Smallpox vaccination and vaccine hesitancy in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1801) and the great modernity of Ferdinand IV of Bourbon: a glimpse of the past in the era of the SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: The current health emergency caused by COVID-19 disease shows several correspondences with well-known epidemics of the past. The knowledge of their management and overcoming could give us useful tools to face the present COVID-19 pandemic and future epidemics. STUDY DESIGN: On 1 March 1801, the first smallpox vaccinations were carried out in Palermo, and a few weeks later, the vaccine was also administered in Naples and the various provinces of the Kingdom. We aim to study the mass vaccination programme initiated by the Bourbon king Ferdinand IV that was the first large-scale campaign to be conducted in Italy and one of the first in Europe. METHODS: The authors searched and examined historical testimony and different aspects linked to the public health issues on vaccination. It is a topical topic in the current period with the COVID pandemic. RESULTS: Albeit with the due differences determined by the passage of time and by the scientific and cultural advances of modern society, this testimony from the past can provide us with food for thought regarding how to face the present COVID-19 pandemic and to prepare for the future. Indeed, it shows us how the terrible smallpox epidemic was handled and finally overcome, thanks to vaccination.

Vaccine hesitancy, misinformation in the era of Covid-19: Lessons from the past.

Background: As the world has challenged/argued with the Covid-19 pandemic over the last two years, there has been an increase in vaccine misinformation. Although immunity against Covid-19 infection is limited to 4-6 months and requires at least three doses of vaccine to be maximally effective, the current vaccination campaign in industrialized countries shows that vaccinated citizens experience greater immunological protection against severe forms of the disease than unvaccinated citizens. Methodology: A perusal of the literature was performed in order to reconstruct the communication methods applied in the managing of the Covid-19 pandemic; the management of the current pandemic was compared with the management of another scourge of the past: poliomyelitis. Results/Discussion: In order to raise public awareness on public health issues, it is essential that governments and institutions communicate scientific data to all sections of the population in an unambiguous way. In this sense, it is essential to apply "prebunking", which is a layered defense system available to society that prevents misinformation before it is spread. This is to avoid the subsequent debunking of false information, which generates insecurity and fuels fears. Belief in medical misinformation represents a meaningful problem for public health efforts to fight Covid-19 through vaccination. Conclusion/Perspectives: In this sense an example of proper management of one of the many epidemics of the recent past, poliomyelitis, should make us reflect on the effectiveness of past approaches. This testimony from the past can provide us with food for thought regarding how to face the present Covid-19 pandemic and to prepare for the future. Certainly, it shows us how the awful pandemics/epidemics from the past was handled and finally overcome, despite perceived risk and vaccine hesitancy.

Tuberculosis in Siena: evolution of the disease and its treatment, from the Unification of Italy to the 1930s.

Between the end of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century, the city of Siena experienced elevated tuberculosis-related morbidity and mortality, to the point that on January 1, 1929 the newspaper La Nazione wrote that "Siena ranks second in the official Tuberculosis (TB) incidence rate". The author presents statistical data relating to a time span ranging from 1898 to 1935, interpreting them in light of social and sanitary conditions found in the city. The result is an exhaustive picture of the most important actions implemented at city level to prevent tuberculosis and to assist and treat the sick, such as: the creation of seaside hospices conceived by Carlo Livi for children suffering from scrofula, as well as centers committed to the prevention of childhood poverty and malnutrition; the realization of activities in the green areas of the ramparts of the Fortress, upon recommendation by the great hygienist Achille Sclavo; the establishment of a Preventorium on the premises of the Monastery of Santa Maria Maddalena to accommodate children from families that included pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and countless activities carried out by the Anti-TB Dispensary. Of particular interest is the identification of the main cause of high TB incidence in the unhealthy houses located in some areas of Siena's district, which, in 1930 engendered a lively debate hinging upon the notion of building restoration.

Nickel dermatitis from earrings 15 years after EU directive implementation: a clinical-epidemiological study and a market survey in Rome, Italy.

BACKGROUND: Nickel (Ni) dermatitis remains a highly prevalent allergic condition in Italy. There is a continuous need for clinical and epidemiological surveillance to evaluate whether or not European Ni Directive has been effective in contact allergy prevention. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of Ni dermatitis among patch-tested patients and self-interviewed school students and to analyse Ni release from earlobe jewellery. METHODS: Results of patch tests performed in 2006-2007, 2015-2016 and 2017-2018 were retrieved. A questionnaire was compiled by 315 secondary school students. Ni release from earring parts was analysed with the EN1811:2015 method. RESULTS: A significant time trend of decreasing Ni positivity from 2006-2007 to 2017-2018 was observed both in the overall population (44.1% in 2006-2007, 33.0% in 2015-2016, 31.6% in 2017-2018, P < 0.0001) and in female patients (P < 0.0001). Conversely, change was not significant in males (P = 0.16). Decrease was significant for all age groups, except for those aged >60 years (P = 0.51). Among 242 students who reported earring use, 130 (54%) reported symptoms at earlobes, mostly associated with jewellery of materials other than gold and silver (59% of those with earlobe symptoms). Ni release exceeded the migration limit in 4/21 (20%) earring parts. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of Ni dermatitis and earlobe symptoms were found in Rome. A decreasing time trend was noted, with a significant decline in Ni sensitivity compared to the situation observed right after Ni Directive implementation. This most likely represents the consequence of reduced Ni content in earring parts, although a major care in the use of Ni-containing objects could contribute to explain these findings.

Voluntary termination of pregnancy: An opportunity for Measles, Mumps and Rubella vaccination in an Italian healthcare local unit.

In Italy, the National Plan for the Elimination of Measles and Congenital Rubella 2010-15 suggests offering Measles, Mumps and Rubella (MMR) vaccination to susceptible women who underwent voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) In Rome, S. Eugenio Hospital is one of the structures where VTP is practised in an Operative Unit called "Family Planning" The primary goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of susceptibility to rubella, using IgG and IgM immunoassays, among women accessing VTP and to offering MMR vaccination to susceptible women. Secondarily, this study evaluated acceptance of the vaccination offer From 2013 to 2015, data were collected from 1513 voluntary termination of pregnancy (VTP) cases The results show a significant increase of 5 percent in susceptibility prevalence in the target group from 13.6% in 2013 and 2014 to 18.4% in 2015 The association between rubella susceptibility and age was statistically significant (p<0.01) Throughout the entire period, acceptance of the vaccine proposal was 19% (45/232) among susceptible women; 58% (135/232) refused the vaccine and 23% (52/232) took time to think about it This study shows an increase of 5 percent in the prevalence of rubella susceptibility over two years. This result is worrying, even considering the short span of the data collection The rate of acceptance of vaccination is unsatisfactory considering the possibility of future pregnancies This issue deserves continued action, which, going forward, might transform a "project" into a shared strategy as part of a wider network with the goal of aligning Italy with international recommendations.

Cutaneous manifestations of systemic non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL): study and review of literature.

Systemic non-Hodgkin lymphomas are often accompanied by cutaneous manifestations, which are not always looked out for. Nevertheless, these alterations can be very important because their presence is lied to the clinical behaviour of the underlying malignancy, with an early recognition being fundamental. The aim of this study was to make order in this topic and propose a preliminary classification of the cutaneous manifestations associated with non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We performed a retrospective chart review of 62 haematological patients affected by non-Hodgkin systemic lymphomas with dermatological manifestations, who were evaluated from January 2007 to December 2011, and combined these results with a systematic review of Pub medical literature from 1937 to 2011 on this topic. A preliminary classification of these manifestations has been proposed, dividing them in specific and non-specific ones, along with a description of the clinical features and those cases observed in our department. A preliminary approach has been proposed for the study of these manifestations that could be helpful in understanding the biological behaviour and aid early recognition of a flare up in systemic non-Hodgkin lymphomas.

Occurrence of salivary gland tumours in two patients treated with biological agents.

We report two cases of salivary gland tumors arising in two psoriatic patients treated with an anti- TNF-alpha agent. A clear causal relationship could not be established, but the exceptional onset of a bilateral Warthin's tumor in one of these patients should be emphasized.

An unusual case of annular bollous eruption of the inguinal folds.

Pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare clinical entity belonging to the group of autoimmune blistering disorders of the skin, that usually presents clinical features of dermatitis herpetiformis and immunologically findings of pemphigus. Because of the variety of its presentation, differential diagnosis with other bollous diseases is not simple and histopathological results have to be supported by direct immunofluorescence assay, for a correct diagnosis. We report the case of a young woman, where immunofluorescence was a fundamental tool to reach the diagnosis of pemphigus herpetiformis, because of the lack of acantholitic cells at histological sample.

Chronic urticaria and IgG paraproteinaemia: unusual spectrum of Schnitzler Syndrome.

Schnitzler Syndrome (SS) is a rare clinical entity of unknown etio-pathogenesis characterizated by non itching chronic urticaria, associated with an IgM monoclonal paraprotein; other symptoms as bone pain, poliarthralgia, elevated erytrocyte sedimentation rate and persistent fever, may be present. Since 1972-1974, when it was first described by Schnitzler et al. about 80 cases have been reported in literature, all characterized by chronic urticaria and IgM monoclonal gammopathy. Nashan et al, were the first to publish a case of SS with a benign monoclonal IgG, composed by light -κ- chains. We described two cases of chronic non itching urticaria with the same symptoms above mentioned, but an IgG monoclonal paraprotein instead of IgM gammopathy. Therefore in according to Nashan et al, we suggest that the spectrum of SS should include patients that present the same clinical picture described in 1972 in association with either IgM or IgG gammopathy.

A case of lichen amyloidosus treated with acitretin.

Lichen amyloidosus is a cutaneous dermatosis clinically characterized by an hyperkeratotic brownish-grey papular eruption located on trunk and extremities, associated to severe pruritus. Histologically it is characterized by amyloid deposits in the papillary derma. Amyloid is an amorphous substance, probably derived by apoptotic keratinocites and other protein such as Apolipoprotein E. The exact pathogenesis of this deposition is not yet understood but some factors can act as favourable agents, such as pruritus. In fact this dermatosis is often associated to intensely pruritic conditions. Its treatment is very difficult but is important, because patients refer a bad quality of life. In literature have been described a lot of therapeutic options, often unefficacious. We describe herein the case of a 39-year old patient affected by Lichen amyloidosis, treated with acitretin a good improvement of cutaneous lesions and a complete resolution of pruritus after only three weeks of treatment. At actual follow-up of eight months the results are maintained.