Modern imaging of cholangitis.

Cholangitis refers to inflammation of the bile ducts with or without accompanying infection. When intermittent or persistent inflammation lasts 6 months or more, the condition is classified as chronic cholangitis. Otherwise, it is considered an acute cholangitis. Cholangitis can also be classified according to the inciting agent, e.g. complete mechanical obstruction, which is the leading cause of acute cholangitis, longstanding partial mechanical blockage, or immune-mediated bile duct damage that results in chronic cholangitis.The work-up for cholangitis is based upon medical history, clinical presentation, and initial laboratory tests. Whereas ultrasound is the first-line imaging modality used to identify bile duct dilatation in patients with colicky abdominal pain, cross-sectional imaging is preferable when symptoms cannot be primarily localised to the hepatobiliary system. CT is very useful in oncologic, trauma, or postoperative patients. Otherwise, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is the method of choice to diagnose acute and chronic biliary disorders, providing an excellent anatomic overview and, if gadoxetic acid is injected, simultaneously delivering morphological and functional information about the hepatobiliary system. If brush cytology, biopsy, assessment of the prepapillary common bile duct, stricture dilatation, or stenting is necessary, then endoscopic ultrasound and/or retrograde cholangiography are performed. Finally, when the pathologic duct is inaccessible from the duodenum or stomach, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is an option. The pace of the work-up depends upon the severity of cholestasis on presentation. Whereas sepsis, hypotension, and/or Charcot's triad warrant immediate investigation and management, chronic cholestasis can be electively evaluated.This overview article will cover the common cholangitides, emphasising our clinical experience with the chronic cholestatic liver diseases.

MRI-defined sarcopenia predicts mortality in patients with chronic liver disease.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To explore whether sarcopenia, diagnosed by an abbreviated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol is a risk factor for hepatic decompensation and mortality in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). METHODS: In this retrospective single-centre study we included 265 patients (164 men, mean age 54 ± 16 years) with CLD who had undergone MRI of the liver between 2010 and 2015. Transverse psoas muscle thickness (TPMT) was measured on unenhanced and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and T2-weighted axial images. Sarcopenia was defined by height-adjusted and gender-specific cut-offs in women as TPMT < 8 mm/m and in men as TPMT < 12 mm/m respectively. Patients were further stratified into three prognostic stages according to the absence of advanced fibrosis (FIB-4 < 1.45, non-advanced CLD), compensated-advanced CLD (cACLD) and decompensated-advanced CLD (dACLD). RESULTS: The inter-observer agreement for the TPMT measurements (κ = 0.98; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]:0.96-0.98), as well as the intra-observer agreement between the three image sequences (κ = 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99-1.00) were excellent. Sarcopenia was not predictive of first or further hepatic decompensation. In patients with cACLD and dACLD, sarcopenia was a risk factor for mortality (cACLD: hazard ratio (HR):3.13, 95% CI: 1.33-7.41, P = .009; dACLD:HR:2.45, 95% CI: 1.32-4.57, P = .005) on univariate analysis. After adjusting for the model of end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, albumin and evidence of clinical significant portal hypertension, sarcopenia (adjusted HR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.02-7.42, P = .045) remained an independent risk factor for mortality in patients with cACLD. CONCLUSION: Sarcopenia can be easily evaluated by a short MRI exam without the need for contrast injection. Sarcopenia is a risk factor for mortality, especially in patients with cACLD.

Vaginal dose point reporting in cervical cancer patients treated with combined 2D/3D external beam radiotherapy and 2D/3D brachytherapy.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Traditionally, vaginal dose points have been defined at the vaginal source level, thus not providing dose information for the entire vagina. Since reliable vaginal dose volume/surface histograms are unavailable, a strategy for comprehensive vaginal dose reporting for combined EBRT and BT was established and investigated. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An anatomical vaginal reference point was defined at the level of the Posterior-Inferior Border of Symphysis (PIBS), plus two points ±2 cm (mid/introitus vagina). For BT extra points were selected for the upper vagina at 12/3/6/9 o'clock, at the vaginal surface and 5 mm depth. A vaginal reference length (VRL) was defined from ring centre to PIBS. Fifty-nine patients treated for cervical cancer were included in this retrospective feasibility study. RESULTS: The method was applicable to all patients. Total EQD2 doses at PIBS and ±2 cm were 36.7 Gy (3.1-68.2), 49.6 Gy (32.1-89.6) and 4.3 Gy (1.0-46.6). At the vaginal surface at ring level doses were respectively 266.1 Gy (67.6-814.5)/225.9 Gy (61.5-610.5) at 3/9 o'clock, and 85.1 Gy (55.4-140.3)/72.0 Gy (49.1-108.9) at 12/6 o'clock. Mean VRL on MRI was 5.6 cm (2.0-9.4). CONCLUSIONS: With this novel system, a comprehensive reporting of vaginal doses is feasible. The present study has demonstrated large dose variations between patients observed in all parts of the vagina, resulting from different contributions from EBRT and BT.

Needle image plates compared to conventional CR in chest radiography: is dose reduction possible?

PURPOSE: To compare image quality of standard-dose computed radiography and dose reduced needle-technology CR for supine CXR in a clinical setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 128 radiographs of 32 immunocompromised patients. For each patient four clinical CXR were performed within one week, two with powder image plates (PIP; Fuji ST-V) and two with needle image plates (NIP; Agfa DXS) at standard and half dose, respectively. One experienced radiologist and two residents blinded to dose level and kind of imaging system rated different anatomical structures, image noise, tubes/lines and abnormalities on a image quality scale from 1 to 10 (1=poor, 10=excellent). The rating scores were tested for statistical differences using analysis of variance with repeated measures. RESULTS: A statistical difference (p<0.05) was found for the two systems as well as for the two dose levels. Overall rating scores were 6.5 for PIP with full dose, 6.2 for PIP with half dose, 7.6 for NIP with full dose and 7.4 for NIP with half dose. There was a significant difference in favour of the NIP system at the same dose level. Also the NIP images obtained at half dose were ranked significantly better compared to the PIP images at standard dose. The differences in ranking of anatomical structures and abnormalities were more pronounced in low absorption areas (pulmonary vessels, parenchyma) than in high absorption areas (mediastinum, spine). CONCLUSION: For supine chest radiograms the NIP technology allows for a dose reduction of 50% while providing higher image quality.

Fragility fractures in men with idiopathic osteoporosis are associated with undermineralization of the bone matrix without evidence of increased bone turnover.

The pathogenesis of primary osteoporosis in younger individuals is still elusive. An important determinant of the biomechanical competence of bone is its material quality. In this retrospective study we evaluated bone material quality based on quantitative backscattered electron imaging to assess bone mineralization density distribution (BMDD) in bone biopsies of 25 male patients (aged 18-61 years) who sustained fragility fractures but were otherwise healthy. BMDD of cancellous bone was compared with previously established adult reference data. Complementary information was obtained by bone histomorphometry. The histomorphometric results showed a paucity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts on the bone surface in the majority of patients. BMDD revealed a significant shift to lower mineralization densities for cancellous bone values: CaMean (weighted mean Ca content, -5.9%), CaPeak (mode of the BMDD, -5.6%), and CaHigh (portion of fully mineralized bone, -76.8%) were decreased compared to normative reference; CaWidth (heterogeneity in mineralization, +18.5%) and CaLow (portion of low mineralized bone, +68.8; all P < 0.001) were significantly increased. The shift toward lower mineral content in the bone matrix in combination with reduced indices of bone formation and bone resorption suggests an inherent mineralization defect leading to undermineralized bone matrix, which might contribute to the susceptibility to fragility fractures of the patients. The alteration in bone material might be related to osteoblastic dysfunction and seems fundamentally different from that in high bone turnover osteoporosis with a negative bone balance.