Role of pharmacists in the care of adult asthma patients: A scoping review.

BACKGROUND: Asthma is a common long-term condition that affects people of all ages. Evidence suggests that a significant proportion of asthma patients in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) do not receive appropriate diagnosis, monitoring and/or treatment. When inadequately treated, asthma can negatively affect quality of life and may lead to hospitalisation and death. Although pharmacists play a role in asthma care globally, there appears to be no defined role for pharmacists in providing care to patients with asthma in the GCC countries. AIM: This scoping review aims to review and summarise studies conducted in the GCC countries involving pharmacists in the management of adults with asthma or evaluating pharmacists' asthma care knowledge and/or skills. METHOD: A systematic scoping review was undertaken. Seven databases were searched using relevant search terms for articles published up to May 2023. Studies that evaluated pharmacists roles, knowledge and skills in providing asthma care to adults in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and Bahrain were considered eligible for inclusion. Extracted data were collated using tables and used to produce narrative descriptive summaries. RESULTS: Out of the 1588 search results, only seven studies met the inclusion criteria. Of those, only one developed and tested a pharmacist-led inhaler technique educational intervention in the UAE within community pharmacy setting for asthma patients. The remaining six studies assessed community pharmacists knowledge in providing asthma management and patient education in UAE, Saudi Arabia and Qatar. The quality of the included studies varied with four relying on simulated patients to assess pharmacists knowledge. The study that tested the intervention suggested improvement in inhaler technique and asthma symptoms control after receiving the intervention. The findings suggest a need to improve pharmacists knowledge of inhaler technique demonstration (mainly Metered Dose Inhalers), asthma management advice and assessment of asthma control and medication use. CONCLUSION: This review highlights a lack of research on pharmacist-led asthma interventions and identifies training needs to enable pharmacists to be involved in asthma care in the GCC countries. Future research could develop approaches involving pharmacists to improve asthma care and outcomes in the region.

Identifying epileptogenic abnormality by decomposing intracranial EEG and MEG power spectra.

BACKGROUND: Accurate identification of abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity is pivotal for diagnosing and treating epilepsy. Recent studies indicate that decomposing brain activity into periodic (oscillatory) and aperiodic (trend across all frequencies) components can illuminate the drivers of spectral activity changes. NEW METHODS: We analysed intracranial EEG (iEEG) data from 234 subjects, creating a normative map. This map was compared to a cohort of 63 patients with refractory focal epilepsy under consideration for neurosurgery. The normative map was computed using three approaches: (i) relative complete band power, (ii) relative band power with the aperiodic component removed, and (iii) the aperiodic exponent. Abnormalities were calculated for each approach in the patient cohort. We evaluated the spatial profiles, assessed their ability to localize abnormalities, and replicated the findings using magnetoencephalography (MEG). RESULTS: Normative maps of relative complete band power and relative periodic band power exhibited similar spatial profiles, while the aperiodic normative map revealed higher exponent values in the temporal lobe. Abnormalities estimated through complete band power effectively distinguished between good and bad outcome patients. Combining periodic and aperiodic abnormalities enhanced performance, like the complete band power approach. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS: Sparing cerebral tissue with abnormalities in both periodic and aperiodic activity may result in poor surgical outcomes. Both periodic and aperiodic components do not carry sufficient information in isolation. The relative complete band power solution proved to be the most reliable method for this purpose. Future studies could investigate how cerebral location or pathology influences periodic or aperiodic abnormalities.

Interictal MEG abnormalities to guide intracranial electrode implantation and predict surgical outcome.

Intracranial EEG (iEEG) is the gold standard technique for epileptogenic zone (EZ) localisation, but requires a preconceived hypothesis of the location of the epileptogenic tissue. This placement is guided by qualitative interpretations of seizure semiology, MRI, EEG and other imaging modalities, such as magnetoencephalography (MEG). Quantitative abnormality mapping using MEG has recently been shown to have potential clinical value. We hypothesised that if quantifiable MEG abnormalities were sampled by iEEG, then patients' post-resection seizure outcome may be better. Thirty-two individuals with refractory neocortical epilepsy underwent MEG and subsequent iEEG recordings as part of pre-surgical evaluation. Eyes-closed resting-state interictal MEG band power abnormality maps were derived from 70 healthy controls as a normative baseline. MEG abnormality maps were compared to iEEG electrode implantation, with the spatial overlap of iEEG electrode placement and cerebral MEG abnormalities recorded. Finally, we assessed if the implantation of electrodes in abnormal tissue, and subsequent resection of the strongest abnormalities determined by MEG and iEEG corresponded to surgical success. Intracranial electrodes were implanted in brain tissue with the most abnormal MEG findings - in individuals that were seizure-free post-operatively (T=3.9, p=0.003), but not in those who did not become seizure free. The overlap between MEG abnormalities and electrode placement distinguished surgical outcome groups moderately well (AUC=0.68). In isolation, the resection of the strongest abnormalities as defined by MEG and iEEG separated surgical outcome groups well, AUC=0.71, AUC=0.74 respectively. A model incorporating all three features separated surgical outcome groups best (AUC=0.80). Intracranial EEG is a key tool to delineate the EZ and help render individuals seizure-free post-operatively. We showed that data-driven abnormality maps derived from resting-state MEG recordings demonstrate clinical value and may help guide electrode placement in individuals with neocortical epilepsy. Additionally, our predictive model of post-operative seizure-freedom, which leverages both MEG and iEEG recordings, could aid patient counselling of expected outcome.

Automated Computer Vision-Enabled Manufacturing of Nanowire Devices.

We present a high-throughput method for identifying and characterizing individual nanowires and for automatically designing electrode patterns with high alignment accuracy. Central to our method is an optimized machine-readable, lithographically processable, and multi-scale fiducial marker system─dubbed LithoTag─which provides nanostructure position determination at the nanometer scale. A grid of uniquely defined LithoTag markers patterned across a substrate enables image alignment and mapping in 100% of a set of >9000 scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images (>7 gigapixels). Combining this automated SEM imaging with a computer vision algorithm yields location and property data for individual nanowires. Starting with a random arrangement of individual InAs nanowires with diameters of 30 ± 5 nm on a single chip, we automatically design and fabricate >200 single-nanowire devices. For >75% of devices, the positioning accuracy of the fabricated electrodes is within 2 pixels of the original microscopy image resolution. The presented LithoTag method enables automation of nanodevice processing and is agnostic to microscopy modality and nanostructure type. Such high-throughput experimental methodology coupled with data-extensive science can help overcome the characterization bottleneck and improve the yield of nanodevice fabrication, driving the development and applications of nanostructured materials.

Giant Magnetoresistance in a Chemical Vapor Deposition Graphene Constriction.

Magnetic field-driven insulating states in graphene are associated with samples of very high quality. Here, this state is shown to exist in monolayer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and wet transferred on Al2O3 without encapsulation with hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) or other specialized fabrication techniques associated with superior devices. Two-terminal measurements are performed at low temperature using a GaAs-based multiplexer. During high-throughput testing, insulating properties are found in a 10 µm long graphene device which is 10 µm wide at one contact with an ≈440 nm wide constriction at the other. The low magnetic field mobility is ≈6000 cm2 V-1 s-1. An energy gap induced by the magnetic field opens at charge neutrality, leading to diverging resistance and current switching on the order of 104 with DC bias voltage at an approximate electric field strength of ≈0.04 V µm-1 at high magnetic field. DC source-drain bias measurements show behavior associated with tunneling through a potential barrier and a transition between direct tunneling at low bias to Fowler-Nordheim tunneling at high bias from which the tunneling region is estimated to be on the order of ≈100 nm. Transport becomes activated with temperature from which the gap size is estimated to be 2.4 to 2.8 meV at B = 10 T. Results suggest that a local electronically high quality region exists within the constriction, which dominates transport at high B, causing the device to become insulating and act as a tunnel junction. The use of wet transfer fabrication techniques of CVD material without encapsulation with h-BN and the combination with multiplexing illustrates the convenience of these scalable and reasonably simple methods to find high quality devices for fundamental physics research and with functional properties.

Horseshoe crab genomes reveal the evolution of genes and microRNAs after three rounds of whole genome duplication.

Whole genome duplication (WGD) has occurred in relatively few sexually reproducing invertebrates. Consequently, the WGD that occurred in the common ancestor of horseshoe crabs ~135 million years ago provides a rare opportunity to decipher the evolutionary consequences of a duplicated invertebrate genome. Here, we present a high-quality genome assembly for the mangrove horseshoe crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (1.7 Gb, N50 = 90.2 Mb, with 89.8% sequences anchored to 16 pseudomolecules, 2n = 32), and a resequenced genome of the tri-spine horseshoe crab Tachypleus tridentatus (1.7 Gb, N50 = 109.7 Mb). Analyses of gene families, microRNAs, and synteny show that horseshoe crabs have undergone three rounds (3R) of WGD. Comparison of C. rotundicauda and T. tridentatus genomes from populations from several geographic locations further elucidates the diverse fates of both coding and noncoding genes. Together, the present study represents a cornerstone for improving our understanding of invertebrate WGD events on the evolutionary fates of genes and microRNAs, at both the individual and population level. We also provide improved genomic resources for horseshoe crabs, of applied value for breeding programs and conservation of this fascinating and unusual invertebrate lineage.

Miniaturization of optical spectrometers.

Spectroscopic analysis is one of the most widely used analytical tools in scientific research and industry. Although laboratory benchtop spectrometer systems offer superlative resolution and spectral range, their miniaturization is crucial for applications where portability is paramount or where in situ measurements must be made. Advancement in this field over the past three decades is now yielding microspectrometers with performance and footprint near those viable for lab-on-a-chip systems, smartphones, and other consumer technologies. We summarize the technologies that have emerged toward achieving these aims-including miniaturized dispersive optics, narrowband filter systems, Fourier transform interferometers, and reconstructive microspectrometers-and discuss the challenges associated with improving spectral resolution while device dimensions shrink ever further.

Millipede genomes reveal unique adaptations during myriapod evolution.

The Myriapoda, composed of millipedes and centipedes, is a fascinating but poorly understood branch of life, including species with a highly unusual body plan and a range of unique adaptations to their environment. Here, we sequenced and assembled 2 chromosomal-level genomes of the millipedes Helicorthomorpha holstii (assembly size = 182 Mb; shortest scaffold/contig length needed to cover 50% of the genome [N50] = 18.11 Mb mainly on 8 pseudomolecules) and Trigoniulus corallinus (assembly size = 449 Mb, N50 = 26.78 Mb mainly on 17 pseudomolecules). Unique genomic features, patterns of gene regulation, and defence systems in millipedes, not observed in other arthropods, are revealed. Both repeat content and intron size are major contributors to the observed differences in millipede genome size. Tight Hox and the first loose ecdysozoan ParaHox homeobox clusters are identified, and a myriapod-specific genomic rearrangement including Hox3 is also observed. The Argonaute (AGO) proteins for loading small RNAs are duplicated in both millipedes, but unlike in insects, an AGO duplicate has become a pseudogene. Evidence of post-transcriptional modification in small RNAs-including species-specific microRNA arm switching-providing differential gene regulation is also obtained. Millipedes possesses a unique ozadene defensive gland unlike the venomous forcipules found in centipedes. We identify sets of genes associated with the ozadene that play roles in chemical defence as well as antimicrobial activity. Macro-synteny analyses revealed highly conserved genomic blocks between the 2 millipedes and deuterostomes. Collectively, our analyses of millipede genomes reveal that a series of unique adaptations have occurred in this major lineage of arthropod diversity. The 2 high-quality millipede genomes provided here shed new light on the conserved and lineage-specific features of millipedes and centipedes. These findings demonstrate the importance of the consideration of both centipede and millipede genomes-and in particular the reconstruction of the myriapod ancestral situation-for future research to improve understanding of arthropod evolution, and animal evolutionary genomics more widely.

A general ink formulation of 2D crystals for wafer-scale inkjet printing.

Recent advances in inkjet printing of two-dimensional (2D) crystals show great promise for next-generation printed electronics development. Printing nonuniformity, however, results in poor reproducibility in device performance and remains a major impediment to their large-scale manufacturing. At the heart of this challenge lies the coffee-ring effect (CRE), ring-shaped nonuniform deposits formed during postdeposition drying. We present an experimental study of the drying mechanism of a binary solvent ink formulation. We show that Marangoni-enhanced spreading in this formulation inhibits contact line pinning and deforms the droplet shape to naturally suppress the capillary flows that give rise to the CRE. This general formulation supports uniform deposition of 2D crystals and their derivatives, enabling scalable and even wafer-scale device fabrication, moving them closer to industrial-level additive manufacturing.

Single-nanowire spectrometers.

Spectrometers with ever-smaller footprints are sought after for a wide range of applications in which minimized size and weight are paramount, including emerging in situ characterization techniques. We report on an ultracompact microspectrometer design based on a single compositionally engineered nanowire. This platform is independent of the complex optical components or cavities that tend to constrain further miniaturization of current systems. We show that incident spectra can be computationally reconstructed from the different spectral response functions and measured photocurrents along the length of the nanowire. Our devices are capable of accurate, visible-range monochromatic and broadband light reconstruction, as well as spectral imaging from centimeter-scale focal planes down to lensless, single-cell-scale in situ mapping.