Arthroscopic Treatment of Septic Arthritis of the Shoulder: Technical Pearls to Reduce the Rate of Reoperation.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical experience with arthroscopic debridement for septic arthritis of the shoulder joint and to report on our patient outcomes. METHODS: The retrospective analysis included 36 shoulders (male:female, 15:21), contributed by 35 patients (mean age, 63.8 years) treated by arthroscopy for septic arthritis of the shoulder between November 2003 and February 2016. The mean follow-up period was 14.3 months (range, 12-33 months). An additional posterolateral portal and a 70º arthroscope was used to access the posteroinferior glenohumeral (GH) joint and posteroinferior subacromial (SA) space, respectively. Irrigation was performed with a large volume of fluid (25.1±8.1 L). Multiple suction drains (average, 3.3 drains) were inserted into the GH joint and SA space and removed 8.9±4.3 days after surgery. Intravenous antibiotics were administered for 3.9±1.8 weeks after surgery, followed by oral antibiotic treatment for another 3.6±1.9 weeks. RESULTS: Among the 36 shoulders, reoperation was required in two cases (5.6%). The average range of motion achieved was 150.0º for forward flexion and T9 for internal rotation. The mean simple shoulder test score was 7.9±3.6 points. Nineteen shoulders (52.8%) had acupuncture or injection history prior to the infection. Pathogens were identified in 15 shoulders, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most commonly identified pathogen (10/15). Both the GH joint and the SA space were involved in 21 shoulders, while 14 cases involved only the GH joint and one case involved only the SA space. CONCLUSIONS: Complete debridement using an additional posterolateral portal and 70º arthroscope, a large volume of irrigation with >20 L of saline, and multiple suction drains may reduce the reoperation rate.

Comparison of Treatments for Superior Labrum-Biceps Complex Lesions With Concomitant Rotator Cuff Repair: A Prospective, Randomized, Comparative Analysis of Debridement, Biceps Tenotomy, and Biceps Tenodesis.

PURPOSE: To compare the clinical outcomes in patients with concomitant superior labrum-biceps complex (SLBC) lesions and rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, according to 3 different treatment methods (simple debridement, biceps tenotomy, or biceps tenodesis) for the SLBC lesions. METHODS: One hundred twenty patients who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with SLBC lesions (biceps partial tears <50%, partial pulley lesions, and type II SLAP lesions) were enrolled in this prospective comparative study and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups (simple debridement [Deb], biceps tenotomy only [BTo], or biceps tenodesis with one suture anchor [BTd]). Patients with isolated subscapularis tears or osteoarthritis were excluded. Finally, 86 patients (Deb in 28, BTo in 27, and BTd in 31) were analyzed (mean follow-up, 22.1 ± 7.72 months; mean age, 58.98 ± 7.8 years). Pain; functional, clinical, and radiologic outcomes; and the strength index of elbow flexion and forearm supination were analyzed. RESULTS: Pain, range of motion, and functional scores significantly improved postoperatively in all 3 groups, with no significant differences across groups. At the 6-month follow-up, 8 patients reported cramping pain (5 Deb patients, 2 BTo patients, and 1 BTd patient), but the pain improved in most patients over time (with cramping pain reported by zero Deb patients, 1 BTo patient, and 1 BTd patient at final follow-up). Bicipital groove tenderness significantly improved in the BTo group postoperatively (P = .006). The Popeye deformity was noted in 10 patients (37.0%) in the BTo group, 8 (25.8%) in the BTd group, and only 2 (7.1%) in the Deb group (P = .029). On radiologic examination, the presence of tenodesis of the biceps tendons on the bicipital groove showed low agreement with the presence of the Popeye deformity (observed in 13 of 20 patients with the deformity, 65%). On strength index analysis, the BTo group showed lower forearm supination strength (0.877 ± 0.44) compared with that in the other groups (1.29 ± 0.525 in the Deb group and 1.12 ± 0.451 in the BTd group, P = .049). CONCLUSIONS: All 3 treatments improved pain and function. Simple debridement showed the lowest risk of the Popeye deformity and preserved forearm supination strength. Biceps tenotomy and tenodesis may be preferable for selected patients: biceps tenotomy for patients with definite bicipital groove tenderness and biceps tenodesis for patients, especially male patients, with bicipital groove tenderness who want to preserve supination strength. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level II, prospective comparative study.

Pedicle subtraction osteotomy in elderly patients with degenerative sagittal imbalance.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective, radiographical analysis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) as a means of correcting severe degenerative sagittal imbalance in elderly patients. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: PSO in patients with degenerative sagittal imbalance is likely to cause more complications than in patients with iatrogenic flatback deformity. METHODS: This study analyzed 34 patients who underwent fusion to the sacrum, with a minimum 2-year follow-up. Age of the patients were in the range from 58 to 73 with the mean at 65.5 years. PSO was performed at one segment in all cases, consisting of L3 (n = 26), L4 (n = 4), L2 (n = 3), and L1 (n = 1). The average number of levels fused was 8.15. Ten patients had structural interbody fusion at the lumbosacral junction. RESULTS: Applying PSO at one segment, the mean correction of the lordotic angle at the osteotomy site was 33.3°, of which the loss of correction (LOC) was 4.0° at the last visit. The correction of lumbar lordosis was 33.7° and the LOC was 8.5°. The sagittal C7 plumb was 215.9 mm before surgery, corrected to 35.1 mm after surgery, and changed to 95.9 mm by the last visit. The correction of the sagittal C7 plumb was 119.9 mm and the LOC was 60.9 mm. There was substantial LOC in lumbar lordosis and sagittal C7 plumb. In 10 patients with addition of posterior lumbar interbody fusion, the LOC of lumbar lordosis was 7.4°, which was less than 9° in those without it. CONCLUSION: PSO for the correction of degenerative sagittal imbalance in elderly patients resulted in correction of sagittal alignment with a significant LOC of lumbar lordosis and sagittal C7 plumb. The LOC of lumbar lordosis occurred at both the osteotomy and non-osteotomy site. The addition of anterior column support is helpful to maintain correction and reduce complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.

Glomus tumor as a cause of coccydynia.

Glomus coccygeum is a network of glomus bodies located around pericoccygeal soft tissue. The question of whether it accounts for coccydynia has been debated. We report on a patient whose preoperative symptoms suggested the impression of glomus tumor of the coccyx; pain was relieved after removal of the lesion without coccygectomy. A 57-year-old woman was referred to us with a history of a pain in the coccygeal area lasting longer than 3 years. The patient complained of sharp pain whenever pressure was applied to the coccyx. Pain was aggravated by exposure to cold. MRI revealed a coccygeal lesion measuring 2 cm with a well-circumscribed margin. The lesion was excised without removal of any portion of the coccyx. The pathology report confirmed a glomus tumor, which was an identical finding to the conventional one of the subungual region. Ten months after surgery, she had no pain on the coccygeal region and no difficulty with sitting on a chair and in performing activities of daily living. Findings reported here suggest that although most glomus bodies are normal anatomical variants, development of a glomus tumor could occur in the coccygeal region and could be a cause of coccydynia.