The effect of combining primers and cements from different cement systems on the bond strength between zirconia and dentin.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of combining primers and cements from two different resin cement systems on the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) between zirconia and human dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 120 specimens of zirconia cemented to dentin were allocated into eight groups based on cement type (RelyX Ultimate or Panavia V5) and primers (Tooth Primer, Clearfil Ceramic Primer and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive) combinations, applied to dentin or ceramic surfaces. Following artificial aging with 5000 thermocycles, µTBS tests were conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p ≤ 0.05), and failure modes were assessed. RESULTS: The Panavia V5 cement system demonstrated the highest bond strength (19.4 ± 4.4 MPa), significantly higher than the other groups except when RelyX cement was used with Panavia primers (16.9 ± 3.7 MPa). Cohesive fractures within the cement layer were the predominant failure mode. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of primers from different adhesive cement system brands may significantly affect the bonding effectiveness. Therefore, using products from a single product line of the same adhesive cement system, and following the manufacturer's recommendations for indications and use, is crucial for a more predictable clinical outcome.

Zirconia dental implants; the relationship between design and clinical outcome: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of different designs of zirconia dental implants. DATA: This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA checklist and followed the PICO framework. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022337228). SOURCES: The search was conducted in March 2023 through four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) along with a search of references in the related reviews. Three authors reviewed on title, and abstract level and analysed the risk of bias, and all authors reviewed on a full-text level. STUDY SELECTION: Clinical studies excluding case reports for patients treated with different designs of zirconia dental implants were included. From a total of 2728 titles, 71 full-text studies were screened, and 27 studies were included to assess the risk of bias (ROBINS-I tool) and data extraction. After quality assessment, four studies were included, and the remaining 23 excluded studies were narratively described. RESULT: The included prospective studies with moderate risk of bias reported success and survival rates of one-piece implants that ranged between 95 and 98.4 % with no difference between different lengths and diameters. The acid-etched roughened surface showed higher clinical outcomes compared to other surface roughness designs. CONCLUSION: Promising 5-year clinical outcomes were found for one-piece zirconia implants with no difference between different diameters and lengths. Concerning surface roughness, better outcomes were found when using the acid-etched implant surface. However, due to the limited available studies, further high-quality clinical studies comparing zirconia one-piece and two-piece implants with different diameters, lengths, and surface roughness are needed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Based on this systematic review, under suitable clinical situations, the one-piece zirconia implants with diameters of 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, or 5.5 mm and lengths of 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, or 14 mm have similar promising clinical outcomes. Additionally, the acid-etched roughened implant surface may be preferable.

The fracture strength and the failure mode of lithium disilicate or resin nano ceramics as a crown, overlay, or endocrown restoration on endodontically treated teeth.

INTRODUCTION: Different materials and restorative concepts have been proposed over the years to restore endodontically treated teeth (ETT). Monolithic ceramic and composite restoration can be lute to the tooh, without the use of a post. However, little is known how the material stiffness and presence of a composite core will affect the survival and failure mode. The objective of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the fracture strength and failure mode of endodontically treated molars, restored with ceramic or hybrid composite monolithic restoration, in the presence of absence of a composite core. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty depulped molars were restored with a lithium-disilicate (e.max CAD) or hybrid composite (Cerasmart) restoration. Both materials were used in a monolithic approach, but with 3 different designs: (a) monolithic endocrown, (b) crown with a separate composite core, and (c) overlay without core buildup or pulpal extension. Ten sound teeth were used as control group. All groups were thermocycled (10,000 cycles), subsequently loaded in a chewing simulator (100,000 cycles) and finally loaded until fracture. RESULTS: Peak fracture loads and failure modes were registered. No significant differences were seen between the groups in terms of fracture load. Failure modes were statistically significantly different among groups with significant correlation between restoration type and material. (p < 0.001 and p = 0.033, respectively). No group presented significantly higher fracture resistance. Although ceramic crowns and overlays presented the highest repairability, all restored ETT were within the range of the intact tooth' fracture strength. CONCLUSION: No restoration presented significant different fracture loads. However, the type of restoration and material choice were correlated to the fracture mode.

Effect of Drilling Preparation on Immediately Loaded Implants: An In Vivo Study in Sheep.

PURPOSE: To determine the biologic and biomechanical effects of two implant drilling protocols on the cortical bone around implants subjected to immediate loading. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 48 implants were inserted into the mandibles of six sheep following one of two drilling protocols: undersized preparation (US; n = 24) and nonundersized preparation (NUS; n = 24). Immediately after implant insertion, an abutment was placed on each implant and 36 implants were subjected to 10 sessions of dynamic vertical loads (1,500 cycles, 1 Hz) of 25 N or 50 N. Insertion torque value (ITV) was recorded at implant installation. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA) was measured at implant insertion and at each loading session. Fluorochrome was administered at day 17, and the animals were euthanized after 5 weeks. The removal torque values (RTVs) were measured, and samples underwent histomorphometric, µCT (microcomputed tomography), and fluorescence image acquisition analyses. The bone volume density (BV/TV), bone-to-implant contact (BIC), bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO), and fluorochrome stained bone surface (MS) were calculated. A linear mixed model analysis was performed, and Pearson paired correlation was calculated. RESULTS: Five implants from the NUS group failed, with a mean ITV of 8.8 Ncm and an RFA value of 57. The mean ITVs for US group and NUS group were 80.5 (± 14) Ncm and 45.9 (± 25) Ncm, respectively (P < .001). No differences were noted in the RFA values from the time of implant insertion until the end of the study. No differences in RTV, BV/TV, BAFO, or MS were observed between the groups. Intense new bone formation took place in the NUS group implants that were subjected to load. CONCLUSIONS: Undersized preparation of cortical bone ensured a greater BIC compared to a nonundersized preparation. Moreover, this study demonstrated that immediate loading did not interfere with the osseointegration process, but loading induced intense new bone formation in the NUS group. It is not recommended to immediately load the implants when the clinically perceived primary stability is lower than an ITV of 10 Ncm and an RFA value of 60. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants 2023;38:607-618. doi: 10.11607/jomi.9949.

Effect of Temporary Cement, Surface Pretreatment and Tooth Area on the Bond Strength of Adhesively Cemented Ceramic Overlays-An In Vitro Study.

Several viewpoints have been reported regarding the effect of temporary cements, different surface pretreatment protocols before adhesive cementation, and predictive factors. This in vitro study tested if temporary cement, pretreatment of the tooth surface, the size of enamel or dentine influence adhesive cementation to zirconia ceramics. Twenty premolars were prepared for determination of enamel and dentin area, bond strength test and failure analysis. The samples were divided into two groups: untreated prior adhesive cementation (n = 10) and with temporary cementation done, pretreated prior adhesive cementation (n = 10). Zirconia overlays (Katana Zirconia STML) were cemented on the grounded flat teeth surfaces using Panavia V5. An additional six premolars underwent dentine tubule analysis with SEM to detect temporary cement residues after temporary cementation on an untreated tooth surface (n = 3) and on a pretreated surface (n = 3). The independent sample t-test was used to compare the two groups and the means of the total tooth, dentin or enamel areas did not differ significantly between the untreated and pretreated specimens. The mean tensile bond strength was significantly (p = 0.005) higher in the pretreated specimens (337N) than in the untreated ones (204N). The overall multivariable linear regression model with three predictors (surface pre-treatment, enamel area and dentine area) was significant (p = 0.003), among which the size of enamel was the strongest predictor (ß = 0.506; p = 0.049), followed by the pretreatment effect (ß = 0.478; p = 0.001) and the size of dentin area (ß = -0.105; p = 0.022).

Impact of salivary contamination during implant placement with different surface characteristics in native and augmented bone: An in vivo study in sheep calvaria model.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether salivary contamination during placement of implants with different surface characteristics affects osseointegration in native and in augmented bone areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty eight implants with machined surface (MS) and 48 implants with moderately rough surface (RS) were tested in the calvaria of 12 sheep. At the first surgery, 64 bony critical defects were randomly created and were subsequently augmented with two materials (autogenous or bovine bone). After 5 weeks of graft healing, 8 implants were placed per sheep, in native bone and in the centre of the augmented defects. Forty eight implants were soaked with saliva before placement (contaminated group [CG]), while 48 implants were not (non-contaminated group [NCG]). Five weeks after implant placement, bone-to-implant contact (BIC) and bone material area fraction occupancy (BMAFO) were calculated histomorphometrically. RESULTS: Saliva contamination showed a significant negative effect (p = .000) on BIC, especially in augmented areas. RS showed significant positive effect on BIC, compared to MS (p = .000), while there were no significant differences for different bone conditions (p = .103). For BMAFO, the contamination showed a significantly negative affect (p = .000), while there were no significant differences for surface characteristics (p = .322) and for bone condition (p = .538). CONCLUSION: Saliva contamination during dental implant placement has a negative effect on osseointegration in augmented areas. Moderately rough surface has a possible advantage in the aspect of initial bone to implant contact. However, it seems to be advisable to avoid saliva contamination especially for implants placed in augmented bone areas.

Clinical Outcome of Three Different Types of Posterior All-Ceramic Crowns. A 3-Year Follow-up of a Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To assess and compare the clinical outcomes of three different types of all-ceramic posterior monolithic tooth-supported crowns. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 71 patients received 90 all-ceramic crowns randomized to be either high-translucency zirconia (ZC), high-translucency zirconia with a partial buccal veneer (ZC-V), or lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (LDS). All treatments were performed by four general dentists who were blinded to the material used. Baseline and subsequent annual evaluations were based on modified California Dental Association (CDA) criteria. A questionnaire was used to include patient-reported outcomes and to compare them to the crown quality rating performed by dentists. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients with 84 crowns were examined after 3 years. The survival rate was 98.8%. No crowns fractured during the observation period. One ZC-V crown failed due to loss of retention, and three complications were noted: loss of retention occurred in one ZC crown, and two ZC crowns needed to be endodontically treated. There was no significant difference between the different crowns regarding marginal integrity, surface, or anatomical form. Both patients and examining dentists rated the crowns favorably regarding esthetics, patients more than dentists. CONCLUSIONS: All crown types used show excellent and promising clinical outcomes from a short-term perspective. Patients and dentists rate the restorations favorably concerning esthetics and function. Int J Prosthodont 2023;36:546-553.

Resin Cement Residue Removal Techniques: In Vitro Analysis of Marginal Defects and Discoloration Intensity Using Micro-CT and Stereomicroscopy.

The objective was to compare marginal defects and evaluate discoloration for adhesively cemented veneers in vitro when using two cement removal techniques. Twenty premolars were prepared with chamfer and borders in enamel. IPS e.max CAD veneers were cemented using Panavia V5 and divided in two groups (n = 10): cement excess removed with a probe after tack-curing for 3-5 s, or cement excess removed with a brush, then completely polymerized. All teeth were stored in alginate gel until micro-CT examination. Scanning was performed twice: directly after cementation and after thermocycling (5000 cycles, between 5 and 55 °C). To analyze discoloration, teeth were colored using 0.5% basic fuchsine and examined under a stereomicroscope. Depth of dye infiltration was scored 0 (no discoloration) to 5 (discoloration along the entire margin). Statistically significant differences of cement defects before thermocycling were reported, where brushing showed more defects than probing (p = 0.0161). After thermocycling, the defects increased for both groups. Extensive discoloration was the most common (55.56%) when removing excess by probing; by brushing, 90% of the specimens exhibited slight discoloration (p = 0.008). Regression analysis showed no relationship between type of defect and degree of discoloration. Removing cement with a brush causes more marginal defects, however less discoloration after thermocycling.

The use of implant-level connection in screw-retained fixed partial dentures: A 3-year randomised clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: This randomised controlled trial compares the 3-year outcomes, that is, marginal bone-level (MBL) changes and clinical parameters, between an abutment-level (AL) and implant-level (IL) connection for implants with an internal conical connection (ICC) supporting a screw-retained fixed partial denture. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty patients with 119 implants were randomly allocated to either the AL or IL group. Radiographic and clinical examinations were performed after one, two, and 3 years. A linear mixed model was used to evaluate the differences between groups. RESULTS: The MBL change was not significantly different between the groups at any point. The MBL was 0.12 ± 0.31 mm (AL) and 0.23 ± 0.26 mm (IL) after 1 year; 0.15 ± 0.34 mm (AL) and 0.17 ± 0.22 mm (IL) after 2 years; 0.18 ± 0.39 mm (AL) and 0.15 ± 0.21 mm (IL) after 3 years. The bleeding on probing was 43.44 ± 39.24% (AL) and 58.19 ± 41.20% (IL) after 1 year; 35.78 ± 39.22% (AL) and 50.43 ± 41.49% (IL) after 2 years; 51.27 ± 44.63% (AL) and 49.57 ± 37.31% (IL) after 3 years and was significantly different (p = .025) between 1 and 2 years. The probing depth showed a significant difference at each time point while the plaque was not significant between the groups. The overall technical, biological and prosthetic complication rates were 5.04%, 3.36%, and 16.00%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The MBL change was similar in the groups. The slight differences in the soft tissue complications between the groups are likely not of clinical relevance. An IL connection is considered to be a valid alternative to an AL set-up in ICC implants.

Deformation of polyetheretherketone, PEEK, with different thicknesses.

In order to determine a suitable thickness of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for manufacturing of surgical membranes, the purpose was to evaluate how different thicknesses of PEEK influence the mechanical properties under flexure and tension. In total 20 specimens in PEEK with two different thicknesses, 0.5 mm and 1.0 mm were fabricated and tested in a three-point flexural strength test and tensile strength test (n = 5 specimens). Statistical analysis was done with non-parametric Mann-Whitney test with level of significance α = 0.05, for both material tests, respectively. The 1.0 mm-thick samples resulted in higher values in elastic limit and conventional deflection (Sc-value) in the flexural strength test compared to 0.5 mm-thick samples. In the tensile strength test, the results did not show any significant difference in elastic limit depending on the thickness evaluated. However, PEEK with thickness of 1.0 mm received significantly higher maximum value at fracture. Within the limitations of this study, PEEK with a thickness of 0.5 mm-1.0 mm shows mechanical properties that are appropriate thickness and can meet the complex demands for dimensioning of surgical membranes.

Bond strength of zirconia- or polymer-based copings cemented on implant-supported titanium bases - an in vitro study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the bond strength between polymer-based copings and zirconia copings as positive control, cemented on implant-supported titanium bases with different adhesive cement systems. Moreover, to evaluate if airborne-particle abrasion of polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) would enhance the bond strength. METHODS: Four groups of different materials were used to fabricate the copings, 30 in each group: airborne-particle abraded milled zirconia (TAZirconia, control group), milled PMMA (TPMMA), airborne-particle abraded milled PMMA (TAPMMA) and 3 D-printed micro filled hybrid resin (TAMFH). Each group of copings was cemented on titanium bases by three different adhesive cement systems, 10 each: Multilink Hybrid Abutment, Panavia V5, RelyX Ultimate. The specimens were stored dry at room temperature for 24 h, subjected to thermocycling for 5000 cycles followed by evaluating the bond strength by tensile strength test. RESULTS: TPMMA and TAPMMA cemented with Multilink Hybrid Abutment showed statistically significant lower bond strength in comparison to TAZirconia and TAMFH. No difference was observed between the latter two. TPMMA, TAPMMA and TAMFH had a statistically significant lower bond strength compared to the control group when cemented with Panavia V5. TPMMA and TAPMMA cemented with Rely X Ultimate showed statistically significant lower bond strength in comparison to the control group. CONCLUSION: Almost all experimental groups, except 3 D-printed MFH, performed inferior than the positive control group where the highest bond strength was reported for the cementation of zirconia copings cemented with Panavia V5 or Rely X Ultimate. Airborne-particle abrasion did not improve the bond strength of the PMMA, except when Multilink Hybrid Abutment was used.

Bond strength between titanium and polymer-based materials adhesively cemented.

The aim was to evaluate the bond strength between titanium and polymer-based materials for prosthetic restorations, cemented with different adhesive cement systems. Eight groups with 13 specimens in each group were included. Each specimen consisted of two parts: a cylinder of titanium resembling a titanium base, and a cylinder of one of two polymer-based materials Micro Filled Hybrid (MFH) or Telio CAD and cemented with one of four adhesive cement systems, namely Multilink Hybrid Abutment, Panavia V5, RelyX Ultimate and G-Cem LinkAce. The titanium was sandblasted with 50 µm Al2O3 and treated according to each cement manufacturer's recommendations. The polymer-based materials were pre-treated according to the manufacturer's instructions including sandblasting for MFH. After cementation, the groups were water stored for one day before thermocycling: 5000 cycles in 5-55 °C. A shear bond strength test was performed (crosshead speed 0.5 mm/min) and data was analysed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey's test. Telio CAD cemented with Panavia V5 and G-Cem LinkAce showed significantly lower bond strength compared to all other groups, due to spontaneous debonding. The highest numerical bond strength was found in the group of MFH cemented with RelyX Ultimate or with G-Cem LinkAce. Generally, the Telio CAD groups showed lower bond strength values than the MFH groups. The conclusions are that pre-treatment methods and choice of cement system are of importance for polymer-based materials for prosthetic restorations. The bond strength is adequate for provisional cementation irrespective of cement system when pre-treating by sandblasting, but cement dependent without sandblasting.

Accuracy of 3D printed polymers intended for models and surgical guides printed with two different 3D printers.

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the accuracy: trueness and precision of photopolymers used for dental models and surgical guides printed with two different digital light processing (DLP) printers. Forty specimens of four materials; E-dentstone®, E-shell®, NextDent™ Model, NextDent™ SG, and two designs; models A and B (n=5), were manufactured (DDDP, EvoDent). Trueness was evaluated by comparing values for 26 parameters with the CAD models' reference values and precision through standard deviation. The trueness and precision were higher for linear than for angle parameters. X- and Y-axes showed higher trueness than Z-axis and model B higher trueness than model A. The conclusions are; the accuracy is dependent on the design of the object. The linear precision appears to be high. The highest trueness was observed for a surgical guide polymer (NextDent™ SG). The definition of clinically relevant accuracy and acceptable production tolerance should be evaluated in future studies.

Evaluation of Stress Distribution in Tooth-Supported Fixed Dental Prostheses Made of Translucent Zirconia with Variations in Framework Designs: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of the framework designs on the stress distribution within tooth-supported partially veneered fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) made of translucent zirconia under simulated loads using a three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D-FEA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: For a linear 3D-FEA, simplified 3D solid models of prepared abutment teeth (first premolar and first molar) with different 3-unit FDPs were created. The models with different FDP designs-monolithic zirconia (control); semi-monolithic zirconia with 0.3 mm veneer thickness (SM0.3); semi-monolithic zirconia with 0.5 mm veneer thickness (SM0.5); semi-monolithic zirconia with 0.5 mm veneer thickness supported with cap design (SMC), and semi-monolithic zirconia with 0.5 mm veneer thickness supported with wave design (SMW)-were analyzed using 3D-FEA. The elastic properties of the components (bone, dentine, cement, translucent zirconia, and veneering porcelain) were obtained from the published data for FEA. Simulated static loading forces (300 N) were applied at 10° oblique direction over six points in the occlusal surfaces of the FDPs. Maximum principal stress, shear stress, and safety factor were calculated and analyzed among the different models. RESULTS: Semi-monolithic with cap design showed the smallest maximum principal stress levels in the veneering porcelain compared to all other models (SM0.3, SM0.5, SMW). The SM0.3 had lower maximum principal stress levels in the veneering porcelain compared to SM0.5. Regarding stresses in the zirconia framework, all models had comparable results in maximum principal tensile stresses, except SMW had a lower value. Maximum principal stress levels were located in the veneer component of SM0.3, SM0.5, and SMW, whereas, such levels were observed in the cervical areas of the zirconia frameworks of SMC and control. The SM0.3 had the highest maximum shear stress levels at the zirconia-veneer interface, while SMW had the lowest shear values. The 3D-FEA models with different FDP designs showed different minimum safety factor levels. CONCLUSIONS: Framework and veneer designs play a significant role in the stress distribution of the partially veneered zirconia FDPs under loading. The FDPs with zirconia frameworks with cap design minimize the maximum principal tensile stress in the veneering porcelain. The FDPs with 0.3-mm-veneering porcelain show low maximum principal tensile stress in the veneering porcelain, but highest maximum shear stress at the zirconia-veneer interface. The FDPs with wave design of zirconia frameworks minimize the maximum shear stress considerably.

Intraosseous Temperature Change during Installation of Dental Implants with Two Different Surfaces and Different Drilling Protocols: An In Vivo Study in Sheep.

BACKGROUND: The intraosseous temperature during implant installation has never been evaluated in an in vivo controlled setup. The aims were to investigate the influence of a drilling protocol and implant surface on the intraosseous temperature during implant installation, to evaluate the influence of temperature increase on osseointegration and to calculate the heat distribution in cortical bone. METHODS: Forty Brånemark implants were installed into the metatarsal bone of Finnish Dorset crossbred sheep according to two different drilling protocols (undersized/non-undersized) and two surfaces (moderately rough/turned). The intraosseous temperature was recorded, and Finite Element Model (FEM) was generated to understand the thermal behavior. Non-decalcified histology was carried out after five weeks of healing. The following osseointegration parameters were calculated: Bone-to-implant contact (BIC), Bone Area Fraction Occupancy (BAFO), and Bone Area Fraction Occupancy up to 1.5 mm (BA1.5). A multiple regression model was used to identify the influencing variables on the histomorphometric parameters. RESULTS: The temperature was affected by the drilling protocol, while no influence was demonstrated by the implant surface. BIC was positively influenced by the undersized drilling protocol and rough surface, BAFO was negatively influenced by the temperature rise, and BA1.5 was negatively influenced by the undersized drilling protocol. FEM showed that the temperature at the implant interface might exceed the limit for bone necrosis. CONCLUSION: The intraosseous temperature is greatly increased by an undersized drilling protocol but not from the implant surface. The temperature increase negatively affects the bone healing in the proximity of the implant. The undersized drilling protocol for Brånemark implant systems increases the amount of bone at the interface, but it negatively impacts the bone far from the implant.

Bond strength between MDP-based cement and translucent zirconia.

The purpose was to evaluate the bond strength between adhesive cement and translucent zirconia in comparison to conventional zirconia. Four brands of translucent zirconia (BruxZir® HT, Lava™ Plus, Prettau® Anterior, and Prettau® Zirconia) and one conventional zirconia (Kavo Everest® ZS) were evaluated. Specimens were divided into groups depending on the pretreatment of the cementation surface of the zirconia: as-produced, hydrofluoric acid treatment, or sandblasted. The groups underwent three different procedures of artificial aging: water storage (24 h), 5,000 thermocycles, or long-term aging, (water storage 150 days including 37,500 thermocycles) before shear bond strength testing. Sandblasting treatment increased the bond strength significantly for all the brands of zirconia, irrespective of artificial aging procedures, in comparison to the control group. Bond strength between adhesive cement to translucent zirconia is equivalent to conventional zirconia. Sandblasting creates a cementation surface that is more durable than as-produced or hydrofluoric-acid-treated, irrespective of type of zirconia.

Load-Bearing Capacity of Monolithic Zirconia Fixed Dental Prostheses Fabricated with Different Connector Designs and Embrasure Shaping Methods.

PURPOSE: To investigate the load-bearing capacity and failure mode of monolithic zirconia fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) fabricated with different connector designs and embrasure shaping methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy four-unit zirconia FDPs (with two premolar pontics) were fabricated and divided into seven groups (n = 10) according to the different connector designs gained by using different embrasure shaping methods. The groups were as follows: monolithic FDPs fabricated with sharp embrasures, monolithic FDPs fabricated with blunt embrasures, monolithic FDPs fabricated with blunt embrasures and no occlusal embrasures, two groups of monolithic FDPs fabricated with blunt embrasures and interproximal separations made with diamond discs at the soft stage and at the fully sintered stage, and monolithic FDPs fabricated with blunt embrasures and interproximal separation accentuated by localized porcelain build-up. A final group was used as a control group, where fully veneered traditional zirconia FDPs were fabricated with default milling settings. The FDPs were artificially aged and loaded to fracture. Load to fracture and failure modes were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test, and Fisher exact test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The FDPs fabricated with interproximal porcelain separation showed significantly the highest load to fracture (1038 N ± 82) of all groups (p < 0.001), with no significant difference compared to the FDPs with no occlusal embrasures (934 N ± 175; p ˃ 0.29). The FDPs fabricated with blunt embrasures showed significantly higher load to fracture (873 N ± 115) compared to the FDPs in the control group (689 N ± 75) and the FDPs with sharp embrasures (417 N ± 87; p < 0.001). There were no significant differences between the FDPs with sharp embrasures (417 N ± 87) and the FDPs with interproximal disc separations (467 N ± 94; p ˃ 0.23). Failure mode of the FDPs fabricated with sharp embrasures and interproximal disc separations differed significantly compared to the FDPs in the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Sharp embrasures and interproximal separations made with diamond discs significantly decrease the load-bearing capacity of monolithic zirconia FDPs compared to FDPs made with blunt embrasures. Blunt embrasures in combination with localized porcelain build-up produce FDPs with high load-bearing capacity in relation to loads that might be expected under clinical use.

Material-related complications in implant-supported fixed dental restorations. A systematic review.

AIM: A large variety of dental materials are available for the production of implant-supported fixed restorations. Materials with different properties are likely to behave differently during clinical function, which may result in different prevalence and types of complications. The aim of the present review was to summarise, analyse and discuss the prevalence and types of complications or failures related to dental materials in implant-supported restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A strategy was set up using the PICO format and the search was performed using the PubMed database, including a hand search of reference lists. Two independent reviewers selected papers based on a set of criteria. The number of events of complications was summarised. RESULTS: The initial search produced 2764 titles. After application of criteria, 47 publications were selected for analysis. Seventeen studies reported on 1447 single crowns and 30 studies reported on 2190 fixed dental prostheses. The most common complications were fracture or chipping of the veneer material, loss of retention and lost access hole fillings. Due to the heterogeneity of studies, and large variation in number of restorations per material group, no conclusive correlation between type of material and type of technical complication and/or failure could be established. CONCLUSIONS: The review did not succeed in providing convincing evidence to answer the question concerning a possible relationship between restoration materials and prevalence of technical complications in implant-supported restorations.

Effect of different semimonolithic designs on fracture resistance and fracture mode of translucent and high-translucent zirconia crowns.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to describe different designs of semimonolithic crowns made of translucent and high-translucent zirconia materials and to evaluate the effect on fracture resistance and fracture mode. METHODS: One hundred crowns with different designs were produced and divided into five groups (n=20): monolithic (M), partially veneered monolithic (semimonolithic) with 0.3 mm buccal veneer (SM0.3), semimonolithic with 0.5 mm buccal veneer (SM0.5), semimonolithic with 0.5 mm buccal veneer supported by wave design (SMW), and semimonolithic with 0.5 mm buccal veneer supported by occlusal cap design (SMC). Each group was divided into two subgroups (n=10) according to the materials used, translucent and high-translucent zirconia. All crowns underwent artificial aging before loading until fracture. Fracture mode analysis was performed. Fracture loads and fracture modes were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Fisher's exact probability tests (P≤0.05). RESULTS: SM0.3 design showed highest fracture loads with no significant difference compared to M and SMW designs (P>0.05). SM0.5 design showed lower fracture loads compared to SMW and SWC designs. Crowns made of translucent zirconia showed higher fracture loads compared to those made of high-translucent zirconia. M, SM0.3, and all but one of the SMC crowns showed complete fractures with significant differences in fracture mode compared to SMW and SM0.5 crowns with cohesive veneer fractures (P≤0.05). CONCLUSION: Translucent and high-translucent zirconia crowns might be used in combination with 0.3 mm microcoating porcelain layer with semimonolithic design to enhance the esthetic properties of restorations without significantly decreasing fracture resistance of the crowns. If 0.5 mm porcelain layer is needed for a semimonolithic crown, wave design or cap design might be used to increase fracture resistance. In both cases, fracture resistance gained is likely to be clinically sufficient as the registered fracture loads were high in relation to expected loads under clinical use.

Cast, milled and EBM-manufactured titanium, differences in porcelain shear bond strength.

The objectives were to analyze the oxide layer generated between titanium and porcelain during firing and compare it in different manufacturing techniques: cast, milled and EBM-technique. Seventy two specimens were manufactured, subdivided according to surface treatment: time of passivation (P) and no time of passivation (NP) before porcelain firing. Specimens from each group were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy: one only fired once, and one subjected to six firings. Remaining specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test. The EBM-produced NP-group had highest mean value (25.0 MPa) and the milled P-group showed lowest mean value (18.5 MPa) when all factors were compared. No significant difference was detected according to time of passivation. SEM showed consistent and well-defined boundary between the different layers. Time of passivation and impact on oxide growth was not detected. The bond strength of porcelain to milled titanium is lower when compared to cast titanium and EBM-produced titanium.