The Switch From Paliperidone Long-Acting Injectable 1- to 3-Monthly: Clinical Pharmacokinetic Evaluation in Patients With Schizophrenia (Preliminary Data).

PURPOSE/BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was a preliminary evaluation of the maintenance of clinical efficacy and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate in patients with schizophrenia during the transition phase from 1-monthly paliperidone palmitate formulation (PP1M) to PP3M, with the evaluation of plasma levels of the drug. METHODS/PROCEDURES: A prospective observational study was conducted for 13 months involving 22 outpatients, aged 18 to 66 years and clinically stabilized. Patients were affected by schizophrenia according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, criteria. For each patient, clinical assessment, safety and tolerability, and drug plasma level determination were performed. Clinical efficacy was assessed by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Positive and Negative Symptom Scale, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. During the first 4 months of the study, once-monthly paliperidone palmitate was administered, and then during the following 9 months, the 3-monthly formulation was administered. FINDINGS/RESULTS: The time course of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale total scores showed a statistically significant (P = 0.006) improvement from T0 to T8; Positive and Negative Symptom Scale scores showed a similar time course, with a statistically significant (P = 0.0016) reduction of the mean total score; Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression mean scores showed a statistically significant (P = 0.003) reduction with substantial maintenance of clinical stabilization of the patients. Only 1 patient dropped out after the first PP3M injection. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS: Our preliminary data currently confirm the maintenance of clinical stability shifting from PP1M to PP3M.

Cariprazine in Three Special Different Areas: A Real-World Experience.

Cariprazine is an antipsychotic medication which received approval from the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of schizophrenia in September 2015. Cariprazine is a dopamine D3 and D2 receptor partial agonist, with a preference for the D3 receptor. Furthermore, although to a more limited extent, cariprazine also exhibits partial agonism at the level of 5-HT1A receptors, thus exerting an antidepressant effect in addition to the antipsychotic effect. The most commonly encountered adverse events are extrapyramidal symptoms and akathisia. Short-term weight gain appears infrequently. Cariprazine is not associated with any clinically meaningful alterations in metabolic variables, prolactin, or ECG QT interval. Cariprazine is also approved for the acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Clinical trials of cariprazine are ongoing in patients with acute bipolar I depression and as adjunctive treatment to antidepressant therapy in patients with major depressive disorder. In this article, we present some significant clinical cases regarding the use of cariprazine, with the hope that our experience can provide insight or suggestions to be used in clinical practice.

How Did COVID-19 Affect Suicidality? Data from a Multicentric Study in Lombardy.

The aim of the study was to describe the characteristics of subjects accessing the emergency rooms for suicidal behavior during the first epidemic wave of COVID-19 in three Emergency Departments (EDs) in Lombardy (Italy). A retrospective chart review was conducted for the period 8 March-3 June 2020, and during the same time frame in 2019. For all subjects accessing for suicidality, socio-demographic and clinical data were collected and compared between the two years. The proportion of subjects accessing for suicidality was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2019 (13.0 vs. 17.2%, p = 0.03). No differences between the two years were found for sex, triage priority level, history of substance abuse, factor triggering suicidality and discharge diagnosis. During 2020 a greater proportion of subjects did not show any mental disorders and were psychotropic drug-free. Women were more likely than men to receive inpatient psychiatric treatment, while men were more likely to be discharged with a diagnosis of acute alcohol/drug intoxication. Our study provides hints for managing suicidal behaviors during the still ongoing emergency and may be primary ground for further studies on suicidality in the course of or after massive infectious outbreaks.

Survey on centres and procedures for the diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD in public services in Italy.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often persists into adulthood. Although its persistence and relative high prevalence, ADHD in adults is often underdiagnosed and undertreated in Italy, leading to poor clinical and functional outcomes, and higher costs of illness. The aims of the study were to identify the Italian mental health services for ADHD in adults, describe the diagnostic and treatment procedures they follow, and compare this offer with the recommendations of the German and English guidelines. The centres, that adopt a clinical and assessment protocol for adult ADHD diagnosis (carried out by specifically trained personnel) and prescribe pharmacological treatment for adult ADHD, were selected from the list of accredited services provided by the Appendix B.2 of the ISTISAN 16/37 Reports of the ISS. An ad-hoc survey including open-ended and close-ended questions was sent to each selected centre in February 2020. The overall picture resulting from the data analysis was compared with the recommendations of the German and English guidelines. The present survey shows that only a few centres are specialised in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in adults in Italy. Furthermore, there are no national guidelines for adult ADHD in Italy. The collected data also suggest that there is no a unified practice shared by the Centres both for the patient's transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services and for the diagnostic-therapeutic process. It is therefore crucial to create specific protocols and develop national guidelines to better identify and diagnose ADHD in adults and provide targeted and more efficient multimodal treatments.

Paliperidone LAI and Aripiprazole LAI Plasma Level Monitoring in the Prophylaxis of Bipolar Disorder Type I with Manic Predominance.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was the evaluation of utility of plasma level monitoring in the clinical stabilizing efficacy and tolerability of paliperidone palmitate (PP) vs. aripiprazole monohydrate (AM) in bipolar disorder I (BD I) with manic predominance. METHODS: Fifty-six outpatients of both sexes, age ranging from 18 to 65 years, affected by BD I with manic predominance, orally treated and stabilized after acute episode for at least 2 weeks with paliperidone or aripiprazole (n=31, paliperidone; n=25, aripiprazole) underwent a prospective observational study of switching to the corresponding long-acting injection (LAI) on the basis of clinical evaluation. The efficacy and tolerability of the 2 treatments were assessed by BPRS, PANSS, HAMD21, and MRS rating scales and a check list every month for 12 months. Drug plasma levels determinations (PLs) were performed at the same times. RESULTS: A good clinical stability and tolerability of both drugs were reported. Lower mean PLs of PP showed a positive effect on depressive symptoms. AM PLs variability was associated with greater instability of manic symptoms whereas intermediate PLs seem to have more influence on depressive symptomatology. DISCUSSION: PLs drug monitoring has been proven to be useful, and further investigations to identify optimal therapeutic ranges for LAI formulations are needed.

Correction to: Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update.

The pharmacokinetics of CRP was tested in small short-term studies in both healthy volunteers and in subjects with schizophrenia, with similar results [242].

Aggressiveness and violence in psychiatric patients: a clinical or social paradigm?

OBJECTIVE: Psychiatric disorders are often considered the leading cause of violence. This may be due to a stereotype created by media and general opinion. METHOD: The Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) was used to evaluate the severity of aggressive and violent behaviors in 400 patients who attended a post-acute psychiatric service in Milan from 2014 to 2016 and suffered from different psychiatric disorders. The psychopathological clinical picture was evaluated by Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The study also assessed the possible correlation between epidemiologic and sociodemographic factors, clinical variables, and aggression and violence. RESULTS: Of the total number of subjects, 21.50% showed a MOAS score >0, 11.50% presented mild aggression (0-10 MOAS weighted score), 9% moderate aggression (11-20), and 1% severe aggression (MOAS >20). With respect to violent behaviors, 16% of patients showed a score >0 in one MOAS subscale other than verbal aggression according to violence definition. The severity of clinical picture seemed to be related to higher weighted MOAS score. Multivariate testing of different sociodemographic and clinical variables showed that violence was related to unemployment status, and significantly correlated to compulsory admission (TSO), suicide attempts (TS), and personality disorders, while the severity of clinical psychiatric picture seemed to play a secondary role. CONCLUSION: Results have shown that personality disorders and sociodemographic factors, including economic factors, seem to be major determinants of violence among patients diagnosed with mental disorders.

Efficacy of oral trazodone slow release following intravenous administration in depressed patients: a naturalistic study.

BACKGROUNDS: Up to date, no studies in literature assessed the efficacy of a treatment schedule including i.v. trazodone followed by its oral administration. In light of this lack of evidence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of trazodone, administered first i.v. and then orally in a sample of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients. METHODS: Thirty four patients underwent i.v. administration of trazodone (75-100 mg in 250 mL of saline) for 1 week. During the second week, oral extended-release formulation (150-300 mg per day) was added to the i.v. administration. Finally, extended-release trazodone was orally administration at doses of 150-300 mg per day. Psychometric scales were performed at baseline (T0), after 2 weeks (T1), 6 weeks (T2), after 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4). RESULTS: The total sample included 34 subjects (14 males and 20 females). There was a statistically significant decrease in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale total scores from T0 to T1 (t=9.06; df=33), from T1 to T2 (t=4.96; df=29), from T2 to T3 (t=4.08; df=19), and from T3 to T4 (t=2.25; df=19); in Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale total scores from T0 to T1 (t=8.79; df=33) and from T1 to T2 (t=5.61; df=29); in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale total scores from T0 to T1 (t=9.30; df=33), from T1 to T2 (t=5.69; df=29), and from T2 to T3 (t=3.16; df=19). CONCLUSIONS: This finding confirms previous results on depression with concomitant anxiety symptoms: focusing on trazodone prolonged-release formulation, available data documented its efficacy in MDD.

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Atypical Antipsychotics: An Update.

Therapeutic drug monitoring studies have generally concentrated on controlling compliance and avoiding side effects by maintaining long-term exposure to minimally effective blood concentrations. The rationale for using therapeutic drug monitoring in relation to second-generation antipsychotics is still being discussed at least with regard to the real clinical utility, but there is evidence that it can improve efficacy, especially when patients do not respond or develop side effects using therapeutic doses. Furthermore, drug plasma concentration determinations can be of some utility in medico-legal problems. This review concentrates on the clinical pharmacokinetic data related to clozapine, risperidone, paliperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, amisulpride, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, sertindole, asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, brexpiprazole and cariprazine and briefly considers the main aspects of their pharmacodynamics. Optimal plasma concentration ranges are proposed for clozapine, risperidone, paliperidone and olanzapine because the studies of quetiapine, amisulpride, asenapine, iloperidone and lurasidone provide only limited information and there is no direct evidence concerning ziprasidone, aripiprazole, sertindole, brexpiprazole and cariprazine: the few reported investigations need to be confirmed and extended.

Intraindividual and Interindividual Variability of Olanzapine Trough Concentrations in Patients Treated With the Long-Acting Injectable Formulation.

BACKGROUND: A long-acting injectable (LAI) formulation of olanzapine has been developed as an alternative to oral regimens. A therapeutic range of 20 to 80 ng/mL for oral olanzapine trough concentrations has been proposed. Here, we sought to investigate the intraindividual and interindividual variability of olanzapine concentrations with time in patients on maintenance therapy with the LAI formulation carried out in the routine clinical practice. METHODS: To address this issue, we carried out a retrospective analysis of therapeutic drug monitoring of olanzapine concentrations in 21 schizophrenic patients on maintenance LAI olanzapine. Drug concentrations were correlated with LAI olanzapine doses, duration of treatment, and main clinical characteristics. RESULTS: Fifty percent of the patients had olanzapine trough concentrations lower than 20 ng/mL. Only drug doses significantly correlated with olanzapine exposure. Mean interindividual and intraindividual coefficients of variations of olanzapine concentrations were 56% (range, 21%-97%) and 34% (range, 15%-69%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We have documented that, in a real-life setting, a large proportion of patients treated with olanzapine LAI had drug trough concentrations of less than 20 ng/mL; wide intraindividual and interindividual variability of olanzapine concentrations has been also observed. Our results could provide the rationale for the design of larger prospective, concentration-controlled clinical trials specifically designed with the goal to identify ad hoc therapeutic ranges of drug concentrations for olanzapine LAI.

Effect of N-Desalkylquetiapine/Quetiapine Plasma Level Ratio on Anxiety and Depression in Bipolar Disorder: A Prospective Observational Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationships between quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine plasma levels and clinical improvement, particularly, in regard to depressive and anxious symptoms and to hostility. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study that involved 37 outpatients diagnosed as having bipolar disorder I or II. All the patients were observed during a clinical acute and postacute phase. Patients were prescribed 50-800 mg of quetiapine. Patients were evaluated at baseline, after 15 days and after 3 months using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale with particular reference to the dimensions of depression, anxiety, and hostility. The plasma concentrations of quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine were determined after 3 months using blood samples taken at steady state. RESULTS: There was a significant relationship between the N-desalkylquetiapine/quetiapine ratio and the improvement in the depression dimension, and there was not a significant relationship between the N-desalkylquetiapine/quetiapine ratio and anxiety and hostility improvement. Quetiapine treatment was well tolerated, and there were no extrapyramidal, anticholinergic, or other side effects to note. There was no relationship between plasma quetiapine or N-desalkylquetiapine concentrations and side effects. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm the efficacy of quetiapine on depressive symptoms, and the available data support that quetiapine's antidepressant activity is mediated by the active metabolite norquetiapine, and it exemplifies the case of an active metabolite that can make a drug like quetiapine originally introduced as an antipsychotic a useful antidepressant agent.

Paliperidone Long-Acting Plasma Level Monitoring and a New Method of Evaluation of Clinical Stability.

The second generation long-acting antipsychotics can be a pharmacologic strategy, both in the early phase of illness and in the case of low compliance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of one monthly injection of paliperidone palmitate (PP1M), paliperidone plasma levels (PLs), and the clinical outcome. 21 outpatients, affected by Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder, were recruited. PP1M started with 150 mg on day 1 and 100 mg on day 8. Following patients were given a dosage ranging from 50 mg to 150 mg every 28 days. At baseline, and then monthly, patients were clinically evaluated. BPRS and PANSS total score showed a statistically significant decrease from T2 (after 2 months) to T12 (after 12 months). The PLs steady-state was approximatively reached after the fifth injection (T4). All the patients showed a clinical stabilization: BPRS and PANSS scores showed a significant improvement from T2. PLs data seems to suggest the initial possibility of an oral supplementation, although clinical evaluation demonstrated no relapse during the study.

Gray matter volumes may predict the clinical response to paliperidone palmitate long-acting in acute psychosis: A pilot longitudinal neuroimaging study.

In schizophrenia, paliperidone palmitate (PP) long acting injectable (LAI) has been reported to sustain plasma concentrations and improve clinical symptoms. Moreover, it has also been demonstrated the important role of total gray matter (GM) volumes in predicting the clinical outcome. However, no studies investigating the association between PP-LAI treatment and brain morphometry has been published so far. Therefore, the main aim of our 24 weeks prospective observational exploratory study was to investigate the relation between brain anatomy and clinical outcome in seven patients with acute psychosis treated with PP-LAI. At baseline and every month (from T0 to T6) patients were clinically evaluated with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). 3T Magnetic Resonance Imaging at baseline was acquired and total GM and intracranial volumes were extracted to explore their predictive values on BPRS scores. After 24 weeks of treatment with PP-LAI, patients showed statistically significant improvements in BPRS scores. Moreover, subjects with higher total GM volumes had a significantly higher BPRS improvement at 24 weeks compared to patients with lower total GM volumes. Our findings confirm the effectiveness of PP-LAI in treating acute psychosis and suggest that greater GM volumes predict drug response, potentially supporting a favorable prognosis.

Duloxetine in elderly major depression disorder: effectiveness and drug plasma level evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this open-label naturalistic study was to assess clinical outcomes and the predictive value of duloxetine plasma levels in major depressive disorder in the elderly. METHODS: This naturalistic, open-label design involved 35 outpatients aged between 65 and 87 years. Duloxetine plasma levels were collected in 24 patients after the first month. Patients were evaluated using 21-item Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression, Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety, the Clinical Global Impression Severity, Mini Mental State Examination, Cumulative Illness Rating Scale, Barthel Index and Beck's Depression Inventory. RESULTS: Duloxetine plasma levels at T2 ranged from 4.9 to 201.9 ng/mL without a significant correlation between duloxetine dose and plasma levels. A significant improvement in mean 21-item Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression total scores at T2,T3, T4, T9 and T12 and a progressive significantly decrease of the mean Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety scores from T3 to T12 were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The levels of duloxetine in plasma do not correlate with a greater clinical improvement, indeed appear to adversely affect the improvement of the Beck Depression Inventory and Hamilton Rating Scales for Anxiety. This could be explained by an increase in side effects that may aggravate the discomfort felt by the patient. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

"Long-acting" olanzapine in maintenance therapy of schizophrenia: A study with plasma levels.

INTRODUCTION: This prospective study was performed to evaluate clinical efficacy and tolerability of olanzapine long-acting injection (OLZ-LAI) and the relation between OLZ plasma level (PL) and the clinical outcome in maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-five chronic schizophrenic outpatients with age ranging from 18 to 65 years were included in this 9-month study. Patients were given a dosage of either 210 or 300 or 405 mg of OLZ-LAI every 28 days. Patients were evaluated at baseline and every four weeks by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (PANSS); at the same time, PL of OLZ was determined. The metabolic profile (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and glucose levels) was analyzed every two months. RESULTS: BPRS and total PANSS showed a statistically significant improvement from T2 with a clinical stabilization of psychopathological picture. PL ranged from 4.0 to 78.9 ng/ml (mean 20.59 ng/ml ± 14.66 standard deviation). The coefficient of variation of PLs was related to clinical stabilization. No post-injection delirium sedation syndrome occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal the efficacy of OLZ-LAI in maintenance treatment of schizophrenia at lower dosages also in comparison with that of oral therapy. OLZ-LAI seems to be useful for guaranteeing constant PL of the drug. A lesser variation of PL was the most predictable factor associated with maintenance of clinical benefit.

Pharmacokinetics of antidepressants in patients with hepatic impairment.

Appropriate use of antidepressant in patients with hepatic impairment requires careful consideration of how the hepatic illness may affect pharmacokinetics. This review aims to analyze pharmacokinetic profile, plasma level variations so as the metabolism of several antidepressants relating to their use in patients with an hepatic impairment. Due to the lack of data regarding hepatic impairment itself, the review is focused mainly on studies investigating pharmacokinetics in hepatic cirrhosis or alcohol-related conditions. More data on reduced hepatic metabolism can be extrapolated by drug studies conducted in elderly populations. Dose adjustment of antidepressants in these patients is important as most of these drugs are predominantly metabolized by the liver and many of them are associated with dose-dependent adverse reactions. As no surrogate parameter is available to predict hepatic metabolism of drugs, dose adjustment according to pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs is proposed. There is a need for a more balanced assessment of the benefits and risks associated with antidepressants use in patients with hepatic impairment, particularly considering pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs to ensure that patients, who would truly benefit from these agents, are not denied appropriate treatment. In conclusion, kinetic studies for centrally acting drugs including antidepressants with predominant hepatic metabolism should be carried out in patients with liver disease to allow precise dose recommendations for enhanced patient safety.

Understanding the pharmacokinetics of anxiolytic drugs.

INTRODUCTION: Anxiety disorders are considered the most common mental disorders and they can increase the risk for comorbid mood and substance use disorders, significantly contributing to the global burden of disease. For this reason, anxiolytics are the most prescribed psychoactive drugs, particularly in the Western world. AREAS COVERED: This review aims to analyze pharmacokinetic profile, plasma level variations so as the metabolism, interactions and possible relation to clinical effect of several drugs which are used primarily as anxiolytics. The drugs analyzed include benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants (pregabalin, gabapentin), buspirone, ß-blockers and antihistamines (hydroxyzine). Regarding the most frequently used anxiolytic benzodiazepines, data on alprazolam, bromazepam, chlordesmethyldiazepam, chlordiazepoxide, clotiazepam, diazepam, etizolam, lorazepam, oxazepam, prazepam and clonazepam have been detailed. EXPERT OPINION: There is a need for a more balanced assessment of the benefits and risks associated with benzodiazepine use, particularly considering pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs to ensure that patients, who would truly benefit from these agents, are not denied appropriate treatment. An optimal pharmacological approach involving an integrative pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic optimization strategy would ensure better treatment and personalization of anxiety disorders. So it would be desirable for the development of new anxiolytic drug(s) that are more selective, fast acting and free from the unwanted effects associated with the traditional benzodiazepines as tolerance or dependence.

Effect of quetiapine and norquetiapine on anxiety and depression in major psychoses using a pharmacokinetic approach: a prospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Quetiapine apparently differs from other antipsychotic drugs in terms of its antidepressant activity and efficacy in bipolar depression. The mechanism of this activity is unknown although it may be mediated by its metabolite N-desalkylquetiapine (norquetiapine). OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyse the relationships between quetiapine and norquetiapine plasma concentrations and clinical improvement in depressive and anxious symptoms. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. Recruited patients were evaluated during a clinical post-acute phase. Patients were recruited from patients hospitalized in the Psychiatric Department of Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, Italy. After discharge they were followed-up as outpatients. The study involved 41 outpatients (23 males, 18 females; age >18 years) diagnosed as affected by schizophrenia (17 patients), borderline personality disorder (eight patients) or bipolar depression (16 patients) on the basis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth text revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria. Patients were prescribed 50-800 mg of quetiapine (Seroquel®). Patients were evaluated after discharge from the psychiatric department (baseline, T0), after 15 days (T1) and after 3 months (T2) using the Brief Psychiatry Rating Scale (BPRS) with particular reference to the dimensions of depression (items 5, 9 and 13) and anxiety (items 1, 2 and 6). Plasma quetiapine and norquetiapine concentrations were determined by means of high-performance liquid chromatography at T2. RESULTS: There was a significant improvement in the mean BPRS total score, as well as in the dimensions of anxiety and depression. The bipolar patients only showed a significant curvilinear relationship described by a second-order polynomial model between the plasma norquetiapine/quetiapine concentration ratio and the improvement in depression at T2. There was a significant negative linear correlation between the norquetiapine/quetiapine ratio and anxiety in all of the patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study confirm the efficacy of quetiapine on both anxious and depressive symptoms. Norquetiapine has a specific effect on anxiety and depressive symptoms, showing a correlation between plasma concentrations and clinical efficacy only in patients with bipolar depression.

Symptom dimensions as predictors of clinical outcome, duration of hospitalization, and aggressive behaviours in acutely hospitalized patients with psychotic exacerbation.

In the present study we extract clusters of symptoms in acute hospitalized psychotic patients during a re-exacerbation phase, using factor analysis of BPRS-E. We aim to investigate the relative contribution of each symptom dimension in predicting the severity of symptoms at discharge, the length of acute hospitalization, and the occurrence of aggressive behaviours during acute hospitalization. The data are drawn from a prospective, naturalistic, observational study of 183 patients with Psychotic Disorders consecutively admitted to a psychiatric ward, during a re-exacerbation phase. General symptomatology has been measured through BPRS-E at admission and at discharge. Statistical analyses include principal component analysis and multiple linear regression.We found symptoms of acute psychosis disorder to cluster together in four distinct domains, labelled "Excitement/Activation", "Positive symptoms", and "Negative symptoms", and "Depression/Anxiety". Excitement/activation was the dimension most associated with occurrence of aggressive behaviours and severity of psychopathological symptoms at discharge. The negative symptoms dimension, also, predicted the severity of symptoms at discharge. Positive and negative symptoms dimensions were both predictors of duration of hospitalization. The depressive dimension was significantly associated only to self-aggression. These data indicate that during acute hospitalization due to re-exacerbation of psychosis each symptom dimension has a specific impact on distinct measures of outcome.

Depressive dimension, clinical outcome, and duration of hospitalization in acute schizophrenia.

In the present study we extract clusters of symptoms in acute hospitalized patients affected by Schizophrenia, using factor analysis of BPRS-E. We aim to explore the relationship between symptom dimensions, duration of hospitalization, and clinical outcome, in order to test if the depressive dimension might contribute significantly to predict the outcome. The data were drawn from a prospective, naturalistic, observational study of schizophrenic patients consecutively admitted to a psychiatric ward (SPDC, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan), during a re-exacerbation phase. General symptomatology was measured through BPRS-E at baseline (T0) and at discharge (T1). We found symptoms of acute schizophrenia to cluster together in four distinct domains, labelled "Depression", "Excitement", "Positive symptoms", and "Negative symptoms". The "Depression" cluster is significantly associated to a good clinical outcome, as measured by percentage of improvement in BPRS score, but not to duration of hospitalization.