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Daniel Webster (1782-1852) was one of the most impactful United States political figures of the early and mid-nineteenth century. He served in Congress and as the Secretary of State for three Presidents. He died in October of 1852 and his autopsy appeared in the medical literature. Historians have reported that his cause of death was either related to a traumatic head injury he sustained in May of 1852 or from complications of alcoholic cirrhosis. In this manuscript, we will review Webster's medical history and autopsy to determine his cause of death.
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In 1945, the Welsh surgeon Ivor Lewis first reported performing the resection of a midesophageal tumor through a combined approach involving the abdomen and right chest. Although his technique was initially rebuffed by the preeminent esophageal surgeons of the time, it quickly became the standard approach for cancers of the midesophagus. Here we review the development and early dissemination of Lewis' operation using the case of the American actor Humphrey Bogart, who underwent an Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal cancer in 1956.
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Neoplasias Esofágicas , Esofagectomía , Esofagectomía/historia , Esofagectomía/métodos , Neoplasias Esofágicas/cirugía , Neoplasias Esofágicas/historia , Humanos , Historia del Siglo XXRESUMEN
This Viewpoint considers which may be the better long-term approach to appendicitisinterval elective appendectomy or nonsurgical treatment with antibiotics.
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Antibacterianos , Apendicectomía , Apendicitis , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos , Humanos , Apendicitis/cirugía , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Femenino , AdultoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: On April 14, 1865, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated while watching a play from the Presidential Box at Ford's Theatre in Washington, DC. There is still controversy concerning the findings of Lincoln's autopsy. The physicians that attended the autopsy documented that the bullet entered the left occipital region of the brain, but opinions differ as to the path the bullet took through the brain. The official autopsy report documented that the bullet traveled through the left brain and did not cross the midline. Others who watched the autopsy claimed that the bullet entered on the left side of the president's brain, crossed the midline, and ended up just above the orbit on the right. In this manuscript, we reviewed all of the statements of the witnesses to the assassination in an effort to reconstruct the approach that John Wilkes Booth, the assassin, took through the Presidential Box as he approached the president. In addition, we conducted an on-site analysis of the shape and dimensions of the Presidential Box at Ford's Theatre to support the approach that Booth took. Based on this forensic analysis, we provide supportive evidence that the findings of the official autopsy report are accurate; that is, the bullet that entered the president's left brain stayed on the left and did not cross the midline.
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Personajes , Humanos , Historia del Siglo XIX , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/patología , MasculinoRESUMEN
The use of prosthetic mesh to repair inguinal hernias has been common practice at surgical centers around the world for more than 30 years. Open tissue repairs are the alternative for patients who cannot have, do not want, or are not offered mesh. Open tissue repairs are troubled by inferior recurrence rates in most clinical trials. In this article, we will review a long-forgotten tissue repair described by Andrews in 1895. In addition, we report on our early experience with the Andrews technique for primary inguinal hernia tissue repair.
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Richard Nixon injured his left knee in a limousine door while campaigning in North Carolina in 1960, resulting in septic arthritis that required a multi-day admission to Walter Reed Hospital. Still ill for the first presidential debate that fall, Nixon lost the contest based more on his appearance than his performance. Partly as a result of this debate, he was defeated by John F. Kennedy in the general election. Because of his leg wound, Nixon developed chronic DVTs in that limb, including a severe thrombus in 1974 that embolized to his lung, required surgery, and prevented him from testifying at the Watergate Trial. Episodes like this one highlight the value of studying the health of famous figures, where even the most minor injuries have the potential to influence world history.
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Trombosis de la Vena , Humanos , Masculino , Estados Unidos , Política , North Carolina , Accidentes por CaídasRESUMEN
Gerald R. Ford was the 38th president of the United States. He was appointed as vice president by Richard Nixon in 1974 upon the resignation of Spiro T. Agnew. In the midst of the Watergate Crisis, Nixon resigned making Ford the only president to serve without being elected as either president or vice president. In the year 2000, 13 years after his abbreviated term in office, he was attending the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia where he developed pain in his tongue, slurring of his speech, and signs of a stroke. He was taken to the emergency room of Hahnemann University Hospital where a CT scan showed a posterior circulation stroke. Within 24 hours, all of Ford's symptoms improved except for his tongue pain and speech. An MRI of the head and neck showed a tongue mass and he was taken to the operating room where an abscess was found. The bacteriology confirmed actinomycosis of the tongue and Ford rapidly improved after the incision and drainage. This paper will review the clinical course of Gerald Ford's lingual actinomycosis and will discuss this rare condition.
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Accidente Cerebrovascular , Lengua , Masculino , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Lengua/diagnóstico por imagen , Dolor , PhiladelphiaRESUMEN
Historians and physicians have struggled to incorporate history into American medical education for over a century. Most efforts focus on local initiatives targeting a narrow audience. We describe a novel method involving the American College of Surgeons, a national organization with tens of thousands of members. Capitalizing on its infrastructure and influence over the field, we have implemented a variety of ventures that include panel sessions at meetings, poster competitions, travel grants, themed breakfasts, online communities, and other such projects. This programming has reached thousands of participants, ranging from pre-medical students to retired physicians, and it has increased both the exposure to and production of surgical history. Our article describes the process of establishing this nationally coordinated enterprise in the hopes that other medical specialties can emulate it and further the study of and appreciation for medical history.
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Educación Médica , Medicina , Médicos , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Organización de la Financiación , Modelos AnatómicosRESUMEN
Between 1880 and today, 6 presidents have suffered major health crises just before their reelection campaigns. Ranging from Chester Arthur's development of Bright's Disease to Donald Trump contracting COVID-19, diseases and their treatments varied considerably. More interesting than the medical management, however, is the political maneuvering around each and the extraordinary lengths Presidents went to demonstrate their health to the American people. This article reviews these episodes, comparing and contrasting how each administration handled their crisis and what effect it had on the ensuing election-and thus the history of the United States.
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MINI-ABSTRACT: Harry S. Truman, the 33rd President of the United States, developed right-sided abdominal pain the year after he left office. Misdiagnosed with appendicitis, Truman underwent an appendectomy before a cholecystectomy treated the underlying cholecystitis. This error was concealed at the time from the American people. His postoperative course was closely followed by Americans through newspapers and was complicated by a bout of Clostridium difficile colitis. Truman survived this episode to die of heart failure decades later.
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In the early era of therapeutic laparotomy, surgeons developed operations where the extirpation of pathology only required simple ligation of blood supply, detachment of diseased organs or drainage of infection. In 1881, when sutured anastomosis was in its infancy, a surgeon at Billroth's clinic in Vienna, Anton Wolfler, performed the first successful gastrojejunostomy to treat gastric outlet obstruction. The patient was a 38-year-old male who presented weak and emaciated with an obstructing stomach cancer. After Dr Wolfler's sutured gastrojejunostomy, the patient recovered without complication and was able to eat by mouth. Over the next 40 years, surgeons around the world explored variations in the technique of this operation until it was used in common practice for the management of gastric outlet obstruction. During that same era, gastrojejunostomy severed as a testing ground for sutured anastomosis, which became the accepted method of enteric anastomosis. This article will review the early history of gastrojejunostomy, its origination and the European and American innovators who created modifications of this life-saving operation. The importance that gastrojejunostomy had in the evolution of sutured enteric anastomosis will be highlighted.
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In 1995, Dr Martin Dalton published a recounting of his involvement with the first human lung transplant in the Annals of Thoracic Surgery. As recalled in that account, the first lung transplant took place in the summer of 1963 in the context of another historical event, the assassination of Medgar Evers. This article is written in follow-up to Dalton's report in hopes of providing more insight into the events surrounding the assassination. This review will discuss the details of the assassination, attempted resuscitation, and the medical evidence presented in the trial of his assassin.
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Homicidio/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Homicidio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Mississippi , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/historia , Heridas por Arma de Fuego/terapiaRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Acute appendicitis is the most common abdominal surgical emergency in the world, with an annual incidence of 96.5 to 100 cases per 100â¯000 adults. OBSERVATIONS: The clinical diagnosis of acute appendicitis is based on history and physical, laboratory evaluation, and imaging. Classic symptoms of appendicitis include vague periumbilical pain, anorexia/nausea/intermittent vomiting, migration of pain to the right lower quadrant, and low-grade fever. The diagnosis of acute appendicitis is made in approximately 90% of patients presenting with these symptoms. Laparoscopic appendectomy remains the most common treatment. However, increasing evidence suggests that broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as piperacillin-tazobactam monotherapy or combination therapy with either cephalosporins or fluroquinolones with metronidazole, successfully treats uncomplicated acute appendicitis in approximately 70% of patients. Specific imaging findings on computed tomography (CT), such as appendiceal dilatation (appendiceal diameter ≥7 mm), or presence of appendicoliths, defined as the conglomeration of feces in the appendiceal lumen, identify patients for whom an antibiotics-first management strategy is more likely to fail. CT findings of appendicolith, mass effect, and a dilated appendix greater than 13 mm are associated with higher risk of treatment failure (≈40%) of an antibiotics-first approach. Therefore, surgical management should be recommended in patients with CT findings of appendicolith, mass effect, or a dilated appendix who are fit for surgery, defined as having relatively low risk of adverse outcomes or postoperative mortality and morbidity. In patients without high-risk CT findings, either appendectomy or antibiotics can be considered as first-line therapy. In unfit patients without these high-risk CT findings, the antibiotics-first approach is recommended, and surgery may be considered if antibiotic treatment fails. In unfit patients with high-risk CT findings, perioperative risk assessment as well as patient preferences should be considered. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Acute appendicitis affects 96.5 to 100 people per 100â¯000 adults per year worldwide. Appendectomy remains first-line therapy for acute appendicitis, but treatment with antibiotics rather than surgery is appropriate in selected patients with uncomplicated appendicitis.