Loss of the DNA Repair Gene RNase H2 Identifies a Unique Subset of DDR-Deficient Leiomyosarcomas.

Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway is an emerging therapeutic approach for leiomyosarcoma (LMS), and loss of RNase H2, a DDR pathway member, is a potentially actionable alteration for DDR-targeted treatments. Therefore, we designed a protein- and genomic-based RNase H2 screening assay to determine its prevalence and prognostic significance. Using a selective RNase H2 antibody on a pan-tumor microarray (TMA), RNase H2 loss was more common in LMS (11.5%, 9/78) than across all tumors (3.8%, 32/843). In a separate LMS cohort, RNase H2 deficiency was confirmed in uterine LMS (U-LMS, 21%, 23/108) and soft-tissue LMS (ST-LMS; 30%, 39/102). In the TCGA database, RNASEH2B homozygous deletions (HomDels) were found in 6% (5/80) of LMS cases, with a higher proportion in U-LMS (15%; 4/27) compared with ST-LMS (2%; 1/53). Using the SNiPDx targeted-NGS sequencing assay to detect biallelic loss of function in select DDR-related genes, we found RNASEH2B HomDels in 54% (19/35) of U-LMS cases with RNase H2 loss by IHC, and 7% (3/43) HomDels in RNase H2 intact cases. No RNASEH2B HomDels were detected in ST-LMS. In U-LMS patient cohort (n = 109), no significant overall survival difference was seen in patients with RNase H2 loss versus intact, or RNASEH2B HomDel (n = 12) versus Non-HomDel (n = 37). The overall diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of RNase H2 IHC for detecting RNA-SEH2B HomDels in U-LMS was 76%, 93%, and 71%, respectively, and it is being developed for future predictive biomarker driven clinical trials targeting DDR in U-LMS.

Impact of Biomarker-Matched Therapies on Outcomes in Patients with Sarcoma Enrolled in Early-Phase Clinical Trials (SAMBA 101).

PURPOSE: Developing new therapeutics for any of the more than 100 sarcoma subtypes presents a challenge. After progression from standard therapies, patients with sarcoma may be referred for enrollment in early-phase trials. This study aimed to investigate whether enrollment in biomarker-matched early-phase clinical trials leads to better outcomes for patients with advanced sarcoma. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: In this retrospective analysis, investigational treatment characteristics and longitudinal survival outcomes were analyzed in patients with biopsy-confirmed sarcoma enrolled in early-phase trials at MD Anderson Cancer Center from May 2006 to July 2021. RESULTS: Five hundred eighty-seven patients were included [405 soft tissue, 122 bone, 60 gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST); median of three prior lines of therapy]. Most common subtypes were leiomyosarcoma (17.2%), liposarcoma (14.0%), and GIST (10.2%). Molecular testing was available for 511 patients (87.1%); 221 patients (37.6%) were treated in matched trials. Overall response rate was 13.1% matched compared with 4.9% in unmatched (P < 0.001); the clinical benefit rate at 6 months was 43.9% vs. 19.9% (P < 0.001). Progression-free survival was longer for patients in matched trials (median, 5.5 vs. 2.4 months; P < 0.001), and overall survival was also superior for patients in matched trials (median, 21.5 vs. 12.3 months; P < 0.001). The benefit of enrollment in matched trials was maintained when patients with GIST were excluded from the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Enrollment in biomarker-matched early-phase trials is associated with improved outcomes in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic sarcoma. Molecular testing of tumors from patients with advanced sarcoma and enrollment in matched trials is a reasonable therapeutic strategy.

Best clinical management of tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT): A consensus paper from the community of experts.

Tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TGCT) is a rare, locally aggressive, mesenchymal tumor arising from the joints, bursa and tendon sheaths. TGCT comprises a nodular- and a diffuse-type, with the former exhibiting mostly indolent course and the latter a locally aggressive behavior. Although usually not life-threatening, TGCT may cause chronic pain and adversely impact function and quality of life (QoL). CSFR1 inhibitors are effective with benefit on symptoms and QoL but are not available in most countries. The degree of uncertainty in selecting the most appropriate therapy and the lack of guidelines on the clinical management of TGCT make the adoption of new treatments inconsistent across the world, with suboptimal outcomes for patients. A global consensus meeting was organized in June 2022, involving experts from several disciplines and patient representatives from SPAGN to define the best evidence-based practice for the optimal approach to TGCT and generate the recommendations presented herein.

Randomized Phase II Trial of Sunitinib or Cediranib in Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma.

PURPOSE: Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare, highly vascular tumor with few treatment options. We designed a phase II randomized trial to determine the activity and tolerability of single-agent cediranib or sunitinib in patients with advanced metastatic ASPS. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients 16 years of age and older were randomized to receive cediranib (30 mg) or sunitinib (37.5 mg) in 28-day cycles. Patients could cross over to the other treatment arm at disease progression. The primary endpoint was to measure the objective response rate (ORR) for each agent. Median progression-free survival (mPFS) for the two arms was also determined. RESULTS: Twenty-nine of 34 enrolled patients were evaluable for response. One patient on each of the initial two treatment arms had a partial response (ORR: 6.7% and 7.1% for cediranib and sunitinib, respectively). Twenty-four patients had a best response of stable disease (86.7% and 78.6% for cediranib and sunitinib, respectively). There were no significant differences in mPFS for the two treatment arms. Clinical benefit (i.e., objective response or stable disease for a minimum of four or six cycles of therapy) on the first-line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy did not predict benefit on the second-line TKI. Both drugs were well tolerated. As of August 2021, 1 patient (unevaluable for ORR) remains on study. CONCLUSIONS: The study did not meet its endpoints for ORR. Although both TKIs provided clinical benefit, the outcomes may have been attenuated in patients who had progressed ≤6 months before enrollment, potentially accounting for the low response rates. See related commentary by Wilky and Maleddu, p. 1163.

Clinical activity of checkpoint inhibitors in angiosarcoma: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Systemic treatments for angiosarcoma remains an area of unmet clinical need. The authors conducted this retrospective study to assess the clinical activity of checkpoint inhibitors in patients with angiosarcoma. The primary objective was to assess the objective response rate, and the secondary objective was to assess the progression-free and overall survival durations and disease control rate. METHODS: Patient data were obtained using The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Tumor Registry database. The final study population was refined to only include patients who had undergone pembrolizumab monotherapy. The objective response rate was evaluated using RECIST/irRECIST version 1.1. Progression-free survival and overall survival were defined as the time from the initiation of immunotherapy to disease progression or recurrence, death, or last follow-up and to death or last follow-up, respectively. RESULTS: The final cohort comprised 25 patients. Most patients had metastatic disease (72%) and had undergone at least two lines of systemic therapy (80%) before starting pembrolizumab. The objective response rate was 18%, whereas the disease control rate was 59%. The median progression-free survival duration was 6.2 months and was not significantly different between the cutaneous (4.7 months) and visceral angiosarcoma (6.2 months) groups (p = .42). The median overall survival duration was 72.6 months. Toxicities were recorded for eight patients, with fatigue, anemia, constipation, and rash being the most common. CONCLUSIONS: Pembrolizumab shows durable clinical activity in angiosarcoma. These findings suggest that checkpoint inhibition as monotherapy or combination therapy is likely to have a high probability of success.© 2022 American Cancer Society. LAY SUMMARY: This is the largest retrospective study to assess the clinical activity of checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy in angiosarcomas. The study includes an adequate number of patients with visceral angiosarcoma that enabled to obtain meaningful clinical insights that were previously unavailable. Our findings indicate an improvement in progression-free survival with pembrolizumab that is comparable to other active agents in angiosarcoma. Pembrolizumab monotherapy in angiosarcomas also has a favorable tolerability profile. Our findings emphasize the need for prospective studies to evaluate the activity of pembrolizumab monotherapy and combination therapy.

Identified Enrollment Challenges of Adolescent and Young Adult Patients on the Nonchemotherapy Arm of Children's Oncology Group Study ARST1321.

ARST1321, a trial of patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma, was the first National Clinical Trials Network study codeveloped by pediatric and adult consortia with two treatment cohorts. We report on the findings of a survey to identify barriers to enrolling adolescent and young adult patients (15-39 years) onto the nonchemotherapy arm. The survey response rate was 31% with a 70% completion rate. Common identified reasons for low accrual in order of decreasing frequency included insufficient funding, lack of study awareness or interest, competing trials, toxicity concerns, philosophical differences in the therapy backbone, and regulatory and infrastructure barriers. Clinical Trials.gov ID: NCT02180867.

An updated review of the treatment landscape for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Before the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), the overall survival of patients with advanced or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) was 10 to 20 months because of the lack of approved therapies. In the last 20 years, a treatment algorithm for patients with advanced GISTs, which includes imatinib, sunitinib, and regorafenib as first-, second-, and third-line therapies, respectively, has been established. Recently, 2 new TKIs have been approved: ripretinib for fourth-line therapy and avapritinib as first-line therapy in patients harboring platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRA) exon 18 D842V mutations. Additionally, there are several experimental therapies under investigation that could advance individualized patient care. All of these therapies have varying efficacies and safety profiles that warrant an updated treatment landscape review. This review article summarizes the efficacy and safety data currently available for conventional TKIs along with recently approved and experimental therapies.

Cardiac safety of trabectedin monotherapy or in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in patients with sarcomas and ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: As with other alkylating agents, cardiac dysfunction can occur with trabectedin therapy for advanced soft tissue sarcomas (STS) or recurrent ovarian cancer (ROC) where treatment options for advanced disease are still limited. Cardiac safety for trabectedin monotherapy (T) for STS or in combination with pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (T+PLD) for ROC was evaluated in this retrospective postmarketing regulatory commitment. METHODS: Patient data for multiple cardiac-related treatment-emergent adverse events (cTEAEs) were evaluated in pooled analyses of ten phase 2 trials, one phase 3 trial in STS (n = 982), and two phase 3 trials in ROC (n = 1231). RESULTS: Multivariate analyses on pooled trabectedin data revealed that cardiovascular medical history (risk ratio [RR (95% CI)]: 1.90 [1.24-2.91]; p = 0.003) and age ≥65 years (RR [95% CI]: 1.78 [1.12-2.83]; p = 0.014) were associated with increased risk for cTEAEs. Multivariate analyses showed increased risk of experiencing cTEAEs with T+PLD compared to PLD monotherapy (RR [95% CI]: 2.70 [1.75-4.17]; p < 0.0001) and with history of prior cardiac medication (RR [95% CI]: 1.88 [1.16-3.05]; p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: For patients with STS or ROC who still have limited treatment options, trabectedin may be initiated after carefully considering benefit versus risk. Trial Registration (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT01343277; NCT00113607; NCT01846611.

Ultra-rare sarcomas: A consensus paper from the Connective Tissue Oncology Society community of experts on the incidence threshold and the list of entities.

BACKGROUND: Among sarcomas, which are rare cancers, many types are exceedingly rare; however, a definition of ultra-rare cancers has not been established. The problem of ultra-rare sarcomas is particularly relevant because they represent unique diseases, and their rarity poses major challenges for diagnosis, understanding disease biology, generating clinical evidence to support new drug development, and achieving formal authorization for novel therapies. METHODS: The Connective Tissue Oncology Society promoted a consensus effort in November 2019 to establish how to define ultra-rare sarcomas through expert consensus and epidemiologic data and to work out a comprehensive list of these diseases. The list of ultra-rare sarcomas was based on the 2020 World Health Organization classification, The incidence rates were estimated using the Information Network on Rare Cancers (RARECARENet) database and NETSARC (the French Sarcoma Network's clinical-pathologic registry). Incidence rates were further validated in collaboration with the Asian cancer registries of Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. RESULTS: It was agreed that the best criterion for a definition of ultra-rare sarcomas would be incidence. Ultra-rare sarcomas were defined as those with an incidence of approximately ≤1 per 1,000,000, to include those entities whose rarity renders them extremely difficult to conduct well powered, prospective clinical studies. On the basis of this threshold, a list of ultra-rare sarcomas was defined, which comprised 56 soft tissue sarcoma types and 21 bone sarcoma types. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, the incidence of ultra-rare sarcomas accounts for roughly 20% of all soft tissue and bone sarcomas. This confirms that the challenges inherent in ultra-rare sarcomas affect large numbers of patients.

Computational Drug Repositioning Identifies Potentially Active Therapies for Chordoma.

BACKGROUND: Chordomas are aggressive bone tumors that often recur despite maximal resection and adjuvant radiation. To date there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved chemotherapies. Computational drug repositioning is an expanding approach to identify pharmacotherapies for clinical trials. OBJECTIVE: To identify FDA-approved compounds for repurposing in chordoma. METHODS: Previously identified highly differentially expressed genes from chordoma tissue samples at our institution were compared with pharmacogenomic interactions in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) using ksRepo, a drug-repositioning platform. Compounds selected by ksRepo were then validated in CH22 and UM-Chor1 human chordoma cells in Vitro. RESULTS: A total of 13 chemical compounds were identified in silico from the CTD, and 6 were selected for preclinical validation in human chordoma cell lines based on their clinical relevance. Of these, 3 identified drugs are FDA-approved chemotherapies for other malignancies (cisplatin, cytarabine, and lucanthone). Cytarabine, a deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase inhibitor approved for the treatment of various leukemias, exhibited a significant concentration-dependent effect against CH22 and UM-Chor1 cells when compared to positive (THZ1) and negative (venetoclax) controls. Tretinoin exhibited a significant concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect in CH22, sacral chordoma-derived cell lines but to a much lesser extent in UM-Chor1, a cell line derived from skull base chordoma. CONCLUSION: Cytarabine administration reduces the viability of human chordoma cells. The equally effective reduction in viability seen with tretinoin seems to be cell line dependent. Based on our findings, we recommend the evaluation of cytarabine and tretinoin in an expanded set of human chordoma cell lines and animal models.

Real-world outcomes of patients with locally advanced or metastatic epithelioid sarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Limited data are available on the real-world effectiveness and safety of systemic therapies for advanced (surgically unresectable and/or metastatic) epithelioid sarcoma (ES). METHODS: A retrospective medical records review was conducted in patients with advanced ES who were initiating first-line or ≥2 lines of systemic therapy (2000-2017) at 5 US cancer centers. The real-world overall response rate (rwORR), the duration of response (rwDOR), the disease control rate (rwDCR) (defined as stable disease for ≥32 weeks or any duration of response), and progression-free survival (rwPFS) were assessed by radiology reports. Overall survival (OS), rwDOR, and rwPFS were estimated from the time therapy was initiated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Serious adverse events were assessed. RESULTS: Of 74 patients (median age at diagnosis, 33 years; range, 10.6-76.3 years), 72% were male, and 85% had metastatic disease. The median number of lines of therapy was 2 (range, 1-7 lines of therapy), and 46 patients (62%) received ≥2 lines of systemic therapy. First-line regimens were usually anthracycline-based (54%) or gemcitabine-based (24%). For patients receiving first-line systemic therapy, the rwORR was 15%, the rwDCR was 20%, the median rwDOR was 3.3 months (95% CI, 2.1-5.2 months), the median rwPFS was 2.5 months (95% CI, 1.7, 6.9 months), and the median OS was 15.2 months (95% CI, 11.4-21.7 months). For those who received ≥2 lines of systemic therapy, the rwORR was 9%, the rwDCR was 20%, the median rwDOR was 4.5 months (95% CI, 0.7-5.6 months), and the median rwPFS was 6.0 months (95% CI, 3.2-7.4 months). Over one-half of patients (51.4%) experienced an adverse event, most frequently febrile neutropenia (14%), pain (10%), anemia, dyspnea, fever, thrombocytopenia, or transaminitis (5% each). CONCLUSIONS: Systemic therapies demonstrate limited efficacy in patients with advanced ES and have associated toxicities.

Safety and efficacy of trabectedin when administered in the inpatient versus outpatient setting: Clinical considerations for outpatient administration of trabectedin.

BACKGROUND: The results of the randomized, phase 3 ET743-SAR-3007 trial demonstrated that trabectedin had a significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS) compared with dacarbazine in patients with advanced leiomyosarcoma/liposarcoma after the failure of prior chemotherapy. Patients randomized to trabectedin received a 24-hour intravenous infusion either in an inpatient or outpatient setting. Herein, the authors reported the safety, efficacy, and patient-reported outcomes based on first infusion site of care. METHODS: Patients were randomized 2:1 to trabectedin (at a dose of 1.5 mg/m2 ) or dacarbazine (1 g/m2 over 20-120 minutes) with overall survival (OS) as the primary endpoint and PFS, time to disease progression, objective response rate, duration of response, safety, and patient-reported symptom scoring as secondary endpoints. The setting of the trabectedin infusion was based on institutional preference and categorized based on the setting of the first infusion. RESULTS: Of the 378 patients who were treated with trabectedin, 100 (27%) and 277 (73%), respectively, first received trabectedin in the inpatient and outpatient setting. No differences were observed with regard to PFS or OS based on site of care. The median PFS was 4.1 months versus 4.2 months (hazard ratio, 0.90; P = .49) for inpatients versus outpatients, respectively, and the median OS was 14.3 months versus 13.7 months (hazard ratio, 0.89; P = .40), respectively. Grade 3/4 adverse events (classified according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]) were reported in 87 inpatients (87%) compared with 219 outpatients (79%); grade 3/4 serious adverse events were reported in 43 inpatients (43%) and 92 outpatients (33%). Extravasation occurred in 0 inpatients and 5 outpatients (2%), whereas the incidence of catheter-related complications was similar between groups (16% vs 15%). CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of patients who were randomized to trabectedin received outpatient therapy, the outcomes of the current study suggested equivalent safety and efficacy in either setting.

Outcome of First-Line Systemic Treatment for Unresectable Conventional, Dedifferentiated, Mesenchymal, and Clear Cell Chondrosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Chondrosarcoma is a heterogeneous group of primary bone sarcoma with an excellent overall survival after local therapy. However, the small percentage of patients who have no surgical treatment options have a very poor prognosis. We retrospectively collected data from these patients in four sarcoma centers and compared the progression-free survival (PFS) for the different treatment regimens used for the four chondrosarcoma subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients diagnosed with unresectable chondrosarcoma in all four major sarcoma centers were included, and data on first-line systemic therapy were retrospectively collected for analysis. RESULTS: A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this retrospective analysis: 50 conventional, 25 mesenchymal, 34 dedifferentiated, and 3 clear cell chondrosarcoma patients. In conventional chondrosarcoma patients, the longest mean PFS (6.7 months) was found in the group treated with antihormonal therapy. Patients diagnosed with mesenchymal chondrosarcoma were all treated with multidrug chemotherapy, and the mean PFS was 6.7 months. Doxorubicin monotherapy seems to have an unexplained better PFS than doxorubicin-based combination therapy in patients with dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma (5.5 vs. 2.8 months, respectively; p = .275). CONCLUSION: Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed subtype and improve survival. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Currently, there are no uniform treatment lines for advanced chondrosarcoma patients, which results in a very diverse group of treatment regimens being used. In this study, the data of 112 patients was collected. It was concluded that some treatment regimens seem to have a better progression-free survival compared with others, and that these results also differ between the chondrosarcoma subtypes. Prospective studies need to be conducted based on preclinical work to develop a uniform regimen to treat advanced chondrosarcoma patients according to the diagnosed histological subtype to improve their survival.

Phase II study of neoadjuvant checkpoint blockade in patients with surgically resectable undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue sarcomas are a heterogeneous and rare group of solid tumors of mesenchymal origin that can arise anywhere in the body. Although surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for patients with localized disease, disease recurrence is common and 5-year overall survival is poor (~ 65%). Both radiation therapy and conventional chemotherapy are used to reduce local and distant recurrence. However, the utility of radiation therapy is often limited by disease location (in the case of retroperitoneal sarcomas, for instance) while systemic therapy with conventional lines of chemotherapy offer limited efficacy and are often poorly tolerated and associated with significant toxicity. Within the past decade, major advances have been made in the treatment of other malignancies including melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and non-small cell lung carcinoma with the advent of immune-checkpoint inhibitors such as ipilimumab (anti-CTLA4), pembrolizumab (anti-PD1), and nivolumab (anti-PD1). The recently published SARC028 (NCT02301039), an open label, phase II, multicenter trial of pembrolizumab in patients with advanced bone and soft tissue sarcomas reported promising activity in select histologic subtypes of advanced STS, including undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma and dedifferentiated liposarcoma. METHODS: There is a clear need for novel and effective adjuncts in the treatment of STS. We hypothesize that immune checkpoint blockade will be effective in patients with surgically resectable primary or locally recurrent dedifferentiated liposarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma when administered in the neoadjuvant setting. The primary aim of this phase II, single-center, open label, randomized non-comparative trial is to determine the pathologic response to neoadjuvant nivolumab monotherapy and combination nivolumab/ipilimumab in patients with resectable dedifferentiated liposarcoma of the retroperitoneum or undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma of the trunk or extremity treated with concurrent standard of care neoadjuvant radiation therapy. DISCUSSION: This study will help define the role of single agent anti-PD1 and combination anti-CTLA4 and anti-PD1 therapy in patients with surgically resectable dedifferentiated liposarcoma and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03307616 , registered October 12, 2017.

The Role of Next-Generation Sequencing in Sarcomas: Evolution From Light Microscope to Molecular Microscope.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sarcomas are rare, heterogeneous group of soft tissue and bone tumors. Precise diagnosis of specific subtypes is challenging using conventional methods. Herein, we review the role of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology that is used for rapid sequencing of DNA and RNA. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent sarcoma specific studies recommend that molecular genetic testing should be added at diagnosis for appropriate clinical management in addition to diagnosis by expert pathologists. NGS has already been used to identify potentially actionable mutations, copy number alterations, and gene fusions. Rationally, choosing a drug based on an individual patient profile aka: "precision oncology" has been so far limited to few case reports in sarcomas. As we improve our ability to deliver personalized medicine using all modalities including conventional therapy, more patients may eventually benefit. As the cost and capacity of NGS outpace Moore's law, so does the probability of success.

Systematic Review of the Outcomes of Surgical Treatment of Prostate Metastases to the Spine.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. OBJECTIVE: Surgical decompression and reconstruction of symptomatic spinal metastases has improved the quality of life in cancer patients. However, most data has been collected on cohorts of patients with mixed tumor histopathology. We systematically reviewed the literature for prognostic factors specific to the surgical treatment of prostate metastases to the spine. METHODS: A systemic review of the literature was conducted to answer the following questions: Question 1. Describe the survival and functional outcomes of surgery or vertebral augmentation for prostate metastases to the spine. Question 2. Determine whether overall tumor burden, Gleason score, preoperative functional markers, and hormonal naivety favor operative intervention. Question 3. Establish whether clinical outcomes vary with the evolution of operative techniques. RESULTS: A total of 16 studies met the preset inclusion criteria. All included studies were retrospective series with a level of evidence of IV. Included studies consistently showed a large effect of hormone-naivety on overall survival. Additionally, studies consistently demonstrated an improvement in motor function and the ability to maintain/regain ambulation following surgery resulting in moderate strength of recommendation. All other parameters were of insufficient or low strength. CONCLUSIONS: There is a dearth of literature regarding the surgical treatment of prostate metastases to the spine, which represents an opportunity for future research. Based on existing evidence, it appears that the surgical treatment of prostate metastases to the spine has consistently favorable results. While no consistent preoperative indicators favor nonoperative treatment, hormone-naivety and high Karnofsky performance scores have positive effects on survival and clinical outcomes.

Vincristine, Ifosfamide, and Doxorubicin for Initial Treatment of Ewing Sarcoma in Adults.

BACKGROUND: There are no clinical trials specifically addressing chemotherapy for adults with Ewing sarcoma (ES). Five-year event-free survival (EFS) of adults on pediatric studies of ES (44%-47%) is worse than that of children treated with the same therapy (69%). The object of this study was to review the results of therapy with vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin (VID) in the multidisciplinary treatment of adults with ES at our institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Charts for adults treated for ES from 1995 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinician-reported radiographic tumor response, type of local therapy, pathologic response, and survival data were collected. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were identified who received VID as initial therapy. The median age was 25 (range: 16-64). Forty-two patients (59%) presented with a localized disease and 29 patients (41%) presented with a distant metastasis. Of all patients treated with VID, 83.6% showed a radiological response. Patients who presented with a localized disease had a 5-year overall survival (OS) of 68% (median not reached), compared with 10.3% (median: 1.9 years) in those who presented with distant metastases. Five-year EFS was 67%. The nine patients with a pelvic primary tumor had inferior 5-year OS (42%) to the 33 with primary tumors at other sites (75%). The 5-year OS of those who had greater than or equal to 95% necrosis after neoadjuvant VID (n = 20; 5-year OS: 84%) was superior to those who had less than 95% necrosis (n = 13; 5-year OS: 53%). CONCLUSION: In adults with primary ES, VID combined with an adjuvant strategy based on post-treatment percent necrosis has favorable outcomes compared with historical adult controls. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a rare tumor in adults, and there are no dedicated clinical trials in the adult population. Most therapy is modeled after the published pediatric studies, although the small numbers of adult patients included on those studies did significantly worse than the children. We modeled our treatment on other adult sarcomas and reviewed the charts of 71 adult patients with ES treated with vincristine, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin (VID). In adults with primary ES, VID combined with an adjuvant strategy based on post-treatment percent necrosis has favorable outcomes compared with historical adult controls.

Overexpressed PRAME is a potential immunotherapy target in sarcoma subtypes.

BACKGROUND: PRAME (preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma), a member of the cancer-testis antigen family, has been shown to have increased expression in solid tumors, including sarcoma, and PRAME-specific therapies are currently in development for other cancers such as melanoma. METHODS: To map the landscape of PRAME expression in sarcoma, we used publicly available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) projects and determined which sarcoma subtypes and subsets are associated with increased PRAME expression. We also analyzed how PRAME expression correlates with survival and expression of markers related to antigen presentation and T cell function. Furthermore, tumor and normal tissue expression comparisons were performed using data from the genotype-tissue expression (GTEx) project. RESULTS: We found that uterine carcinosarcoma highly overexpresses the PRAME antigen, and synovial sarcomas and multifocal leiomyosarcomas also show high expressions suggesting that PRAME may be an effective target of immunotherapies of these tumors. However, we also discovered that PRAME expression negatively correlates with genes involved in antigen presentation, and in synovial sarcoma MHC class I antigen presentation deficiencies are also present, potentially limiting the efficacy of immunotherapies of this malignancy. CONCLUSIONS: We determined that uterine carcinosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and leiomyosarcoma patients would potentially benefit from PRAME-specific immunotherapies. Tumor escape through loss of antigen presentation needs to be further studied.