RESUMEN
Carbamazepine is a medicine used to manage epilepsy and partial or tonic-clonic seizures. This study aimed at formulating and obtaining carbamazepine orodispersible tablets for paediatric use at a 50 mg dose, with a diameter not greater than 6 mm and a tablet weight of 80 mg, through a direct compression process. The SeDeM pre-formulation/formulation method was used to define the characteristics of both carbamazepine and the selected excipients for direct compression. This study succeeded in formulating and obtaining the proposed tablets. Following the application of the SeDeM method, the tablets met the mass uniformity test and showed appropriate hardness values for orodispersible tablets. The tablets also met the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) test specifications at t = 60 min. The orodispersible tablets obtained may improve compliance with paediatric treatment with carbamazepine, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of the medicine.
RESUMEN
The objective of this study was to determine the content and evaluate the potential antioxidant effect of tocopherols in commercially available lipid emulsions, using a simple validated method adequate for further routine use. During the study, variability between manufacturers as well as between three non-consecutive batches of the same emulsion was observed. Furthermore, addition of α-tocopherol to lipid emulsions as excipient yields more stable emulsions and potentially a beneficial clinical effect. It was concluded that the variation of the tocopherol content between batches implies the importance of control and specification of tocopherol content by the manufacturers.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/análisis , Lípidos/química , Tocoferoles/análisis , alfa-Tocoferol/análisis , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Emulsiones , Nutrición Parenteral , Tocoferoles/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a topical formulation containing lidocaine plus diclofenac (CLIFE1) compared to lidocaine (CLIFE2), to decrease pain in benign anorectal surgery (BARS) to date not evaluated. More than 50% of patients undergoing BARS, especially hemorrhoidectomy, suffer from moderate and severe postoperative pain. This remains an unresolved problem that could be addressed with the new CLIFE1 topical treatment. METHODS: A multicenter, randomized double-blind, active-controlled parallel-group superiority trial, was conducted in two Spanish hospitals. Patients undergoing BARS (hemorrhoids, anal fistula and anal fissure) were randomized at the end of surgery at a 1:1 ratio to receive first dose either CLIFE1 (n = 60) or CLIFE2 (n = 60) anorectal topical treatment, and after every 12 h for the first three postoperative days and once a day from the fourth to sixth. The primary outcome was average of pain decrease after topical treatment, measured with visual analogue scale (VAS) by the patients themselves, the evening in the surgery day and four times daily for the first three postoperative days. RESULTS: The results of 120 patients included out of 150 selected undergoing BARS show a decrease in pain after CLIFE1 topical treatment (7.47 ± 13.09) greater than with CLIFE2 (4.38 ± 6.75), difference -3.21 95% CI (-5.75; -0.68), p = 0.008, decreasing significantly postoperative pain ( ≥ 9 mm, VAS) in 35% of patients undergoing benign anorectal surgery, compared to 18.33 % treated with lidocaine. CONCLUSIONS: The CLIFE1 topical treatment shows better analgesic efficacy than CLIFE2 in BARS.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Locales/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Diclofenaco/administración & dosificación , Hemorroides/cirugía , Lidocaína/administración & dosificación , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Fístula Rectal/cirugía , Anciano , Anestésicos Locales/efectos adversos , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Diclofenaco/efectos adversos , Método Doble Ciego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Hemorreoidectomía/efectos adversos , Humanos , Lidocaína/efectos adversos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Satisfacción del PacienteRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Although tablet coating processes are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry, they often lack adequate robustness. Up-scaling can be challenging as minor changes in parameters can lead to varying quality results. OBJECTIVE: To select critical process parameters (CPP) using retrospective data of a commercial product and to establish a design of experiments (DoE) that would improve the robustness of the coating process. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of data from 36 commercial batches. Batches were selected based on the quality results generated during batch release, some of which revealed quality deviations concerning the appearance of the coated tablets. The product is already marketed and belongs to the portfolio of a multinational pharmaceutical company. RESULTS: The Statgraphics 5.1 software was used for data processing to determine critical process parameters in order to propose new working ranges. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that it is possible to determine the critical process parameters and create design spaces based on retrospective data of commercial batches. This type of analysis is thus converted into a tool to optimize the robustness of existing processes. Our results show that a design space can be established with minimum investment in experiments, since current commercial batch data are processed statistically.
Asunto(s)
Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Comprimidos Recubiertos/síntesis química , Química Farmacéutica/normas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Comprimidos Recubiertos/normasRESUMEN
The study of controlled release and drug release devices has been dominated by considerations of the bulk or average properties of material or devices. Yet the outermost surface atoms play a central role in their performance. The objective of this article has been to characterize the surface of hydrophilic matrix tablets using the contact angle (CA) method to ascertain the surface free energy, and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and confocal microscopy (CM) for the physical characterization of the surface of the hydrophilic matrix. The surface free energy results obtained show that hydroxypropylmethylcellulose K15M hinders the spreading of water on the surface of the tablet, such that the concentration of HPMC K15M increases the reaction rate of the hydrophobic interactions between the chains of HPMC K15M which increases with respect to the rate of penetration of water into the tablet. In this study, we developed a new method to characterize the swelling of the tablets and established a relationship between the new method based on microswelling and the swelling ratio parameter. The surface texture parameters have been determined and the morphology of the tablets of the different formulations and the evolution of the surface morphology after interacting with the water, swelling and forming a gel layer were characterized. This work represents significant progress in the characterization of matrix tablets.
Asunto(s)
Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Comprimidos/química , Captopril/química , Excipientes/química , Interacciones Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Derivados de la Hipromelosa/química , Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica , Microscopía Confocal , Solubilidad , Propiedades de Superficie , HumectabilidadRESUMEN
The aim of this study is to obtain swelling controlled release matrix tablets of captopril using the Quality by Design methodology (ICH Q8) and to know the transport mechanisms involved in captopril release. To obtain the area of knowledge, the design of experiments studying the effect of two components (HPMC K15M and ethylcellulose) at different levels has been applied, with the captopril dissolution profile as the product's most important critical quality attribute (CQA). Different dissolution profiles have been obtained with the design of experiments performed, which is a key factor in the development of controlled release matrix tablets. Kinetic analysis according to the equations of Higuchi and Korsmeyer-Peppas demonstrates that the release mechanism is a mechanism of erosion when the whole percentage of the polymer is ethylcellulose, and a diffusion mechanism when the whole percentage of the polymer is HPMC K15M. The physico-chemical characteristics of the gel layer determine the release rate of captopril. The thickness of the gel layer, the porosity which is formed in the matrix upon contact with water, pore size, the swelling rate, the erosion rate of the matrix, and the physico-chemical characteristics of captopril, are factors related to the kinetic equations described and that allow us to predict the release mechanism of captopril. A new relationship of the kinetic equations governing the in vitro behavior with the physical characteristics of the gel layer of the different formulations has been established. This study shows that the size of water-filled pores and the degree of crosslinking between the chains of HPMC K15M of the matrix are related to the exponent n of the Korsmeyer-Peppas equation and the type of transport of the captopril from within the matrix to the dissolution medium, that is, if the transport is only through water-filled pores, or if a combination of diffusion occurs through water-filled pores with a transport through continuous polymeric networks.
Asunto(s)
Captopril/química , Celulosa/química , Liberación de Fármacos , Excipientes/química , Derivados de la Hipromelosa/química , Captopril/administración & dosificación , Química Farmacéutica , Cinética , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Tamaño de la Partícula , Porosidad , Solubilidad , Propiedades de Superficie , ComprimidosRESUMEN
The SeDeM diagram expert system has been used to study excipients, Captopril and designed formulations for their galenic characterization and to ascertain the critical points of the formula affecting product quality to obtain suitable formulations of Captopril direct compression SR matrix tablets. The application of the SeDeM diagram expert system enables selecting excipients with in order to optimize the formula in the preformulation and formulation studies. The methodology is based on the implementation of ICH Q8, establishing the design space of the formula with the use of experiment design, using the parameters of the SeDeM diagram expert system as system responses.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/química , Captopril/química , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Excipientes/química , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/administración & dosificación , Captopril/administración & dosificación , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Sistemas Especialistas , Presión , Comprimidos , Tecnología Farmacéutica/métodosRESUMEN
The parameters influencing alginate ionotropic gelation and the production of alginate beads loaded with hydrosoluble ibuprofen lysine salt (IBU-L) were studied, as well as the optimization of the method for its attainment. A three-factor and three-level factorial design (3(3)) was carried out to determine the influence of three experimental variables: polymer concentration, CaCl2 concentration, and curing time on the dependent variables drug load and encapsulation efficiency. The effect of the pH used in the preparation bath was also evaluated. Concentrations of CaCl2 and pH of gelling bath were seen to affect bead formation and stability as well as their ability to properly entrap the drug. In this work, IBU-L was used as a model of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with good solubility in alginate solutions. IBU-L was successfully encapsulated in alginate beads obtained by the ionotropic gelation method. The obtained alginate matrixes are able to modify the release of the entrapped IBU-L and this occurs in a pH-sensitive way that can be correlated with the swelling behaviour of the alginate-produced beads. Morphological characteristics were evaluated by means of scanning electron microscopy.
Asunto(s)
Alginatos/química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Ibuprofeno/análogos & derivados , Lisina/análogos & derivados , Cloruro de Calcio/química , Preparaciones de Acción Retardada/química , Composición de Medicamentos , Ácido Glucurónico/química , Ácidos Hexurónicos/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ibuprofeno/química , Lisina/química , Microscopía Electrónica de RastreoRESUMEN
Ionic gelation is the most frequently used method to obtain chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles due to its simplicity and because it does not generate waste solvents in the samples prepared. This paper presents a study of the physical factors involved in this method for obtaining nanoparticles in order to determine which of them significantly influences the particle size of polymeric nanoparticles made from low-molecular-weight chitosan, without any additional chemical treatment, with the aim of standardising and optimising the method conditions, in addition to establishing the reaction yield. The results indicate that stirring speed during ionic gelation reaction is decisive for the size of the nanoparticles obtained. Furthermore, it thus follows that the stirring speed during ionic gelation significantly affects reaction yield, and therefore, by manipulating this parameter a greater proportion of nanoparticles of a given size range can be obtained.
Asunto(s)
Quitosano/química , Nanopartículas/química , Polifosfatos/química , Composición de Medicamentos/métodos , Geles , Microscopía de Fuerza Atómica , Tamaño de la PartículaRESUMEN
This paper presents a useful method using total organic carbon analyzers employing both combustion and wet oxidation for validating equipment cleaning procedures and verifying cleaning in a pharmaceutical pilot plant. The results are compared with those obtained using high-performance liquid chromatography. The study summarizes the initial steps that should be taken into account and focuses particularly on the solutions to some of the most critical considerations (e.g., glass material, detection and quantification limits, recovery). Also described are the calculation of control limits and the good results obtained.
Asunto(s)
Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Contaminación de Medicamentos/prevención & control , Industria Farmacéutica , Contaminación de Equipos/prevención & control , Arquitectura y Construcción de Instituciones de Salud , Compuestos Orgánicos/análisis , Tecnología Farmacéutica/métodos , Diseño de Equipo , Oxidación-Reducción , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Tecnología Farmacéutica/instrumentación , Tecnología Farmacéutica/normasRESUMEN
Low chain liquid hydrocarbons (LH) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure can be used to simulate the effect of gas hydrocarbons (GH) in aerosol systems without the need of using pressured flasks. Samples of different tetracycline formulations were tested with LH and GH in order to study their behaviour and physicochemical stability in the system. The results showed a similar behaviour between samples when LH or GH were used, suggesting the use of LH to simulate the effect of GH introduction in the system, as a useful predictive method for the development of pressured aerosol formulations without using pressured containers in early steps of the process, such as pre-formulation studies.
Asunto(s)
Aerosoles/química , Hidrocarburos/química , Administración Tópica , Aerosoles/administración & dosificación , Fenómenos Químicos , Química Farmacéutica , Química Física , Gases , Nefelometría y Turbidimetría , Solventes , Drogas VeterinariasRESUMEN
A methodology (by VICH guidelines) for the stability evaluation of amoxicillin in granular premixes is described. This method is based on the monitoring of the degradation products formed during the stability study by a new HPLC-RP method, which has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of amoxicillin and its degradation products. The method uses a Nucleosil 120 C18 column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and buffer solution pH 3+/-0.05 at different proportion according to a time-schedule programme, pumped at a flow rate of 1.750 ml min(-1). The DAD detector was set at 230 nm. The validation study was carried out fulfilling the VICH guidelines in order to prove that the new analytical method, meets the reliability characteristics, and these characteristics showed the capacity of analytical method to keep, throughout the time, the fundamental criteria for validation: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, sensitivity (LOD, LOQ) and robustness. The method was applied during the stability study of an amoxicillin premix in order to quantify the drug (amoxicillin) and all its degradation products to evaluate the shelf life of the new veterinary dosage form. The method also proved to be suitable as a rapid and reliable quality control method.
Asunto(s)
Amoxicilina , Antibacterianos , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Amoxicilina/análisis , Amoxicilina/normas , Antibacterianos/análisis , Antibacterianos/normas , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/veterinaria , Estabilidad de Medicamentos , Control de Calidad , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
A new HPLC-RP method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of benzocaine, two preservatives (propylparaben (nipasol) and benzyl alcohol) and degradation products of benzocaine in a semisolid pharmaceutical dosage form (benzocaine gel). The method uses a Nucleosil 120 C18 column and gradient elution. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of methanol and glacial acetic acid (10%, v/v) at different proportion according to a time-schedule programme, pumped at a flow rate of 2.0 ml min(-1). The DAD detector was set at 258 nm. The validation study was carried out fulfilling the ICH guidelines in order to prove that the new analytical method, meets the reliability characteristics, and these characteristics showed the capacity of analytical method to keep, throughout the time, the fundamental criteria for validation: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and sensitivity. The method was applied during the quality control of benzocaine gel in order to quantify the drug (benzocaine), preservatives and degraded products and proved to be suitable for rapid and reliable quality control method.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Locales/análisis , Benzocaína/análisis , Alcohol Bencilo/análisis , Parabenos/análisis , Tampones (Química) , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Geles , Conservadores Farmacéuticos , Estándares de Referencia , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Adhesivos TisularesRESUMEN
A new analytical method is developed together with its latter validation study, by means of a high resolution liquid chromatography (HPLC) of reverse phase to quantify alprazolam (8-chloro-1-methyl-6-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4] triazole [4,3,-alpha]-[1,4] benzodiazepine) in tablets. Determination is carried out by means of an ODS C18 column (200 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm particle size); the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 0.02 M buffer solution of phosphates (pH 6.0) and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v). It is pumped through the chromatographic system at a flow rate of 0.50 ml min(-1). The UV detector is operated at 254 nm. The validation study is carried out fulfilling the ICH guidelines in order to prove that the new analytical method, meets the reliability characteristics, and these characteristics show the capacity of an analytical method to keep, throughout the time, the fundamental criteria for validation: selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and sensitivity. The method is applied during the working day for the quality control of commercial alprazolam tablets in order to quantify the drug and its degradation products and to check the content uniformity test.