Labelling fish diets with 15 N -Leucine for monitoring feed consumption and bio-distribution in Atlantic salmon.

Feeding represents 50-70% of the cost of production in salmon farming, higher than any other animal farm. The improvement of this percentage is challenging as the food is thrown into the fish tank, there is no quantification of the amount of food that is consumed by the fish. In consequence, it is difficult to adjust the food composition making it more nutritive or promoting food consumption by fish. In this study, to investigate food consumption, bio-distribution and food residues, leucine containing 15 N (a stable isotope of nitrogen) was used to label the fish food. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) weighing 100-120 g were maintained in 30 L tanks at a density of 14 kg/m3 . Fishes were fed daily at 1% of the fish weight with pellet labelled with 15 N-leucine. The 15 N incorporation was determined 14 hours after the feeding in all the fish organs. Results showed that 14 hours after the administration of a single dose of labelled food to Atlantic salmon enables the detection of the tracer in the whole organism allowing determining the food consumption. Through the analysis of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), we showed that the trunk, pyloric caeca and head incorporate the highest level of the marker (72.7, 8.7 and 5.7%, respectively). This methodology would permit monitoring feeding to minimize food loss, improve administration methodologies or select the preferred foods for the fish, among others to reduce production costs.

Assessment of runoff using 7Be in vineyards in the central valley of Chile.

In Chile, erosion processes (on-site and off-site impact) affect at least 36.9 million ha-1, representing 49% of the total land area. Different regions show severe soil degradation mainly caused by water erosion processes. The importance of sediment-associated transport and the key role of soil erosion affect the fertility of the land and the contamination of water bodies. The aim of this work was to estimate the erosion rate, caused by the rainfall in Apalta vineyards in the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region of Chile using isotope techniques, assessing the 7Be runoff during four years (2009-2012). The 7Be distribution mass depth at a reference site ranged from 7 to 24 kg m-2 in the first two centimetres soil layer. Even when the vineyards have been well managed, the topographic characteristics and the climatic conditions facilitated soil erosion, with average rates of 50.4, 23.5, 50.6 and 67.3 tons ha-1 y-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. The robustness of the 7Be technique demonstrated the advantage of a non-soil-destructive methodology to calculate soil distribution and erosion rates.

[Biopsychosocial approach in a multidisciplinary intervention: a report of a case of a newborn with mentally disabled parents]. / Enfoque biopsicosocial en una intervención multidisciplinar: a propósito de un caso de maternidad de una pareja con discapacidad psíquica.

A case report is presented of a newborn who was seen by the paediatric nurse a Primary Care clinic, and whose parents had mental disabilities. They had been followed up for years by the social services in their area, due to difficulties and limitations in their personal, social and employment development. They were also living in unhealthy conditions, so in order to address the problem, a multidisciplinary team of professionals from different areas was formed. We prepared a standardised care plan based on the model of the basic needs of Virginia Henderson. Using taxonomies of the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA), Nursing Outcomes Classification's (NOC) and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC) "knowledge poor" and "parental impairment" diagnoses were made. The nursing and social work goals were to make an assessment, support and use comprehensive biopsychosocial family monitoring to enable the child to grow and develop in the best possible conditions, to monitor child protection and try to improve the living conditions of the home. The child and parents were initially monitored weekly and then monthly. The assessment showed an improvement in care: "background: infant care," "risk control: drug abuse" "child care: psychological security" and "execution of the role of parents." The joint and coordinated work of the various services involved was focused towards achieving the goals set, in order to give biopsychosocial care to the baby and family.

Pesticide risk management using indicators for vineyards in the central valley of Chile.

The Apalta catchment is a wine-producing area of 1300 ha, lying south of Santiago, located in the Colchagua Valley, near Santa Cruz in the VI Region of Chile. The vineyards are planted on slopes of up to 22 degrees, the rows being aligned mainly down the slope. This cropping system and its management lead to a potential contamination of natural resources. To assess the risk of environmental contamination due to the application of pesticides in different pest control strategies, indicators at a field level were derived according to a step-by-step procedure. Using these indicators, runoff was found to be the main process of impact. The different pest control strategies in this catchment caused different potential risks, though these in general were low.