccines on their practices' website home page, specifically, and 726 (75.3%) mentioned COVID-19 vaccines anywhere on their practice website. As practice size increased, the likelihood of finding COVID-19 vaccine information on the home page increased (n=66, 27.7% among single-location practices, n=114, 52.5% among practices with 2-9 locations, n=66, 56.4% among practices with 10-19 locations, and n=304, 77.6% among practices with 20 or more locations, P<.001 for trend). Compared to clinics in the Northeast, those in the West and Midwest United States had a similar prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine information on website home pages, but clinics in the south had a lower prevalence (adjusted prevalence ratio 0.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 1.0; P=.02). Our results were largely unchanged in sensitivity analyses accounting for multiple comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: Given the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, primary care practitioners who promote and provide vaccines should strongly consider utilizing their existing practice websites to share COVID-19 vaccine information. These existing platforms have the potential to serve as an extension of providers' influence on established and prospective patients who search the internet for information about COVID-19 vaccines.

Characteristics and Risk Factors for Mortality by Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Waves in Fulton County, Georgia: A Cohort Study March 2020-February 2021.

Background: We examined differences in mortality among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases in the first, second, and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of COVID-19 cases in Fulton County, Georgia, USA, reported to a public health surveillance from March 2020 through February 2021. We estimated case-fatality rates (CFR) by wave and used Cox proportional hazards random-effects models in each wave, with random effects at individual and long-term-care-facility level, to determine risk factors associated with rates of mortality. Results: Of 75 289 confirmed cases, 4490 (6%) were diagnosed in wave 1 (CFR 31 deaths/100 000 person days [pd]), 24 293 (32%) in wave 2 (CFR 7 deaths/100 000 pd), and 46 506 (62%) in wave 3 (CFR 9 deaths/100 000 pd). Compared with females, males were more likely to die in each wave: wave 1 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-1.8), wave 2 (aHR 1.5, 95% CI, 1.2-1.8), and wave 3 (aHR 1.7, 95% CI, 1.5-2.0). Compared with non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks were more likely to die in each wave: wave 1 (aHR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.8), wave 2 (aHR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2-1.9), and wave 3 (aHR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.4-2.0). Cases with any disability, chronic renal disease, and cardiovascular disease were more likely to die in each wave compared with those without these comorbidities. Conclusions: Our study found gender and racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19 mortality and certain comorbidities associated with COVID-19 mortality. These factors have persisted throughout the COVID-19 pandemic waves, despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment.

Homeless Shelters: HIV Testing During the Atlanta Tuberculosis Outbreak (2008-2018).

People experiencing homelessness are at increased risk of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV. We examined the impact of integrating HIV testing and mandatory TB screening on HIV test uptake (HTU) during a multishelter TB outbreak in Atlanta, Georgia (2008-2018). Overall HTU was low; however, the intervention led to a reversal of declining HTU trend (rate ratio = 1.11; 95% confidence interval = 1.04, 1.19). Concerted efforts to increase HIV testing access and uptake alongside robust TB control efforts may increase progress toward the goals of End TB and Ending the HIV Epidemic. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(6):881-885. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306801).

Association between having a regular healthcare provider and pre-exposure prophylaxis use among men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional survey.

Healthcare providers whom people see regularly (e.g., primary care providers [PCPs]) are likely to interact with individuals at risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, most PCPs report never prescribing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), a medication that prevents HIV infection. This study examined the association between having a regular healthcare provider and PrEP use among men who have sex with men (MSM). We analyzed health survey data from Black (n = 151) and White (n = 113) MSM in Atlanta, GA using log binomial regressions. Among Black MSM, the proportion who used PrEP was nearly three times higher for those with a regular provider compared to those without one (aPR 2.58; 95% CI: 0.96, 6.93). Conversely, the proportion of White MSM who used PrEP was slightly lower among those with a regular provider (aPR 0.67; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.27). Findings suggest having a regular provider may be more strongly associated with PrEP among Black MSM.

Reductions in inpatient fluoroquinolone use and postdischarge Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) from a systemwide antimicrobial stewardship intervention.

Objective: To determine the impact of an inpatient stewardship intervention targeting fluoroquinolone use on inpatient and postdischarge Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). Design: We used an interrupted time series study design to evaluate the rate of hospital-onset CDI (HO-CDI), postdischarge CDI (PD-CDI) within 12 weeks, and inpatient fluoroquinolone use from 2 years prior to 1 year after a stewardship intervention. Setting: An academic healthcare system with 4 hospitals. Patients: All inpatients hospitalized between January 2017 and September 2020, excluding those discharged from locations caring for oncology, bone marrow transplant, or solid-organ transplant patients. Intervention: Introduction of electronic order sets designed to reduce inpatient fluoroquinolone prescribing. Results: Among 163,117 admissions, there were 683 cases of HO-CDI and 1,104 cases of PD-CDI. In the context of a 2% month-to-month decline starting in the preintervention period (P < .01), we observed a reduction in fluoroquinolone days of therapy per 1,000 patient days of 21% after the intervention (level change, P < .05). HO-CDI rates were stable throughout the study period. In contrast, we also detected a change in the trend of PD-CDI rates from a stable monthly rate in the preintervention period to a monthly decrease of 2.5% in the postintervention period (P < .01). Conclusions: Our systemwide intervention reduced inpatient fluoroquinolone use immediately, but not HO-CDI. However, a downward trend in PD-CDI occurred. Relying on outcome measures limited to the inpatient setting may not reflect the full impact of inpatient stewardship efforts.

Willingness to Discuss and Screen for Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis in Pharmacies Among Men Who Have Sex With Men.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the willingness to discuss and be screened for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in pharmacies among MSM. METHODS: Led by Georgia's Fulton County Board of Health, this study surveyed individuals who attended 2 Atlanta-based Gay Pride events in 2018. This analysis was limited to those who identified as men who have sex with men (MSM) who were not HIV positive and reported never using PrEP. Multivariable regression was used to determine the correlates of willingness to discuss and be screened for PrEP in-pharmacy. RESULTS: Most (69%) were willing to discuss PrEP with pharmacy staff and 61.35% were willing to be screened for PrEP in-pharmacy. Those who were interested in PrEP were significantly more willing to discuss PrEP in-pharmacy compared to those not interested in PrEP (prevalence ratio [PR]: 1.65; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.11-2.48). Race was not associated with willingness to discuss PrEP with pharmacy staff. However, black MSM (BMSM) were less willing to be screened in pharmacies than white MSM, until we accounted for interest in PrEP (PR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.09-1.48). DISCUSSION: Pharmacies may be an optimal setting to expand PrEP access to reach racial minorities who have the highest need but are not being reached. Pharmacy-based PrEP discussions and screening could improve awareness of HIV status and increase PrEP knowledge and uptake. Future studies should determine optimal pharmacy conditions under which PrEP screening and uptake are acceptable for BMSM.

Characteristics and Risk Factors for Hospitalization and Mortality among Persons with COVID-19 in Atlanta Metropolitan Area.

Background: We present data on risk factors for severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the southeast United States (U.S.). Objective: To determine risk factors associated with hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality among patients with confirmed COVID-19. Design: A retrospective cohort study. Setting: Fulton County in Atlanta Metropolitan Area, Georgia, U.S. Patients: Community-based individuals of all ages that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Measurements: Demographic characteristics, comorbid conditions, hospitalization, ICU admission, death (all-cause mortality), and severe COVID-19 disease, defined as a composite measure of hospitalization and death. Results: Between March 2 and May 31, 2020, we included 4322 individuals with various COVID-19 outcomes. In a multivariable logistic regression random-effects model, patients in age groups ≥45 years compared to those <25 years were associated with severe COVID-19. Males compared to females (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.6), non-Hispanic blacks (aOR 1.9, 95%CI: 1.5-2.4) and Hispanics (aOR 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) compared to non-Hispanic whites were associated with increased odds of severe COVID-19. Those with chronic renal disease (aOR 3.6, 95%CI: 2.2-5.8), neurologic disease (aOR 2.8, 95%CI: 1.8-4.3), diabetes (aOR 2.0, 95%CI: 1.5-2.7), chronic lung disease (aOR 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2-2.3), and "other chronic diseases" (aOR 1.8, 95%CI: 1.3-2.6) compared to those without these conditions were associated with increased odds of having severe COVID-19. Conclusions: Multiple risk factors for hospitalization, ICU admission, and death were observed in this cohort from an urban setting in the southeast U.S. Improved screening and early, intensive treatment for persons with identified risk factors is urgently needed to reduce COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality.

Health Care-Seeking Behaviors and Perceptions of Provider-Initiated Discussion of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Among PrEP-Naïve HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men in Atlanta, Georgia.

BACKGROUND: Given high rates of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States, there is a need to more effectively leverage the health care system to bolster promotion of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to at-risk MSM. METHODS: Using data collected from a 2018 venue-based cross-sectional survey, we examined factors associated with health care-seeking behaviors, discussing PrEP with a provider, and barriers to PrEP uptake among MSM. Associations between outcomes and respondents' sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviors were assessed using log binomial regression. RESULTS: Of 478 MSM, 247 (51%) were PrEP-naïve and HIV-negative. Although 85% of PrEP-naïve MSM reported visiting a health care provider in the past year, only 31% recalled having any provider discuss PrEP. The most frequently cited reasons for not taking PrEP were low perception of personal risk of acquiring HIV (37%) and not knowing enough about PrEP (35%). Those who saw a provider in the last year were less likely than those who did not to cite lack of knowledge as a barrier to use (prevalence rate, 0.66, 95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the majority of PrEP-naïve MSM interfacing with the health care system, recollection of discussing PrEP with providers was limited. Increased efforts to equip providers with the tools to discuss PrEP and address pressing concerns with at-risk individuals may help improve PrEP uptake among priority populations.