Reorganization of H3K9me heterochromatin leads to neuronal impairment via the cascading destruction of the KDM3B-centered epigenomic network.

Histone H3K9 methylated heterochromatin silences repetitive non-coding sequences and lineage-specific genes during development, but how tissue-specific genes escape from heterochromatin in differentiated cells is unclear. Here, we examine age-dependent transcriptomic profiling of terminally differentiated mouse retina to identify epigenetic regulators involved in heterochromatin reorganization. The single-cell RNA sequencing analysis reveals a gradual downregulation of Kdm3b in cone photoreceptors during aging. Disruption of Kdm3b (Kdm3b +/- ) of 12-month-old mouse retina leads to the decreasing number of cones via apoptosis, and it changes the morphology of cone ribbon synapses. Integration of the transcriptome with epigenomic analysis in Kdm3b +/- retinas demonstrates gains of heterochromatin features in synapse assembly and vesicle transport genes that are downregulated via the accumulation of H3K9me1/2. Contrarily, losses of heterochromatin in apoptotic genes exacerbated retinal neurodegeneration. We propose that the KDM3B-centered epigenomic network is crucial for balancing of cone photoreceptor homeostasis via the modulation of gene set-specific heterochromatin features during aging.

Sphingomonas cremea sp. nov., isolated from ginseng soil.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, cream-coloured strain (G124T) was isolated from ginseng soil collected in Yeongju, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain G124T belongs to a distinct lineage within the genus Sphingomonas (family Sphingomonadaceae, order Sphingomonadales and class Alphaproteobacteria). Strain G124T was closely related to Sphingomonas rhizophila THG-T61T (98.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Sphingomonas mesophila SYSUP0001T (98.3 %), Sphingomonas edaphi DAC4T (97.6 %) and Sphingomonas jaspsi TDMA-16T (97.6 %). The strain contained ubiquinone 10 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipid profile of strain G124T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain G124T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c/C18 : 1 ω6c; 33.4 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c; 27.2 %) and C16 : 0 (18.3 %). The genome size of strain G124T was 2 549 305 bp. The genomic DNA G+C content is 62.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain G124T and other Sphingomonas species were in the range of 71.2-75.9 % and 18.7-19.9 %, respectively. Based on the polyphasic analysis such as biochemical, phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain G124T represents a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas, for which the name Sphingomonas cremea sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G124T (=KACC 21691T=LMG 31729T).

Microvirga terrestris sp. nov., and Microvirga arvi sp. nov., isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod shaped bacterial strains BT290T and BT689T were isolated from soil collected in South Korea. Colony morphologies of both strains were circular and convex while the colors of BT290T and BT689T were light-pink and white, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that BT290T and BT689T belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Microvirga (family Methylobacteriaceae, order Rhizobiales, class Alphaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria, kingdom Bacteria). The 16S rR NA gene sequence similarity between two strains was 97.9%. Both strains had the similar quinone system, with ubiquinone 10 (Q-10) as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strains BT290T and BT689T were phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT290T were C18:1 ω7c (58.2%) and C16:0 (17.7%), while those of strain BT689T were C18:1 ω7c (61.8%) and C16:0 (10.8%). On the bases of polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic, and biochemical), strains BT290T and BT689T can be suggested as novel bacterial species within the genus Microvirga and the proposed names are Microvirga terrestris and Microvirga arvi, respectively. The type strain of Microvirga terrestris is BT290T (= KCTC 72367T = NBRC 114844T) and the type strain of Microvirga arvi is BT689T (= KACC 22016T = NBRC 114858T), respectively.

Nocardioides panacis sp. nov., isolated from soil of a ginseng field.

A bacterial strain designated as G188T was isolated from ginseng field soil in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain G188T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Nocardioides, family Nocardioidaceae, order Propionibacteriales. Sequence similarity revealed that strain G188T was most closely related to Nocardioides iriomotensis IR27-S3T (97.7 % 16S rRNA similarity). The genome size of strain G188T was 4 901 775 bp, and the genomic DNA G+C content was 72.3 mol%. The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization values with other Nocardioides species were less than 75.6 and 20.1 %, respectively. The main fatty acids of strain G188T were C17 : 0, C17 : 1 ω8c and iso-C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol, and the major respiratory quinone was menaquinone 8, supporting that strain G188T was affiliated with the genus Nocardioides. Based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, the novel species Nocardioides panacis G188T (KACC 21695T=LMG 31733T) is proposed.

Microvirga splendida sp. nov., bacteria isolated from soil.

Two bacterial strains, BT325T and BT690, were isolated from soil samples collected in Korea. Both strains were Gram stain-negative, short rod-shaped, and formed light-pink colored colonies. The 16S rRNA sequence similarity of strains BT325T and BT690 shared a sequence similarity of 99.7%. Both strains shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 98.6% with Microvirga arabica SV2184PT, followed by Microvirga ossetica V5/3 M T (98.5% and 98.2%, respectively), Microvirga soli R491T (98.3% and 98.2%, respectively), Microvirga aerilata (98.2% and 98.08%, respectively), Microvirga makkahensis (98.08% and 97.8%, respectively). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BT325T and BT690 were positioned in a distinct lineage within the family Methylobacteriaceae (order Rhizobiales, class Alphaproteobacteria). The genome size of strain BT325T was 5,200,315 bp and the genomic DNA G + C content was 64.3 mol%. The sole respiratory quinone of strain BT325T was Q-10 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c/C16:1 ω6c) and summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c). The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine. Polyphasic taxonomic analysis of biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analyses suggested that strains BT325T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Microvirga, for which the name Microvirga splendida is proposed. The type strain of Microvirga splendida is BT325T (= KCTC 72406 T = NBRC 114847 T).

Microvirga jeongseonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil in South Korea.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, convex, and light pink-colored strain BT688T was isolated from a soil sample collected in Jeongseon City, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain BT688T belongs to a distinct lineage within the genus Microvirga (family Methylobacteriaceae, order Rhizobiales, class Alphaproteobacteria, phylum Proteobacteria). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain BT688T and Microvirga aerilata 5420S-16T was 98.5%. Strain BT688T had Q-10 as a major respiratory quinone and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidilglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), and phosphatidylcholine (PC). The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT688T were C18:1 ω7c (76.0%) and summed feature 3 (9.6%). Based on the polyphasic characteristics, strain BT688T represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Microvirga and the proposed name is Microvirga jeongseonensis. The type strain of Microvirga jeongseonensis is BT688T (= KCTC 82701T = NBRC 114857T).

Hymenobacter armeniacus sp. nov. and Hymenobacter montanus sp. nov., two radiation-resistant bacteria from soil.

Two bacterial strains, designated BT189T and BT664T, were isolated from soil sampled in the Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains BT189T and BT664T belonged to the genus Hymenobacter, family Hymenobacteraceae (order Cytophagales). The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 93.7 %. The closely related species of strain BT189T were Hymenobacter rubidus DG7BT (97.1 % 16S rRNA similarity) and Hymenobacter terrae DG7AT (96.7 %). The closest related species to strain BT664T were Hymenobacter sedentarius DG5BT (95.3 %) and Hymenobacter terrenus MIMtkLc17T (95.2 %). The genome sizes of strains BT189T and BT664T were 5 285 287 and 5 475 357 bp, respectively. The genomic DNA G+C contents of strains BT189T and BT664T were 63.2 and 59.3 mol%, respectively. The main fatty acids of strain BT189T were iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c), and those of strain BT664T were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c). The main polar lipid in both strains was phosphatidylethanolamine and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7, supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the results of biochemical, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, two novel species, Hymenobacter armeniacus BT189T (=KCTC 72341T=NBRC 114843T) and Hymenobacter montanus BT664T (KACC 21967T=NBRC 114856T), are proposed.

Larkinella humicola sp. nov., a gamma radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from soil.

A Gram-negative, short rod-shaped, and pink-pigmented bacterial strain, designated MA1T, was isolated from a soil sample from Gijang-gun, Busan in Republic of Korea. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain MA1T belonged to the genus Larkinella and was closely related to "Larkinella punicea" (97.5% similarity), Larkinella rosea 15J16-1T3AT (96.5%), and Larkinella knui 15J6-3T6T (96.2%). Polar lipid profile of strain MA1T contained phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, and three unidentified lipids. Menaquinone-7 was the only quinone and the main fatty acids were C16:1 ω5c (36.7%), iso-C15:0 (30.0%), iso-C17:0 3-OH (7.7%), and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c and/or C16:1 ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH) (7.3%). The genomic DNA G + C content was 52.3 mol% based on the whole-genome analysis. Strain MA1T exhibited a relatively low level of ANI and in silico DDH values with "Larkinella punicea" (91.9 and 47.1%, respectively), Larkinella rosea (79.7 and 23.3%), and Larkinella knui (81.9 and 25.7%). Based on its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain MA1T should be classified in the genus Larkinella as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Larkinella humicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA1T (= KCTC 72629T = NBRC 114191T).

Degradation of DRAK1 by CUL3/SPOP E3 Ubiquitin ligase promotes tumor growth of paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer cells.

Despite favorable responses to initial chemotherapy, drug resistance is a major cause limiting chemotherapeutic efficacy in many advanced cancers. However, mechanisms that drive drug-specific resistance in chemotherapy for patients with advanced cancers are still unclear. Here, we report a unique role of death-associated protein kinase-related apoptosis-inducing kinase 1 (DRAK1) associated with paclitaxel resistance in cervical cancer cells. Interestingly, DRAK1 protein level was markedly decreased in paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer cells without affecting its mRNA expression, which resulted in an increase in tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) expression, as well as an activation of TRAF6-mediated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling cascade, thereby promoting tumor progression. DRAK1 depletion markedly increased the chemotherapeutic IC50 values of paclitaxel in cervical cancer cells. Ectopic expression of DRAK1 inhibited growth of paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, DRAK1 was markedly underexpressed in chemoresistant cervical cancer patient tissues compared with chemosensitive samples. We found that DRAK1 protein was destabilized through K48-linked polyubiquitination promoted by the Cullin scaffold protein 3 (CUL3) / speckle-type POZ (poxvirus and zinc finger protein) protein (SPOP) E3 ubiquitin ligase in paclitaxel-resistant cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that DRAK1 may serve as a potential predictive biomarker for overcoming paclitaxel resistance in cervical cancer.

Hymenobacter telluris sp. nov., isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel bacterial strains, designated as BT186T and BT505, were isolated from a soil sample collected in South Korea and characterized. Both strains were Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, circular, convex, and had red-colored colonies. The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strains BT186T and BT505 was 100%, indicating that they represent an identical species. 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that strains BT186T and BT505 belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia, phylum Bacteroidetes, Kingdom Bacteria). Both strains were closely related to Hymenobacter norwichensis DSM 15439T (98.3% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter aquaticus JCM 31653T (96.8%), and Hymenobacter perfusus LMG26000T (96.5%). Strain BT186T was found to have the MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipid of strain BT186T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). The major cellular fatty acid profiles of strain BT186T were C16:1 ω5c (24.3%), iso-C15:0 (20.3%) and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c) (19.9%). Characterization based on polyphasic analysis indicated that strains BT186T and BT505 represent novel species of the genus Hymenobacter and the name Hymenobacter telluris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Hymenobacter telluris is BT186T (= KCTC 72338T = NBRC 114968T).

Description of Vishniacozyma terrae sp. nov. and Dioszegia terrae sp. nov., Two Novel Basidiomycetous Yeast Species Isolated from Soil in Korea.

Two strains, YP344 and YP579 were isolated from soil samples in Pocheon City, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea. The strains YP344 and YP579 belong to the genus Vishniacozyma and Dioszegia, respectively. The molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain YP344 was closely related to Vishniacozyma peneaus. Strain YP344T differed by four nucleotide substitutions with no gap (0.70%) in the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene and 16 nucleotide substitutions with 8 gaps (5.76%) in the ITS region. On the other hand, the strain YP579T varied from the type strain of the most closely related species, Dioszegia zsoltii var. zsoltii, by 6 nucleotide substitutions with four gaps (1.64%) in the D1/D2 domain of LSU rRNA gene and 26 nucleotide substitutions with 14 gaps (8.16%) in the ITS region. Therefore, the name Vishniacozyma terrae sp. nov. and Dioszegia terrae sp. nov. are proposed, with type strains YP344T (KCTC27988T) and YP579T (KCTC 27998T), respectively.

Mrakia terrae sp. nov. and Mrakia soli sp. nov., Two Novel Basidiomycetous Yeast Species Isolated from Soil in Korea.

Three strains, YP416T, YP421T, and Y422, were isolated from soil samples in Pocheon City, Gyeonggi province, South Korea. The strains belong to two novel yeast species in the genus Mrakia. Molecular phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain YP416T was closely related to Mrakia niccombsii. Still, it differed by 9 nucleotide substitutions with no gap (1.51%) in the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene and 14 nucleotide substitutions with 7 gaps (2.36%) in the ITS region. The strain YP421T differed from the type strain of the most closely related species, Mrakia aquatica, by 5 nucleotide substitutions with no gap (0.81%) in the D1/D2 domain of the LSU rRNA gene and 9 nucleotide substitutions with one gap (1.43%) in the ITS region. The names Mrakia terrae sp. nov. and Mrakia soli sp. nov. are proposed, with type strains YP416T (KCTC 27886T) and YP421T (KCTC 27890T), respectively. MycoBank numbers of the strains YP416T and YP421T are MB 836844 and MB 836847, respectively.

Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov., radiation resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains BT190T and BT191 were isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city (37°44'55″N, 127°02'20″E), Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT190T and BT191 belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia). The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the strains BT190T and BT190 was 99.5%. The strains BT190T and BT191 were closely related to Hymenobacter swuensis DY53T (97.0% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter metallilatus 9PBR-2 T (96.8%), Hymenobacter tibetensis XTM003T (96.8%) and Hymenobacter yonginensis HMD1010T (96.6%). The genome size of strain BT190T was 4,859,864 bp. The DNA G+C content of strain BT190T was 55.3 mol%. Bacterial growth was observed at 4-30 °C (optimum 25 °C) and pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) on R2A agar. Colonies of strains BT190T and BT191 were raised, smooth, circular and red-pink colored. The sole respiratory quinone of strain BT190T was MK-7 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15:0, C16:1 ω5c, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c / C16:1 ω7c) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I / anteiso-C17:1 B). The major polar lipids of strain BT190T were aminophospholipid (APL) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Based on the chemotaxonomic, biochemical, and phylogenetic analysis, strains BT190T and BT191 can be suggested as a novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter puniceus sp. nov is proposed. The type strain of Hymenobacter puniceus is BT190T (= KCTC 72342 T = NBRC 114860 T).

Switchable liquid shutter operated by electrowetting for security of mobile electronics.

This paper presents a new type of switchable liquid shutter for the security and design of mobile electronic devices. The operation test of the liquid shutter is conducted using a prototype sample prepared by standard microfabrication processes. The liquid shutter consists of an opaque liquid for absorbing light and a transparent oil for transmitting light on two parallel plates with patterned indium titanium oxide electrodes. The liquid shutter can be opened and closed by sequentially applying an electrical voltage to the patterned electrodes owing to an electrowetting principle. The switching time of the liquid shutter is measured using a high-speed camera and is found to take about 550 ms to open the shutter and 240 ms to close the shutter at 70 Vrms (1 kHz). To validate the applicability of the liquid shutter, the operation of liquid shutters with different colored liquids mounted on a smartphone is successfully demonstrated. The proposed liquid shutter not only allows a simple design to be easily miniaturized and integrated with electronic devices but also provides a robust and fast switching operation.

Organoids for the Study of Retinal Development and Developmental Abnormalities.

The cumulative knowledge of retina development has been instrumental in the generation of retinal organoid systems from pluripotent stem cells; and these three-dimensional organoid models, in turn, have provided unprecedented opportunities for retinal research and translational applications, including the ability to model disease in a human setting and to apply these models to the development and validation of therapeutic drugs. In this review article, we examine how retinal organoids can also contribute to our understanding of retinal developmental mechanisms, how this knowledge can be applied to modeling developmental abnormalities, and highlight some of the avenues that remain to be explored.

Spirosoma profusum sp. nov., and Spirosoma validum sp. nov., radiation-resistant bacteria isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterial strains BT702T and BT704T were isolated from soil collected in Jeongseon (37° 22' 45″ N, 128° 39' 53″ E), Gangwon province, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strains BT702T and BT704T belong to distinct lineage within the genus Spirosoma (family Cytophagaceae, order Cytophagales, class Cytophagia and phylum Bacteroidetes). The strain BT702T was closely related to Spirosoma flavus 15J11-2T (96.7% 16S rRNA gene similarity) and Spirosoma metallilatum TX0405T (93.3%). The strain BT704T was closely related to Spirosoma koreense 15J8-5T (94.6%), Spirosoma endophyticum DSM 26130T (93.8%) and Spirosoma humi S7-4-1T (93.8%). The genome sizes of type strains BT702T and BT704T are 8,731,341 bp and 8,221,062 bp, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strains BT702T and BT704T were C16:1 ω5c and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c). The strains were found to have the same quinone system, with MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone. The major polar lipids of strain BT702T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), aminophospholipid (APL) and aminolipid (AL), while that of strain BT704T consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and aminophospholipid (APL). Based on the polyphasic analysis (phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical), strains BT702T and BT704T can be suggested as two new bacterial species within the genus Spirosoma and the proposed names are Spirosoma profusum and Spirosoma validum, respectively. The type strain of Spirosoma profusum is BT702T (= KCTC 82115T = NBRC 114859T) and type strain of Spirosoma validum is BT704T (= KCTC 82114T = NBRC 114966T).

Hymenobacter citatus sp. nov., isolated from soil in South Korea.

Two novel Gram-negative bacterial strains, BT507T and BT506, were isolated from soil collected in Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that both strains BT507T and BT506 belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Hymenobacter (family Hymenobacteraceae; order Cytophagales; class Cytophagia). The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 100.0%. Strains BT507T and BT506 are closely related to Hymenobacter profundi M2T (97.2% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Hymenobacter defluvii POA9T (97.1%), and Hymenobacter tenuis POB6T (95.3%). The genome size of strain BT507T is 5,078,289 base pairs. Bacterial growth was observed at 10-37 °C (optimum 25 °C) and pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 6.0). The primary cellular fatty acids of strain BT507T are iso-C15:0, C16:1ω5c, and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c/C16:1ω7c). Its predominant respiratory quinone is MK-7. The primary polar lipids of strain BT507T are lipid, aminophospholipid, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Based on the biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, strains BT507T and BT506 can be described a novel bacterial species within the genus Hymenobacter, and the proposed name is Hymenobacter citatus. The type strain of H. citatus is BT507T is KCTC 82115T and NBRC 114850T.

Phyllobacterium pellucidum sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A bacterial strain, BT25T, was isolated from soil in Korea. The bacterial cells were Gram-negative and rod-shaped. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the BT25T strain was related to the genus Phyllobacterium. BT25T was 96.6 and 96.5% similar to Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM 196T and Phyllobacterium myrsinacearum DSM 5892T, respectively. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between BT25T and the two closest phylogenetic neighbors were calculated to be 78.5 and 77.7, 21.1 and 21.2%, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18:1 ω7c/C18:1 ω6c) (29.3%), cyclo-C19:0 ω8c (27.5%), and C16:0 (16.5%). The BT25T strain had menaquinone Q-10 as the predominant quinone, as well as phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine as the major polar lipids. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic data, the BT25T strain was classified as a novel Phyllobacterium species. The name Phyllobacterium pellucidum sp. nov. was proposed. The type strain is BT25T (= KCTC 62765T = NBRC 114381T).

Flavisolibacter longurius sp. nov., isolated from soil.

A novel Gram-negative bacterial strain BT320T was isolated from soil collected in Uijeongbu city, Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain BT320T belong to a distinct lineage within the genus Flavisolibacter (family Chitinophagaceae, order Chitinophagales, class Chitinophagia). The strain BT320T was closely related to Flavisolibacter galbus 17J28-26T (97.6% 16S rRNA gene similarity), Flavisolibacter nicotianae X7XT (96.7%), Flavisolibacter ginsengiterrae Gsoil 492T (96.2%), and Flavisolibacter ginsengisoli Gsoil 643 T (96.1%). The genome size of strain BT320T was 5,664,094 bp. Bacterial growth was observed at 10-37 °C (optimum 25 °C) and pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum pH 7.0) on R2A agar. The major cellular fatty acids of strain BT320T were iso-C15:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω6c/C16:1 ω7c), and summed feature 1 (iso-C15:1 H/C13:0 3OH). Its predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipid of strain BT320T was identified to be phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Based on the biochemical, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic analysis, strain BT320T can be suggested as a novel bacterial species within the genus Flavisolibacter and the proposed name is Flavisolibacter longurius. The type strain of Flavisolibacter longurius is BT320T (= KCTC 72422T = NBRC 114375T).