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BACKGROUND: The role of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with brain metastases from hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) cancers has yet to be established. The authors present a single-institution experience of patients with HPB cancers who underwent SRS when their cancer spread to the brain. METHODS: We surveyed our Gamma Knife SRS data base of 18,000 patients for the years 1987-2022. In total, 19 metastatic HPB cancer patients (13 male) with 76 brain metastases were identified. The median age at SRS was 61 years (range: 48-83). The primary cancer sites were hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, 11 patients), cholangiocarcinoma (CCC, 2 patients), and pancreatic carcinoma (PCC, 6 patients). The median Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS) was 80 (range: 50-90). Two patients underwent pre-SRS whole-brain fractionated radiation therapy (WBRT) and eight patients underwent pre-SRS surgical resection. All SRS was delivered in single session. The median margin dose was 18 Gy (range: 15-20). The median cumulative tumor volume was 8.1 cc (range: 1.0-44.2). RESULTS: The median patient overall survival (OS) after SRS was 7 months (range 1-79 months). Four patients had documented local tumor progression after SRS at a median time of 8.5 months (range: 2-15) between SRS and progression. Out of 76 treated tumors, 72 tumors exhibited local control. The local tumor control rate per patient was 78.9%. The local tumor control per tumor was 94.7%. Four patients developed new brain metastases at a median of 6.5 months (range: 2-17) after SRS. No patient experienced adverse radiation effects (AREs). At the last follow-up, 18 patients had died, all from systemic disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Metastatic spread to the brain from HPB cancers occurs late in the course of the primary disease. In this study, all deceased patients ultimately died from primary disease progression. SRS is a non-invasive strategy that maximally preserves quality of life, and our results reported favorable outcomes compared to the existing literature. SRS should be considered as one of the primary management strategies for patients with brain metastatic spread from HPB cancer.
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Nearly 30% of adults consume less than the estimated average daily requirement of magnesium (Mg2+), and commonly used medications, such as diuretics, promote Mg2+ deficiency. Higher serum Mg2+ levels, increased dietary Mg2+ in-take, and Mg2+ supplementation are each associated with lower blood pressure, suggesting that Mg2+-deficiency contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Antigen-presenting cells, such as monocytes and dendritic cells, are well-known to be involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension. In these cells, processes implicated as necessary for increased blood pressure include activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, IL-1ß production, and oxidative modification of fatty acids such as arachidonic acid, forming isolevuglandins (IsoLGs). We hypothesized that increased blood pressure in response to dietary Mg2+-depletion leads to increased NLRP3, IL-1ß, and IsoLG production in antigen presenting cells. We found that a Mg2+-depleted diet (0.01% Mg2+ diet) increased blood pressure in mice compared to mice fed a 0.08% Mg2+ diet. Mg2+-depleted mice did not exhibit an increase in total body fluid, as measured by quantitative magnetic resonance. Plasma IL-1ß concentrations were increased (0.13 ± 0.02 pg/mL vs. 0.04 ± 0.02 pg/mL). Using flow cytometry, we observed increased NLRP3 and IL-1ß expression in antigen-presenting cells from spleen, kidney, and aorta. We also observed increased IsoLG production in antigen-presenting cells from these organs. Primary culture of CD11c+ dendritic cells confirmed that low extracellular Mg2+ exerts a direct effect on these cells, stimulating IL-1ß and IL-18 production. The present findings show that NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IsoLG-adduct formation are stimulated when dietary Mg2+ is depleted. Interventions and increased dietary Mg2+ consumption may prove beneficial in decreasing the prevalence of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.
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The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) promotes the absorption of Na+ in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron, colon, and respiratory epithelia. Deletion of genes encoding subunits of ENaC results in early postnatal mortality. Here, we present the initial characterization of a mouse with dramatically suppressed expression of the ENaC γ-subunit. We used this hypomorphic (γmt) allele to explore the importance of this subunit in homeostasis of electrolytes and body fluid volume. At baseline, γ-subunit expression in γmt/mt mice was markedly suppressed in the kidney and lung, whereas electrolytes resembled those of littermate controls. Aldosterone levels in γmt/mt mice exceeded those seen in littermate controls. Quantitative magnetic resonance measurement of body composition revealed similar baseline body water, lean tissue mass, and fat tissue mass in γmt/mt mice and controls. γmt/mt mice exhibited a more rapid decline in body water and lean tissue mass in response to a low-Na+ diet than the controls. Replacement of drinking water with 2% saline selectively and transiently increased body water and lean tissue mass in γmt/mt mice relative to the controls. Lower blood pressures were variably observed in γmt/mt mice on a high-salt diet compared with the controls. γmt/mt also exhibited reduced diurnal blood pressure variation, a "nondipping" phenotype, on a high-Na+ diet. Although ENaC in the renal tubules and colon works to prevent extracellular fluid volume depletion, our observations suggest that ENaC in other tissues may participate in regulating extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A mouse with globally suppressed expression of the epithelial Na+ channel γ-subunit showed enhanced sensitivity to dietary salt, including a transient increase in total body fluid, reduced blood pressure, and reduced diurnal blood pressure variation when given a dietary NaCl challenge. These results point to a role for the epithelial Na+ channel in regulating body fluid and blood pressure beyond classical transepithelial Na+ transport mechanisms.
