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This study aimed to investigate the level of lipid and protein oxidation in poultry breasts with severe white striping (WS; striation thickness > 1 mm) and nonaffected meats (N; normal breast) during storage under refrigeration (1°C for 14 d) and freezing (-18°C for 90 d). WS presented higher lipid content, although no difference in protein content was detected, compared to normal broiler breast (N). Regarding oxidative damages, a reduction in malondialdehyde and carbonyl protein, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels, alongside the interaction of these compounds with other compounds in raw, roasted, and reheated breasts was observed under refrigerated storage (14 d). Freezing storage promotes an increase in carbonyls proteins, hexanal, octanal and nonanal levels at 45 d of storage in poultry meats and subsequent decrease, indicating the evolution of oxidative reactions. Regardless of the type of storage, in general, breasts with WS myopathy have higher levels of lipid and protein oxidation.
Asunto(s)
Pollos , Calor , Animales , Pollos/metabolismo , Carne/análisis , Proteínas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo , Lípidos , Músculos Pectorales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Pig production is relevant to the Brazilian economy. Different stages of the raising and slaughtering process influence the microbiological quality of pig products and by-products. Microbiological analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs) are tools for monitoring microbiological quality indicator microorganisms. The construction of predictive models can assist the process of monitoring the microbiological quality of pig products. This study aimed to map the slaughter stages and develop a model to predict the absence or presence of Salmonella based on the process variables (distance from the farm to the slaughterhouse and aerobic mesophilic) and analyze their influence on contamination indicator microorganisms. A total of 810 samples were collected at nine stages of the slaughter process (bleeding, scalding, dehairing, singeing, washing, evisceration, inspection, final washing, and chilling). The binary class predictive model was used as a microbiological quality predictor at the slaughter stages. Salmonella was identified at all process stages, with lower contamination levels at the scalding and chilling stages, whereas the highest levels were found at the dehairing and bleeding stages. The predictive model revealed an accuracy of about 85% for Salmonella being a tool to monitor the microbiological quality of pig slaughter.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación de Alimentos , Manipulación de Alimentos , Porcinos , Animales , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Prevalencia , Salmonella , Higiene , Mataderos , Microbiología de Alimentos , Carne/microbiología , Recuento de Colonia MicrobianaRESUMEN
Honey from different botanical sources presents a great variability in chemical composition, physical properties, and sensorial attributes. The association between honey qualities and its geographical origin allows the recognition of honey, and beekeepers are economically benefited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of honey produced in Ortigueira, Brazil and to compare it with the honey produced in the neighboring localities for the request of geographical indication certification. In the 112 honey samples collected between 2010 and 2013 from Ortigueira and the neighboring localities, moisture acidity, pH, hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF), diastase activity (DA), sugars, proline (Pro), electrical conductivity (EC), color absorbance at 635 nm (C635), and Cielab color parameters were evaluated. HMF, reducing sugars (RS), total sugars (TS), proline, and color parameters (L*, a* and b*) were significantly different in Ortigueira 2010 honey seasons. Principal component analysis separated assapeixe (Vernonia sp) and capixingui (Croton floribundus) honeys from wild honeys (polyfloral). In addition, HMF, RS, L*, and lactonic acidity values promoted the separation between assapeixe and capixingui honeys. Ortigueira honey differs significantly from honeys from neighboring locality in pH, proline, HMF, DA, EC, RS, sucrose, TS, free and total acidity, and color parameters (C635, L*, a*, b*). The multivariate analysis applied to variables was efficient to discriminate honeys from different botanical sources and different locals, and is recommended for studies on the geographical indication of honey.
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ABSTRACT: There has been a significant advance in the poultry industry, and new technological and biological processes have accompanied the development of animals and inputs. Alongside the new possibilities for growth, there has been an emergence of new paradigms, including the rise of myopathies among which PSE, DFD, deep pectoral myopathy, oregon disease, acid breast, white stripping, wooden breast and spaghetti meat stand out. They cause considerable damage to the industry, as well as to ride hypotheses for studies in an attempt to better describe them. Researches seek to know about the behavior of proteins and specific protein groups in these anomalies. Groups of proteases are determinant to understand what may be occurring in muscle activity and; consequently, to understand the process in a more detailed way. Therefore, proteolytic systems may be acting on abnormal tissues. Proteases act differently in birds and mammals, but how altered they may be is still unknown. Besides, it is essential to relate the activities of these proteases, measures that indicate technological aspects that are relevant to meat quality standards. These quality standards must be directly associated with the consumption of raw meat in the material destined for processing, regardless of the final product. The important thing is to guarantee information that will lead the industry and consumers that will have, even with the anomaly developed, products that are nutritionally safe . This review discusses the biochemical and technological changes in poultry with pectoral anomalies, and how this affectsmeat quality.
RESUMO: Sabe-se que houve um avanço considerável na indústria de frangos de corte nos últimos sessenta anos, e que consequentemente novos processos tecnológicos e biológicos acompanharam o desenvolvimento tanto de animais quanto de insumos. Com novas possibilidades de crescimento houve também o surgimento de novos paradigmas, sendo um deles o surgimento de diferentes tipos de miopatias. Como o peito é um dos pontos fortes da indústria de aves, muito tem se estudado sobre o assunto, e pode-se destacar PSE, DFD, Miopatia peitoral profunda ou peito verde, Peito ácido, White striping, Wooden breast e Spaghetti meat são as mais comuns. As três ultimas são mais recentes quando comparadas as outras citadas, e ainda há necessidade de compreensão do seu desenvolvimento, mas sabe-se que acarretam prejuízos consideráveis para o setor, além de permear a mente dos pesquisadores com hipóteses para estudos na tentativa de descrever melhor o que ocorre, o porquê de sua ocorrência e, futuramente, compreende-la ao ponto de poder gerar mecanismos para minimiza-las ou até mesmo suprimi-las. Os grupos de pesquisa nos USA, Italia, Brasil, Finlândia, Canadá e Inglaterra estão em busca destas respostas, todavia, até o momento, a Itália é o país que mais tem reportado informações sobre a problemática em torno de White striping e Wooden breast. Mas com todos os artigos até o presente momento, pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento de proteínas e grupos proteicos específicos nestas anomalias. O que há descrito trata-se de diferença entre conteúdo proteico e colágeno e taxa de degradação proteica. Contudo, sabe-se que grupos de proteases são determinantes para compreender o que pode estar ocorrendo na atividade muscular e consequentemtne entender o processo de forma mais detalhada. Logo, uma possibilidade é a compreensão de sistemas preoteolícos como as calpaínas, caspases e como podem estar atuando nos tecidos anômalos. Sabe-se que estas proteases atuam de maneira diferenciada em aves, quando comparada a mamíferos, mas o quão alterada podem estar ainda não se sabe. Além disto, é importante relacionar a atividades destas proteases com medidas que indiquem aspectos tecnológicos que sejam relevantes para padrões de qualidade de carnes. Estes padrões de qualidade devem estar diretamente associados ao consumo da carne in natura quanto ao material destinado à processamento, não importando qual seja o produto final. O mais importante é garantir informações que levem a indústria e os consumidores que terão, mesmo com a anomalia desenvolvida, produtos seguros nos aspectos nutricionais, bioquímicos e tecnológicos. Com base nestas breves informações, foi definido o procedimento metodológico desta proposta que permeia aspectos que incluam o maior número de informações sobre a alteração White striping em carne de aves, e com a reunião destas informações a possibilidade de entender melhor o que ocorre nestas carnes, levando a um conjunto de analises ainda não relatado na atual literatura.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate pH values fall rate in chicken breast meat under commercial refrigeration processing conditions and the development of PSE (pale, soft, exudative) meat. Broiler breast samples from the Cobb breed, both genders, at 47 days of age (n = 100) were taken from refrigerated carcasses (RS) immersed in water and ice in a tank chilled at 0°C (±2). pH and temperature (T) values were recorded at several periods throughout refrigeration in comparison to samples left at room T as control (CS). The ultimate pH (pHu) value of 5.86 for RS carcasses were only reached at 11°C after 8.35 h post mortem (PM) while, for CS samples, pHu value was 5.94 at 22°C after 4.08 h PM. Thus, under commercial refrigeration conditions, the glycolysis rate was retarded by over 4.0 h PM and the breast meat color was affected. At 24.02 h PM, PSE meat incidence was 30% while for CS, meat remained dark and PSE meat was not detected. Results show retardation in the glycolysis rate and PSE meat development was promoted by the refrigeration treatment when compared with samples stored at processing room temperature.
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The objective of this work was to investigate the relationship between poultry PSE meat and water loss of frozen chicken carcass in two experiments. The first experiment was carried out in commercial abattoir. Poultry carcass were classified as PSE meat (n=59) (pH <5.8) and control samples (n=55) (pH >5.8). Water absorption and drip test were performed according to the Brazilian legislation methodologies. The second experiment was carried out with commercial whole five brands frozen carcasses purchased from the local supermarkets (n=30) and analyzed for pH, water holding capacity (WHC) and drip test. PSE poultry meats absorbed 3.59% of water during the processing similar to the control samples; however, released 0.38% more water during thawing of the carcasses. From these five brands evaluated, three presented drip values above 6.0%. The highest drip value was showed by the brand sample that had pH and WHC values characteristics of PSE meat. It could be postulated that PSE meat phenomenon promoted more water release during thawing leading to a misinterpretation in relation to the Brazilian legislation for water carcass liberation during thawing.
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The proximate chemical composition of hump, known in Brazil as cupim, Rhomboideus m. (RB), of Nelore (Bos indicus) aged 24 months revealed it to be a unique beef muscle. It presents a lipid fraction 14-fold as high as that of Longissimus dorsi m. (LD) taken from the same animal (p<0.05), the highest value reported so far. This was unequivocally observed by the histological evaluation. Proportionally more protein fraction and conversely less moisture were also observed in RB. Analysis of collagen and its crosslinking with hydroxylysylpyridinium (HP) showed there to be 22.9 percent more collagen and 14-fold as much HP in RB as in LD. Contrary to the expectations, the tenderness of fresh samples evaluated by Warner Bratzler shear force measurements led to values of 8.05 and 5.81 kgf for LD and RB, respectively (p<0.05). These results showed that the abundant fat in fresh RB acted as a lubricant for the needle penetration, irrespective of the quantity and quality of collagen fibres present.
A composição química percentual aproximada do cupim m. Rhomboideus (RB) derivado de Nelore (Bos indicus) de 24 meses de idade mostrou ser um músculo diferenciado. Há uma maior fração de material lipídico em RB chegando a ser 14 vezes proporcionalmente maior em comparação ao m. Longissimus dorsi (LD) (p<0,05) a maior quantidade de gordura relatada em amostras de carne em literatura científica. Esse fato foi também observado pela avaliação histológica. Há proporcionalmente maior concentração da fração protéica e menor quantidade de umidade em RB. O teor de colágeno foi de 22,9 por cento mais concentrado em RB enquanto que a quantidade da sua ligação cruzada, hidroxilisilpiridinolina (HP) foi 14 vezes maior indicando que cupim seria mais rígido. Contrariando essa expectativa, a maciez da carne crua avaliada pelo texturômetro mostrou valores de 8.05 e 5.81 kg/F para LD e RB, respectivamente (p<0.05). Tais resultados mostram que em músculo contendo abundante gordura esta funciona como lubrificante para a lamina penetrar sem muita resistência através do cupim a despeito dar quantidade e qualidade das fibras de colágeno.
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A presente revisão teve como objetivo discutir as atividades fisiológicas relacionadas aos componentes de origem animal. Foram abordados o leite e seus componentes , os produtos cárneos, os componentes de sangue bovino e a regulamentação dos alimentos funcionais ou nutracêuticos. Concluiu-se que apesar de bastante estudadas os componentes ativos de origem animal ainda não são integralmente compreendidos. Como fonte de alimentos e ingredientes alimentares, esses componentes podem ser empregados para solucionar ou minimizar deficiências nutricionais. No entanto, a necessidade e importância do estudo de compostos bioativos têm sido associadas à demanda cada vez maior desses tipos de ingredientes pelo mercado consumidor