RESUMEN
Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease. This disease can be considered as an inflammatory disease. The immune response to bacteria accumulated in the gum line plays a key role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In addition to immune cells, periodontal ligament cells and gingival epithelial cells are also involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. miRNAs which are small RNA molecules with around 22 nucleotides have a considerable relationship with the immune system affecting a wide range of immunological events. These small molecules are also in relation with periodontium tissues especially periodontal ligament cells. Extensive studies have been performed in recent years on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. In this review paper, we have reviewed the results of these studies and discussed the role of miRNAs in the immunopathogenesis of periodontal disease comprehensively. miRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and maybe helpful therapeutic targets for the treatment of periodontal disease.
RESUMEN
The application of stem cells as a therapy for degenerative disease holds great promise. Substantial evidence suggests that stem cell derived exosomes are a novel cell-free therapy for the corresponding cells. Exosomes are less complex as compared to their parental cells, due to the fewer number of membrane proteins. In addition, the smaller size and lower risk of immunogenicity makes exosomes potentially safe therapeutic nano-carriers. A large number of ongoing research studies are focused on characterizing exosomes that were derived from different sources, for their potential use in various therapeutic applications. In the present study, we focused on characterizing human amniotic fluid stem cell derived exosomes for future therapeutic applications, such as paracrine therapy/nano carrier. In addition, we characterized exosomes derived from SH-SY5Y and BE(2)-M17 cells, which are a known neuronal model, for further characteristic analyses of neuronal differentiation and neurobiology. Finally, we compared various exosome isolation techniques and procedures and evaluated exosome yield.
