RESUMEN
The most prevalent glycoprotein on the influenza virus envelope is called hemagglutinin (HA), yet little is known about its involvement in the pathophysiology and etiology of severe influenza pneumonia. Here, after stimulating human bronchial epithelial cells (16-HBE) and mice with HA of H1N1 for 12 h, we investigated the proliferation, migration, inflammatory cytokines expression, and apoptosis in 16-HBE and the pathological damage in mouse lung tissue. The expression of inflammatory cytokines plasminogen activator inhibitor 1(PAI-1), urokinase-type (uPA) and tissue-type (tPA) plasminogen activators, and apoptosis were all enhanced by HA, which also prevented the proliferation and migration of bronchial epithelial cells. HA enhanced up-regulated PAI-1, uPA, and tPA protein expression within mouse lung tissue and caused lung injury. In conclusion, HA alone, but not the whole H1N1 virus, induces lung tissue injury by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration, while promoting the expression of inflammatory cytokines and apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Apoptosis , Proliferación Celular , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza , Subtipo H1N1 del Virus de la Influenza A , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/genética , Movimiento Celular , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales/virología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/virología , Pulmón/patología , Línea Celular , Neumonía Viral/virología , Neumonía Viral/metabolismo , Neumonía Viral/patología , Gripe Humana/metabolismo , Gripe Humana/virología , Activador de Plasminógeno de Tipo Uroquinasa/genética , Activador de Plasminógeno de Tipo Uroquinasa/metabolismo , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/virología , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/metabolismo , Inhibidor 1 de Activador Plasminogénico/genética , Neumonía/metabolismo , Neumonía/virologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) among adults aged over 30 yr in Chengde city of Hebei province. METHODS: 1 168 subjects (over 30 yr) were derived from a random sample of the population among the Shuangqiao district in Chengde city. All subjects were asked at home to answer questions about their snoring, daytime sleepiness, and habits of smoking and drinking. According to the degree of snoring, 127 moderate and severe snorers were measured by portable PSG for a whole night and the prevalence of SAHS was estimated according to AHI and ESS scores. RESULTS: 1 168 subjects (95.42%) answered the questions. The prevalence of snoring was 53.76%. The prevalence of moderate and severe snoring (>or= second degree) was 28.25%. The prevalence of snoring increased with age before the age of 70. The prevalence of snoring in males was significantly higher than that in females. Smoking and drinking groups were associated with a higher prevalence of snoring. The prevalence of snoring was higher in drivers (42.00%) than that in other populations. The estimated prevalence of SAHS according to both the AHI > 5 and the ESS >or= 9 was 4.63%. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of SAHS among adults aged over 30 yr in Chengde city was 4.63%. It means that SAHS needs better understanding and more study.
