N-Feruloyl Serotonin Attenuates Neuronal Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Aß25-35-Treated Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells.

Amyloid-beta (Aß) aggregation and deposition have been identified as a critical feature in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with a series of functional alterations including neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis. N-feruloyl serotonin (FS) is a plant-derived component that exerts antioxidant activity. This study investigated the protective effects of FS on Aß25-35-treated neuronal damage by regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. The radical scavenging activities increased with the concentration of FS, exhibiting in vitro antioxidant activity. The Aß25-35-treated SH-SY5Y cells exerted neuronal cell injury by decreased cell viability and elevated reactive oxygen species, but that was recovered by FS treatment. In addition, treatment of FS increased anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) and decreased the pro-apoptotic factor Bcl-2-associated X protein. The FS attenuated Aß-stimulated neuronal apoptosis by regulations of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Moreover, activated CREB-BDNF signaling was observed by the treatment of FS in Aß25-35-induced SH-SY5Y cells. These results demonstrate that FS shows potential neuroprotective effects on Aß25-35-induced neuronal damage by attenuation of oxidative stress and apoptosis, and suggest that FS may be considered a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.

Herbal Mixture of Carthamus tinctorius L. Seed and Taraxacum coreanum Attenuates Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction In Vivo.

Deposition of amyloid-beta (Aß) in the aging brain has been often observed and is thought to be a pathological feature of Alzheimer's disease. The use of natural products for disease prevention and treatment is gaining attention worldwide. Carthamus tinctorius L. seed and Taraxacum coreanum have been used as traditional medicines in Asian countries, where they have been reported to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. It has been demonstrated that the combination of C. tinctorius L. seed and T. coreanum has an effect on cognitive enhancement, indicating a ratio of 5:5 synergistically enhancing learning and memory abilities in comparison with a single treatment. Here, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of C. tinctorius L. seed and T. coreanum mixture (CT) at different concentrations on cognition in Aß25-35-infused mice. CT-administered mice showed significant cognitive improvement in the T-maze, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Moreover, amyloidogenesis-related proteins, such as ß-secretase and γ-secretase, were detected and their protein levels decreased after treatment with CT. Our study shows that CT attenuates cognitive dysfunction by improving learning and memory capability and regulating Aß-related proteins in Aß25-35-injected mice. These findings suggest that CT might be a candidate for functional food on cognitive improvement.

Artificial Intelligence-Based Recognition of Different Types of Shoulder Implants in X-ray Scans Based on Dense Residual Ensemble-Network for Personalized Medicine.

Re-operations and revisions are often performed in patients who have undergone total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA). This necessitates an accurate recognition of the implant model and manufacturer to set the correct apparatus and procedure according to the patient's anatomy as personalized medicine. Owing to unavailability and ambiguity in the medical data of a patient, expert surgeons identify the implants through a visual comparison of X-ray images. False steps cause heedlessness, morbidity, extra monetary weight, and a waste of time. Despite significant advancements in pattern recognition and deep learning in the medical field, extremely limited research has been conducted on classifying shoulder implants. To overcome these problems, we propose a robust deep learning-based framework comprised of an ensemble of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to classify shoulder implants in X-ray images of different patients. Through our rotational invariant augmentation, the size of the training dataset is increased 36-fold. The modified ResNet and DenseNet are then combined deeply to form a dense residual ensemble-network (DRE-Net). To evaluate DRE-Net, experiments were executed on a 10-fold cross-validation on the openly available shoulder implant X-ray dataset. The experimental results showed that DRE-Net achieved an accuracy, F1-score, precision, and recall of 85.92%, 84.69%, 85.33%, and 84.11%, respectively, which were higher than those of the state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, we confirmed the generalization capability of our network by testing it in an open-world configuration, and the effectiveness of rotational invariant augmentation.

Deep Learning-Based Multinational Banknote Type and Fitness Classification with the Combined Images by Visible-Light Reflection and Infrared-Light Transmission Image Sensors.

Automatic sorting of banknotes in payment facilities, such as automated payment machines or vending machines, consists of many tasks such as recognition of banknote type, classification of fitness for recirculation, and counterfeit detection. Previous studies addressing these problems have mostly reported separately on each of these classification tasks and for a specific type of currency only. In other words, there has been little research conducted considering a combination of these multiple tasks, such as classification of banknote denomination and fitness of banknotes, as well as considering a multinational currency condition of the method. To overcome this issue, we propose a multinational banknote type and fitness classification method that both recognizes the denomination and input direction of banknotes and determines whether the banknote is suitable for reuse or should be replaced by a new one. We also propose a method for estimating the fitness value of banknotes and the consistency of the estimation results among input trials of a banknote. Our method is based on a combination of infrared-light transmission and visible-light reflection images of the input banknote and uses deep-learning techniques with a convolutional neural network. The experimental results on a dataset composed of Indian rupee (INR), Korean won (KRW), and United States dollar (USD) banknote images with mixture of two and three fitness levels showed that the proposed method gives good performance in the combination condition of currency types and classification tasks.

Repair of rabbit radial bone defects using bone morphogenetic protein-2 combined with 3D porous silk fibroin/ß-tricalcium phosphate hybrid scaffolds.

Our study aimed to investigate the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) bound to silk fibroin and ß-tricalcium phosphate (SF/ß-TCP) hybrid on the healing of critical-size radial defects in rabbits. A 15-mm critical-size defect was induced at mid-diaphysis in the left radius of 20 New Zealand white rabbits (average age, 3.5 months; weight, 2.5-3.0 kg). The animals were randomized into Group 1 (SF/ß-TCP combined with BMP-2), Group 2 (SF/ß-TCP alone), and Group 3 (nothing implanted). Radiographs were obtained every 2 weeks and euthanasia was performed after 8 weeks for visual, radiological, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), and histological studies. Eight weeks after implantation (SF/ß-TCP combined with BMP-2), radiographs showed that new bone formed on the surface of the implant and had bridged the defect in Group 1. Micro-CT imaging also confirmed the formation of new bone around the implant, and the newly formed bone was quantified. Histological examination revealed newly formed bone in the implanted area. Meanwhile, there was no formation of new bone in Group 3. Among the groups, most active formation of new bones was found in Group 1, while there was no difference between Group 2 and Group 3. Based on these results, we concluded that BMP-2-SF/ß-TCP showed significant improvement in healing of critical-size defects. Therefore, the combination of BMP-2 and SF/ß-TCP would be useful in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Beraprost enhances the APC function of B cells by upregulating CD86 expression levels.

Lipid mediators are emerging as important regulators of the immune system. Based on our previous result that shows strong expression of prostacyclin synthase in the germinal center, we investigated whether prostacyclin would regulate the APC function of B cells. Owing to the very short half-life of prostacyclin in experimental conditions, we used a more stable analog, beraprost. Beraprost increased the amounts of the costimulatory molecule CD86 but not CD80 on the surface of activated B cells in time- and dose-dependent manners. However, the enhancing effect of beraprost was not observed on memory B cells, centroblasts, and centrocytes. Beraprost required BCR and CD40 signals to upregulate CD86 expression levels. Other prostanoids such as PGE(2), 6-keto-PGF(1α), and PGF(2α) failed to alter CD86 expression levels, whereas other prostacyclin analogs were as potent as beraprost. Results carried out with receptor antagonists revealed that beraprost enhanced CD86 levels by binding to prostacyclin receptor IP and by increasing intracellular cAMP concentrations. Beraprost-treated B cells potently stimulated allogeneic T cells, which was significantly abolished by CD86 neutralization. Our data imply an unrecognized cellular and molecular mechanism about the germinal center reactions.

Usefulness of ultrasonography in the treatment of nasal bone fractures.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasonography has recently been used in assessment and diagnosis of maxillofacial trauma because it is easy and quick to perform, inexpensive, portable, and noninvasive. The aim of this study was to estimate ultrasonography as an intraoperative repositioning control of nasal bone fractures. METHODS: We studied 32 patients with suspected nasal bone fracture. We performed preoperative computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of the type and extent of nasal bone fractures. We also took external photographs for evaluation of external deviation of the nose and nasal deformity. During surgery, we performed real-time ultrasonography-guided closed reduction using a 10 MHz linear transducer. After 1 year, we performed postoperative evaluation with CT and external photography. We classified patients into three groups according to their CT score. RESULTS: Patients were 23 males and 9 females aged 8-39 years. Clinical symptoms were pain, nasal swelling, nasal bleeding, and localized depression at the trauma site. In almost all patients, postoperative external photographs showed a symmetrical nasal dorsum without external deformity, and postoperative CT showed stabilization of bony fragments and good alignment of the nasal bone. Postoperatively, the CT score was 3 (excellent) in 25 patients, 2 (good) in 5 patients, and 1 (fair) in 2 patients. CONCLUSION: We suggest that ultrasonography is very useful for evaluating intraoperative repositioning of nasal bone fractures.

Expression of CD320 in human B cells in addition to follicular dendritic cells.

CD320 has been recently discovered and reported as a follicular dendritic cell (FDC) protein. Although CD320 is known to enhance proliferation of germinal center (GC) B cells, little other information is available. In this study, we investigated its cellular distribution in the GC. Confocal microscopy of human tonsil sections revealed co-localization of CD320 with CD19 and CD38 but not with CD3 indicating that GC B cells expressed CD320 in addition to FDC. In purified GC B cells, CD320 expression was inhibited in the nucleus, membrane and cytoplasm. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction confirmed CD320 mRNA expression in B cells. These finding indicate that CD320 is expressed in B cells in addition to FDC, and that its GC activity may be more complicated than previously thought.

Prostacyclin production is not controlled by prostacyclin synthase but by cyclooxygenase-2 in a human follicular dendritic cell line, HK.

We have recently demonstrated that human follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) strongly express prostacyclin synthase. The purpose of this study is to investigate the production mechanism of prostacyclin using the established human FDC line, HK. The levels of PGIS protein expression did not vary during the different stages of the cell cycle. We stimulated HK cells with various inflammatory cytokines but, none of the tested stimuli modulated PGIS expression significantly. However, incubation of HK cells with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gave rise to a significant increase in the protein level of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2. Furthermore, elevated levels of prostacyclin secretion stimulated by TNF-alpha were markedly down-regulated by indomethacin and a selective COX-2 inhibitor. These results suggest that the production of prostacyclin in FDC is controlled by the regulation of upstream COX-2 but not by terminal PGIS protein production. This study has important implications for the development of new anti-inflammatory drugs.