The synthesis of pharmacologically important oxindoles via the asymmetric aldol reaction of isatin and the investigation of the organocatalytic activity of new alicyclic ß-amino acid derivatives.

This work involves the synthesis and subsequent development of a number of novel organocatalysts generated from ß-amino acids bearing diendo and diexo norbornene skeletons to improve their catalytic characteristics. The aldol reaction between isatin and acetone selected as the model reaction, was used to test and study enantioselectivities. The potential impact on enantioselectivity control regarding enantiomeric excess (ee%) was probed by varying the reaction parameters, such as additive, solvent, catalyst loading, temperature and substrate range. The corresponding 3-hydroxy-3-alkyl-2-oxindole derivetives were produced by organocatalyst 7 with good enantioselectivity up to 57% ee in the presence of LiOH. Substrate screening was used to investigate a number of substituted isatins with excellent findings up to 99% ee. Another aspect of this effort involved employing high-speed ball mill apparatus to conduct a mechanochemical study to make this model reaction more environmentally benign and sustainable.

Angular Regioselective Synthesis of Varied Functionalized Hexahydro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-9-ones and Their Antiproliferative Action.

New 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-ones capable of participating in regioselective reactions with functionally diverse hydrazonoyl chlorides towards angular regioisomers, rather than linear ones, were designed and synthesized to form stereoisomeric cis- and trans-hexahydro [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-9-ones to be tested as antitumor candidates. The angular regiochemistry of the products was verified through crystallographic experiments and NMR studies. In addition, the regioselectivity of the reaction was found to be independent of the stereochemistry of the used 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-one. Only compound 4c demonstrated satisfactory growth inhibition against all the cancer cells used among all the produced drugs.

Green Strategies for the Preparation of Enantiomeric 5-8-Membered Carbocyclic ß-Amino Acid Derivatives through CALB-Catalyzed Hydrolysis.

Candida antarctica lipase B-catalyzed hydrolysis of carbocyclic 5−8-membered cis ß-amino esters was carried out in green organic media, under solvent-free and ball-milling conditions. In accordance with the high enantioselectivity factor (E > 200) observed in organic media, the preparative-scale resolutions of ß-amino esters were performed in tBuOMe at 65 °C. The unreacted ß-amino ester enantiomers (1R,2S) and product ß-amino acid enantiomers (1S,2R) were obtained with modest to excellent enantiomeric excess (ee) values (ees > 62% and eep > 96%) and in good chemical yields (>25%) in one or two steps. The enantiomers were easily separated by organic solvent/H2O extraction.

Novel High Affinity Sigma-1 Receptor Ligands from Minimal Ensemble Docking-Based Virtual Screening.

Sigma-1 receptor (S1R) is an intracellular, multi-functional, ligand operated protein that also acts as a chaperone. It is considered as a pluripotent drug target in several pathologies. The publication of agonist and antagonist bound receptor structures has paved the way for receptor-based in silico drug design. However, recent studies on this subject payed no attention to the structural differences of agonist and antagonist binding. In this work, we have developed a new ensemble docking-based virtual screening protocol utilizing both agonist and antagonist bound S1R structures. This protocol was used to screen our in-house compound library. The S1R binding affinities of the 40 highest ranked compounds were measured in competitive radioligand binding assays and the sigma-2 receptor (S2R) affinities of the best S1R binders were also determined. This way three novel high affinity S1R ligands were identified and one of them exhibited a notable S1R/S2R selectivity.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of the new ring system benzo[f]pyrimido[1,2-d][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepine and its cycloalkane and cycloalkene condensed analogues.

Derivatives of the new ring system benzo[f]pyrimido[1,2-d][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepinone and its cycloalkane and cycloalkene condensed analogues have been conveniently synthesized through a three-step reaction sequence. An atom-economical, one-pot, three-step cascade process engaging five reactive centers (amide, amine, carbonyl, azide, and alkyne) has been performed for the synthesis of alicyclic derivatives of quinazolinotriazolobenzodiazepine using cyclohexane, cyclohexene, and norbornene ß-amino amides. The stereochemistry and relative configurations of the synthesized compounds were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The reaction was also performed using enantiomeric starting materials leading to enantiomeric quinazolinotriazolobenzodiazepine with an ee of 95%. The synthesis of 9H-benzo[f]pyrimido[1,2-d][1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]diazepinone, a new heterocyclic system, was achieved in a good yield using a retro Diels-Alder (RDA) procedure. Some compounds were tested for antiproliferative activities against five human cancer cell lines of gynecological.

Angular Regioselectivity in the Reactions of 2-Thioxopyrimidin-4-ones and Hydrazonoyl Chlorides: Synthesis of Novel Stereoisomeric Octahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-ones.

The regioselective synthesis of cis and trans stereoisomers of variously functionalized octahydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-ones was performed. The 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-ones used in the synthesis reacted with hydrazonoyl chlorides in a regioselective manner to produce the angular regioisomers [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-ones rather than the linear isomers [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinazolin-5-ones. The synthesis process took place with electronic control. The angular regiochemistry of the products was confirmed by X-ray experiments and two-dimensional NMR studies.

Retro Diels Alder protocol for regioselective synthesis of novel [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-7(1H)-ones.

Reactions of diastereochemically varied norbornene-condensed 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-ones 6 and 10 with variously functionalized hydrazonoyl chlorides 2a-h gave regioselectively angular norbornene-based [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-7(1H)-ones 7a-h and 11a,c-e, respectively. Thermal retro Diels-Alder (RDA) reaction of 7a-h and 11a,c-e resulted in the target compounds 4a-h as single products. On the other hand, reactions of thiouracil 1 and hydrozonoyl chlorides 2a-e gave regioselectively [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidinone-5(1H)-ones 3a-e. The opposite regioselectivity of thiouracil 1 and norbornene-condensed 2-thioxopyrimidin-4-ones 6 and 10 was attributed to electronic factors according to DFT calculations. The angular structure of norbornene based [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrimidin-7(1H)-ones was confirmed by single crystal X-ray crystallography.

Synthesis of Novel N-Heterocyclic Compounds Containing 1,2,3-Triazole Ring System via Domino, "Click" and RDA Reactions.

An uncomplicated, high-yielding synthetic route has been developed to constitute complicated heterocycles, applying domino, click and retro-Diels⁻Alder (RDA) reaction sequences. Starting from 2-aminocarboxamides, a new set of isoindolo[2,1-a]quinazolinones was synthesized with domino ring closure. A click reaction was performed to create the 1,2,3-triazole heterocyclic ring, followed by an RDA reaction resulting in dihydropyrimido[2,1-a]isoindole-2,6-diones. The absolute configuration, concluded by the norbornene structure that served as a chiral source, remained constant throughout the transformations. The structure of the synthesized compounds was examined by ¹H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) methods.

Flow-chemistry enabled efficient synthesis of ß-peptides: backbone topology vs. helix formation.

Enantiodiscriminative helix formation was observed for ß-peptide H14 helices. This observation is caused by the synperiplanar orientation of H-O atoms which is more unfavorable than those for H-H interaction. The 1,2 H-O interaction leads to the destruction of the helical structure. The introduction of a double C-C bond in the backbone rules out helix formation.

Continuous-flow retro-Diels-Alder reaction: an efficient method for the preparation of pyrimidinone derivatives.

The syntheses of various pyrimidinones as potentially bioactive products by means of the highly controlled continuous-flow retro-Diels-Alder reaction of condensed pyrimidinone derivatives are presented. Noteworthy, the use of this approach allowed us to rapidly screen a selection of conditions and quickly confirm the viability of preparing the desired pyrimidinones in short reaction times. Yields typically higher than those published earlier using conventional batch or microwave processes were achieved.

Comparative study on the liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of cyclic ß-amino acids and the related cyclic ß-aminohydroxamic acids on Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases.

The enantiomeric pairs of cis and trans stereoisomers of cyclic ß-aminohydroxamic acids and their related cis and trans cyclic ß-amino acids containing two chiral centers were directly separated on four structurally related chiral stationary phases derived from quinine and quinidine modified with (R,R)- and (S,S)-aminocyclohexanesulfonic acids. Applying these zwitterionic ion-exchangers as chiral selectors, the effects of the composition of the bulk solvent, the acid and base additives, the structures of the analytes, and temperature on the enantioresolution were investigated. To study the effects of temperature and obtain thermodynamic parameters, experiments were carried out at constant mobile phase compositions in the temperature range 5-50°C. The differences in the changes in standard enthalpy Δ(ΔH°), entropy Δ(ΔS°), and free energy Δ(ΔG°) were calculated from the linear van't Hoff plots derived from the ln α versus 1/T curves in the studied temperature range. Results thus obtained indicated enthalpy-driven separations in all cases. The sequence of elution of the enantiomers was determined and found to be reversed when ZWIX(-)™ was changed to ZWIX(+)™ or ZWIX(-A) to ZWIX(+A).

Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine Enantiomers via Domino Ring-Closure followed by Retro Diels-Alder Protocol.

From 2-aminonorbornene hydroxamic acids, a simple and efficient method for the preparation of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrimidine enantiomers is reported. The synthesis is based on domino ring-closure followed by microwave-induced retro Diels-Alder (RDA) protocols, where the chirality of the desired products is transferred from norbornene derivatives. The stereochemistry of the synthesized compounds was proven by X-ray crystallography. The absolute configuration of the product is determined by the configuration of the starting amino hydroxamic acid.

High-performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of cyclic ß-aminohydroxamic acids on zwitterionic chiral stationary phases based on Cinchona alkaloids.

Cyclic ß-aminohydroxamic acid enantiomer pairs were stereoselectively separated by high-performance liquid chromatography on the recently developed Cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases Chiralpak ZWIX(+)™, ZWIX(-)™, ZWIX(+A) and ZWIX(-A). The results of variation of the applied chromatographic conditions, such as the bulk solvent composition, the concentrations and ratio of the acid and base additives, the presence of water as mobile phase additive and the counter-ion concentration furnished a better understanding of the retention mechanism. A thermodynamic study in the temperature range 5-50 °C revealed enthalpy-controlled enantiodiscrimination in all cases. The structure-selectivity relationships clearly indicated the importance of the strereochemistry of the functional groups. From an enantiorecognition aspect, the diexo position of the functional groups always proved more favorable than the diendo position. The elution sequence was determined in all cases and was found to reversed when ZWIX(+)™ was changed to ZWIX(-)™ or ZWIX(+A) to ZWIX(-A).

Structural and temperature effects on enantiomer separations of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based 3-amino-2-carboxylic acids on cinchona alkaloid-based zwitterionic chiral stationary phases.

Procedures for the direct high-performance liquid chromatographic enantiomer separation of four bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based 3-amino-2-carboxylic acids were developed in polar-ionic mode on zwitterionic chiral stationary phases (CSPs) based on cinchonane alkaloide quinine, quinidine and chiral sulfonic acid motifs. The effects of the mobile phase composition including the type of acid and base additives, the structures of the analytes and temperature were investigated. Experiments were performed at constant mobile phase compositions in the temperature range 10-50°C in order to study the effects of temperature, and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from plots of ln k or ln α vs. 1/T. Some mechanistic aspects of the chiral recognition process are discussed with respect to the structures of the analytes. It was found that the enantiomeric separations were in most cases enthalpically driven, but entropically driven separation was also observed. The sequence of elution of the enantiomers on the pseudo-enantiomerically behaving CSPs was determined in all cases.

Enantiomeric separation of bicyclo[2.2.2]octane-based 2-amino-3-carboxylic acids on macrocyclic glycopeptide chiral stationary phases.

Direct high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) separation of four bicyclo[2.2.2]octane based 2-amino-3-carboxylic acid enantiomers were developed on chiral stationary phases (CSPs) containing different macrocyclic glycopeptide antibiotic selectors. The analyses were performed under reversed-phase, polar organic and polar ionic mode on macrocyclic-glycopeptide-based Chirobiotic T, T2, TAG, and R columns. The effects of the mobile phase composition including the acid and base modifier, the structure of the analytes, and the temperature on the separations were investigated. Experiments were achieved at constant mobile phase compositions on different stationary phases in the temperature range 5-40°C. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated from plots of ln k or ln α versus 1/T. It was recognized that the enantioseparations in reversed-phase and polar organic mode were enthalpically driven, but under polar-ionic conditions entropically driven enantioseparation was observed as well. Baseline separation and determination of elution sequence were achieved in all cases.

Syntheses of four enantiomers of 2,3-diendo- and 3-endo-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-exo-carboxylic acid and their saturated analogues.

Ethyl 2,3-diendo-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylate ((±)-1) was resolved with O,O'-dibenzoyltartaric acid via diastereomeric salt formation. The efficient synthesis of the enantiomers of 2,3-diendo-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid ((+)-7 and (-)-7), 3-endo-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-exo-carboxylic acid ((+)-5 and (-)-5), cis- and trans-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylic acid ((+)-6, (-)-6, (+)-8 and (-)-8) was achieved via isomerization, hydrogenation and hydrolysis of the corresponding esters (-)-1 and (+)-1. The stereochemistry and relative configurations of the synthesized compounds were determined by NMR spectroscopy (based on the 3J(H,H) coupling constants) and X-ray crystallography.

Synthesis and transformations of di-endo-3-aminobicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid derivatives.

all-endo-3-amino-5-hydroxybicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylic acid (13) and all-endo-5-amino-6-(hydroxymethyl)bicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ol (10) were prepared via dihydro-1,3-oxazine or g-lactone intermediates by the stereoselective functionalization of an N-protected derivative of endo-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid (2). Ring closure of b-amino ester 4 resulted in tricyclic pyrimidinones 15 and 16. The structures, stereochemistry and relative configurations of the synthesized compounds were determined by IR and NMR.

Synthesis and receptor binding of new thieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidines as selective ligands of 5-HT(3) receptors.

With the aim to develop new potent and selective ligands of 5-HT(3)-type serotonin receptors and to acquire more information on their structure-affinity relationships, new thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives 32-39 were synthesized and their binding to 5-HT(3) versus 5-HT(4 )receptors was studied. Some of these new compounds exhibit good affinity for cortical 5-HT(3) receptors, but not for 5-HT(4) receptors. Among these derivatives, 6-ethyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-2-(methylthio)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine 32 is the most potent ligand (K(i) = 67 nM); it behaves as a competitive antagonist of the 5-HT(3) receptor function in the guinea pig colon. Its binding interactions with 5-HT(3A )receptors were analysed by using receptor modelling and comparative docking.

Syntheses of hydroxylated cyclic beta-amino acid derivatives.

This review is intended to give a short summary of the developments in the field of natural and synthetic alicyclic and heterocyclic hydroxylated beta-amino acids and to focus on the main strategies that have been reported for their synthesis. Given the medicinal and biological significance of the hydroxylated beta-amino acids, an increasing volume of research is currently being directed toward regio-, stereo- and enantioselective access to this class of compounds.

[Synthesis of hydrazino alcohols with anti-inflammatory activity]. / Gyulladásgátló hatású hidrazinoalkoholok szintézise.

Two-step transformations (N-nitrosation and subsequent LiAlH4 reduction) of alicyclic or acyclic amines and 1,2-amino alcohols containing a secondary amino group were applied to prepare novel N1-substituted hydrazines and hydrazino alcohols with wide structural diversity. Methods for the synthesis of certain enantiopure hydrazino alcohols were also developed. The prepared compounds specifically inhibited Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 (VAP-1), a human endothelial cell adhesion molecule with a well-documented role in inflammation. VAP-1 is a semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase, activity of which has been demonstrated to play a role in VAP-1 induced inflammation. Some of the hydrazino alcohols obtained reduced the clinical symptoms of inflammation in experimental arthritis in rodents and appear to be potential novel anti-inflammatory drugs.