Optimization by mixture design of chitosan/multi-phase calcium phosphate/BMP-2 biomimetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering.

The modulation of cell behavior during culture is one of the most important aspects of bone tissue engineering because of the necessity for a complex mechanical and biochemical environment. This study aimed to improve the physicochemical properties of chitosan/multi-phase calcium phosphate (MCaP) scaffolds using an optimized mixture design experiment and evaluate the effect of biofunctionalization of the obtained scaffolds with the bone morphogenetic protein BMP-2 on stem cell behavior. The present study evaluated the compressive strength, elastic modulus, porosity, pore diameter, and degradation in simulated body fluids and integrated these responses using desirability. The properties of the scaffolds with the best desirability (18.4% of MCaP) were: compressive strength of 23 kPa, elastic modulus of 430 kPa, pore diameter of 163 µm, porosity of 92%, and degradation of 20% after 21 days. Proliferation and differentiation experiments were conducted using dental pulp stem cells after grafting BMP-2 onto scaffolds via the carbodiimide route. These experiments showed that MCaP promoted cell proliferation and increased alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas BMP-2 enhanced cell differentiation. This study demonstrates that optimizing the composition of a mixture of chitosan and MCaP improves the physicochemical and biological properties of scaffolds, indicating that this solution is viable for application in bone tissue engineering.

Interaction of the antimicrobial peptide ∆M3 with the Staphylococcus aureus membrane and molecular models.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most pathogenic bacteria; infections with it are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in health care facilities. Antimicrobial peptides are a promising next generation antibiotic with great potential against bacterial infections. In this study, evidence is presented of the biological and biophysical properties of the novel synthetic peptide ΔM3. Its antimicrobial activity against the ATCC 25923 and methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains was evaluated. The results showed that ΔM3 has activity in the same µM range as vancomycin. Biophysical studies were performed with palmitoyloleoylphosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin liposomes loaded with calcein and used to follow the lytic activity of the peptide by fluorescence spectroscopy. On the other hand, ΔM3 was induced to interact with molecular models of the erythrocyte membrane buil-up of dimiristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylethanolamine, representative lipids of the outer and inner monolayers of the human erythrocyte membrane, respectively. The capacity of ΔM3 to interact with the bacteria and erythrocyte model membranes was also evaluated by X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. The morphological changes induced by the peptide to human erythrocytes were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results with these techniques indicated that ΔM3 interacted with the inner monolayer of the erythrocyte membrane, which is rich in anionic lipids. Additionally, the cytotoxic effects of ΔM3 on red blood cells were evaluated by monitoring the hemoglobin release from erythrocytes. The results obtained from these different approaches showed ΔM3 to be a non-cytotoxic peptide with antibacterial activity.

Synthetic Peptide ΔM4-Induced Cell Death Associated with Cytoplasmic Membrane Disruption, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Melanoma Cells.

Melanoma is the most dangerous and lethal form of skin cancer, due to its ability to spread to different organs if it is not treated at an early stage. Conventional chemotherapeutics are failing as a result of drug resistance and weak tumor selectivity. Therefore, efforts to evaluate novel molecules for the treatment of skin cancer are necessary. Antimicrobial peptides have become attractive anticancer agents because they execute their biological activity with features such as a high potency of action, a wide range of targets, and high target specificity and selectivity. In the present study, the antiproliferative activity of the synthetic peptide ΔM4 on A375 human melanoma cells and spontaneously immortalized HaCaT human keratinocytes was investigated. The cytotoxic effect of ΔM4 treatment was evaluated through propidium iodide uptake by flow cytometry. The results indicated selective toxicity in A375 cells and, in order to further investigate the mode of action, assays were carried out to evaluate morphological changes, mitochondrial function, and cell cycle progression. The findings indicated that ΔM4 exerts its antitumoral effects by multitarget action, causing cell membrane disruption, a change in the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, an increase of reactive oxygen species, and cell cycle accumulation in S-phase. Further exploration of the peptide may be helpful in the design of novel anticancer peptides.

Cell cycle progression data on human skin cancer cells with anticancer synthetic peptide LTX-315 treatment.

Skin cancer, including melanoma and non-melanoma (NMSC), represents the most common type of malignancy in the white population [1]. The incidence rate of melanoma is increasing worldwide, while the associated mortality remains stable. On the other hand, the incidence of NMSC varies widely [1,2]. Camilio and collaborators recently described the anticancer properties of LTX-315, a novel synthetic anticancer peptide, commercialized as Oncopore™ [3,4]. Despite various studies demonstrating the efficiency of LTX-315 therapy in inducing cancer cell death, the effects on cell cycle progression of this antitumoral peptide are poorly understood. In this research, we present data about the effect of LTX-315 on the cell cycle of two skin cancer cell lines: epidermoid carcinoma cells (A431) and melanoma cells (A375); as well as on an immortalized normal keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT. Additionally, its cytotoxicity on the cells was determined by measuring the uptake of propidium iodide, in order to establish its relationship with cell cycle progression. The analysed data obtained by flow cytometry show different cell cycle distributions in non-tumoral and skin cancer-derived cell lines in response to LTX-315 treatment. Non-tumoral cells showed a sub-G1 peak, while for tumoral cells there was a shift in the G1peak without producing an obvious distant and distinct sub-G1 peak. This data is in accordance with a major decrease in cell viability in non-cancer cells.

Effect of antimicrobial peptides from Galleria mellonella on molecular models of Leishmania membrane. Thermotropic and fluorescence anisotropy study.

Antimicrobial peptides are molecules of natural origin, produced by organisms such as insects, which have focused attention as potential antiparasitic agents. They can cause the death of parasites such Leishmania by interacting with their membrane. In this study, additional information was obtained on how the anionic peptide 2 and cecropin D-like peptide derived from Galleria mellonella interact with liposomes that mimic the composition of the Leishmania membrane. In order to do this, lipid bilayers consisting of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, dimyristoylphosphatidylserine, and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol were constructed. The effect of the peptides on these membranes was evaluated using calorimetry analysis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results obtained using differential scanning calorimetry indicated a concentration-dependent effect on membranes composed of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol, showing a preference of both peptides for anionic lipids. The binding of the peptides drastically reduced the transition enthalpy in the phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol liposomes. The results suggest that the mode of action of anionic peptide 2 and cecropin D-like peptide is different, with a higher effect of cecropin D-like on the anionic lipids, which led to changes in the main transition temperature and a complete solubilization of the vesicles. Interactions between peptides and phosphatidylcholine, which is the most abundant lipid on the surface of Leishmania cells, were evaluated using isothermal titration calorimetry and the anisotropy of fluorescence of DPH. The peptides had a slight effect on the gel phase of the phosphatidylcholine, with changes in the anisotropy correlated with that observed by DSC. The results showed a selectivity of these peptides toward some lipids, which will direct the study of the development of new drugs.

Identification and evaluation of Galleria mellonella peptides with antileishmanial activity.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, World Health Organization (WHO) declared it as high priority worldwide. Colombia is one of the 98 countries in which the disease caused more than 17.000 cases per year. There is a need to explore novel therapies to reduce the side effects of the current treatments. For this reason, this study was aimed to evaluate Galleria mellonella hemolymph for potential peptides with anti-parasitic activity. Larvae were challenged with Leishmania (V) panamensis promastigotes and hemolymph was analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), reversed-phase chromatography (RP-HPLC), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC/MS). The immunological response of Galleria mellonella was followed by SDS-PAGE, immunized hemolymph was fractionated by RP-HPLC where fractions 5 and 11 showed the highest antileishmanial activity. From these fractions 15 spots were isolated by 2D gel electrophoresis and evaluated by LC/MS to identify the peptides present in the spots. After the analysis Moricin-B, Moricin-C4, Cecropin-D and Anionic Peptide 2 were identified due to the immune challenge with Leishmania promastigotes. Anionic peptide 2 and Cecropin-D were synthesized and evaluated for antileishmanial activity. The results showed that Anionic peptide 2 presented more anti-parasitic activity. This study showed for the first time the anti-parasitic potential of peptides derived from hemolymph of Galleria mellonella.

Antimicrobial Activity of Cationic Peptides Designed from Neutral Peptide / Actividad antimicrobiana de péptidos catiónicos diseñados a partir de un péptido neutro

RESUMEN Los péptidos antimicrobianos (PAMs) juegan un papel importante en la inmunidad innata de la mayoría de los organismos; ellos pueden tener actividad en bacterias, hongos, virus y parásitos. El mecanismo de acción de los PAMs catiónicos yace en la capacidad de interactuar con membranas microbianas, debido a la superficie aniónica de dichas membranas. La familia de las cecropinas fue identificada como una de las familias peptídicas más importantes en los insectos. Los péptidos de esta familia, no contienen residuos de cisteína y son clasificados como helicoidales. Para estudiar el efecto de la carga sobre la estructura, nosotros introducimos residuos cargados positivamente en los primeros 18 aminoácidos de la región N-terminal de la cecropina-D (WT), y se evaluó la actividad biológica de los péptidos modificados. Dos análogos de la cecropina-D con cargas netas de +5 y +9, fueron obtenidos por síntesis de fase sólida (SSP). Los cambios en los péptidos análogos fueron generados de la siguiente manera: péptido +5 con tres sustituciones (E6R, E8R and Q12K) y péptido +9 con cinco sustituciones (E1R, E6R, E8R, Q12K, and D16K). La actividad antibacteriana fue evaluada en dos grupos de bacterias, con el fin de investigar los efectos de las cargas positivas en dicha actividad. Los péptidos catiónicos mostraron una mayor actividad antimicrobiana tanto en bacterias Gram-negativas como en Gram-positivas, a diferencia del péptido WT. Las representaciones en 3D de los péptidos mostraron que ellos tienen una estructura α-hélice. Nuestros resultados demostraron que cambios en la carga de los péptidos incrementa la actividad antibacteriana.

ABSTRACT Antimicrobial peptides (PAMs) play an important role in the innate defense systems of most organisms; they act against bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites. The mechanism of action of cationic PAMs rely on their capacity to interact with the anionic microbial membrane surface. The cecropin family was identified as one of the most important peptides in insects. Such peptides do not contain cysteine residues and are classified as α-helical. To study the effect of the charge on the peptide structure, we introduced positive charge residues in the last 18 residues at the N-end of cecropin-D (WT) and evaluated the biological activity of the modified peptides. Two analogous peptides from cecropin-D were obtained by synthesis of a solid phase (SSP) with charges of+5 and +9. The analogous peptides were generated as followed: peptide +5 with three substitutions (E6R, E8R and Q12K) and peptide +9 with five substitutions (E1R, E6R, E8R, Q12K, and D16K). Antibacterial activity was evaluated to investigate the effects of the positive charge in these two analogue peptides against two groups of bacteria. The cationic peptides showed higher antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria than the WT peptide. The 3D representations of the peptides showed that they have α-helical structure. Our results demonstrate that changes in the charge of peptides increase the antibacterial activity.

Cristalización y predicción de la estructura tridimensional de la proteína homóloga del receptor activado para la quinasa c (lack) de leishmania / Crystallization and prediction of three-dimensional structure of the homologue protein of the receptor for activated c-kinase (lack) from leishmania / Cristalização e predição da estrutura tridimensional da proteína homologa do receptor ativado para a quinasa c (lack) de leishmania

Los parásitos del género Leishmania son los causantes de la enfermedad conocida como Leishmaniasis. Esta enfermedad es endémica en 98 países. Veinte especies de Leishmania sp han sido descritas como patógenos en humanos y varias de ellas presentan manifestaciones clínicas diferentes. No se dispone de vacuna, a pesar del considerable esfuerzo de muchos grupos de investigación. Las alternativas para descubrir nuevos medicamentos están basadas en el diseño de compuestos que interaccionen con blancos específicos, principalmente, proteínas encargadas de procesos metabólicos o celulares del patógeno, e.g. la parasitación de las células del huésped vertebrado. La eficiente parasitación del huésped vertebrado por Leishmania depende de la expresión de diferentes proteínas, incluyendo la proteína Lack. Parásitos deficientes de Lack no sobreviven internalizados en las células de los vertebrados. Este artículo presenta las condiciones de renaturalización, purificación y cristalización de la proteína Lack del patógeno humano Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Además, los resultados de modelación estructural de esta proteína muestran una conformación proteica similar a un ventilador organizado en 7 aspas, cada una compuesta de 4 hojas β. La estructura de la proteína Lack resultó similar a la proteína asociada a ribosoma RACK1 de Trypanosoma brucei y Saccharomyces cerevisiae, y a la de otros eucariotas. Las características estructurales de la proteína Lack podrían ser usadas para la exploración de nuevos.

Leishamnia parasites are the causative agents of the leishmaniasis disease. Due to its broad distribution, parasites are endemic in approximately 98 countries. Twenty species of Leishmaniasp has been described as human pathogens and several of them present different clinical manifestations. This feature poses a significant challenge to the general goals of parasite control and erradication. There is no a protective vaccine for humans, despite substantial efforts by many research teams. Alternatives to discover new drugs are based on the design of new compounds that bind selected targets. Mainly, the targets are proteins involved in key metabolic or cellular processes of the pathogen, e.g. parasitization of vertebrate host cells. The efficient parasitization of the vertebrate host by Leishmania parasites depends on the expression of different molecules including Lack protein. The knockout parasites fail to survive inside the vertebrate host cells. In this article we highlight the conditions to perform the refold, purification, and crystallizing of the Lack protein of the human pathogen Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Moreover, we present structure modelling analysis which shows a protein conformation like a fan organized in 7 blades, each one composed of 4 b sheets. Furthermore, the structure of Lack protein was found to be similar to RACK1-ribosome associated protein from Trypanosoma brucei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other eukaryotes. The structural characteristics of Lack protein could be used for exploration of new drugs.

Os parasitas do gênero Leishmania são os agentes causadores da doença conhecida como Leishmaniasis. Esta doença é endêmica em 98 países. Vinte espécies de Leishmania sp têm sido descritas como patógenos em humanos e várias delas apresentam manifestações clínicas diferentes. Não se dispõe de vacina, apesar do considerável esforço de muitos grupos de pesquisa. As alternativas para descobrir novos medicamentos estão baseadas no desenho de compostos que interajam com alvos específicos, principalmente, proteínas encarregadas de processos metabólicos ou celulares do patógeno, e.g. a parasitação das células do hóspede vertebrado. A eficiente infestação do hóspede vertebrado por Leishmania depende da expressão de diferentes proteínas, incluindo a proteína Lack. Parasitas deficientes de Lack não sobrevivem internalizados nas células dos vertebrados. Este artigo apresenta as condições de regeneração, purificação e cristalização da proteína Lack do patogénico humano Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis. Além disso, resultados de modelação estrutural desta proteína mostram uma conformação protéica similar a um ventilador, organizado em 7 pás, cada uma composta de 4 folhas β. A estrutura da proteína Lack resultou similar a proteína associada ao ribossomo RACK1 de Trypanosoma brucei y Saccharomyces cerevisiae, e à de outros eucariotas. As características estruturais da proteína Lack poderiam ser usadas para a pesquisa de novos fármacos.