RESUMEN
External distractions often occur when information must be retained in visual working memory (VWM)-a crucial element in cognitive processing and everyday activities. However, the distraction effects can differ if they occur during the encoding rather than the delay stages. Previous research on these effects used simple stimuli (e.g., color and orientation) rather than considering distractions caused by real-world stimuli on VWM. In the present study, participants performed a facial VWM task under different distraction conditions across the encoding and delay stages to elucidate the mechanisms of distraction resistance in the context of complex real-world stimuli. VWM performance was significantly impaired by delay-stage but not encoding-stage distractors (Experiment 1). In addition, the delay distraction effect arose primarily due to the absence of distractor process at the encoding stage rather than the presence of a distractor during the delay stage (Experiment 2). Finally, the impairment in the delay-distraction condition was not due to the abrupt appearance of distractors (Experiment 3). Taken together, these findings indicate that the processing mechanisms previously established for resisting distractions in VWM using simple stimuli can be extended to more complex real-world stimuli, such as faces.
RESUMEN
The developments in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and supercapacitor technologies for electrochemical energy storage and conversion have received considerable attention. Although MoS2 is electrochemically active for both HER and supercapacitors, limited active sites, slow ionic transport, and poor conductivity lead to its poor capacitance and electrocatalytic activity. Herein, hierarchical Ti3C2Tx/MoS2/Ti3C2Tx@CC (TMT@CC) composites were well-designed as electrodes for both HER and supercapacitors. Flexible TMT@CC electrodes with an area as large as â¼ 80 cm2 and optimal mass-loading of 17.9 mg cm-2 were achieved. The inner layer Ti3C2Tx in the composites provides ideal nucleation sites for the growth of MoS2 arrays, and the outermost Ti3C2Tx effectively anchors the vertically arrayed MoS2. The hierarchically vertical structure provides strong interfacial coupling and shortens ion diffusion paths, leading to high stability and fast ion/electron transport kinetics. Due to such a synergistic effect, the flexible binder-free TMT@CC electrodes exhibited high areal capacitance (5.06 F cm-2 at 5 mA cm-2) for supercapacitors and low overpotential (119 mV versus RHE at 10 mA cm-2) for HER catalyst. Furthermore, a high energy density of 0.125 mWh cm-2 at a power density of 1.5 mW cm-2 has been achieved from the TMT@CC-based symmetric supercapacitor. Our strategy can be expanded to other vertically arrayed hierarchical structures as electrode materials of efficient HER and supercapacitors.
RESUMEN
Heterostructures based on different materials can not only take full advantage of each material and overcome their limitations but also produce special effects for different applications. Here, a facile co-thermal decomposition strategy to engineer hierarchical 3D porous Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure is presented for improved energy storage performance. The specific Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure promotes the fast transportation of electrons and ions and fast redox reaction kinetics due to the 3D interconnected porous channels and thin exposed electroactive S-Mo-S edges. As a result, the 3D porous Ti3C2Tx/MoS2 heterostructure exhibits a specific capacitance of 439 F g-1 at a scan rate of 5 mV s-1, a satisfactory capacitance of 169 F g-1 (about 30 % of initial capacitance) under an ultra-high scan rate of 10,000 mV s-1 and long cycle stability. Moreover, ultrahigh power energy of 30,000 W kg-1 with a high energy density of 6.3 Wh kg-1 with superior cyclic stability (91 % of initial capacitance after 10,000 cycles) has been achieved from the Ti3C2Tx/MoS2-based symmetric supercapacitor. This work provides an archetype for designing and preparing hierarchical 3D porous heterostructure electrodes for the next-generation supercapacitor with the high power density and rate performances.
