Head-mounted eye tracker videos and raw data collected during breathing recognition attempts in simulated cardiac arrest.

This paper presents data collected by Pedrotti et al. (2022, 2024) [1,2], which includes videos captured using a Dikablis head-mounted eye tracker (Ergoneers GmbH, Germany), along with the corresponding raw data. The data collection aimed to assess participants' ability to recognize breathing in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Equipped with the eye tracker, participants entered a room where a manikin was positioned on the floor. Their task was to determine if the manikin was breathing and respond accordingly, such as initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation if the victim was not breathing. Our analysis focused on examining looking time on the manikin's thorax by inspecting the videos. Potential applications of the dataset [3] include identifying fixation and saccades using custom algorithms, analyzing pupil diameter data, and conducting secondary analyses involving participant characteristics like age and gender as independent variables.

[Intermed: an integrated nursing support model in primary care medicine]. / Intermed : un modèle de soutien infirmier intégré en médecine de premier recours.

Intermed, a primary care support nurse (PCN) model, was piloted from 2014 to 2021 in a general practice in La Chaux-de-Fonds. In collaboration with the physician and medical assistant, the PCN supports a proactive Chronic Care Model organization, and focuses specifically on patients in complex chronic situations. Integrated into the medical center, the PCN benefits from a close relationship with the physician. Her services, without apparent additional cost, often clarify the functioning of the network around the patients while allowing the latter to regain control over their care. However, her independent status makes her activity economically unviable within the framework of the LAMal and would require a mode of salaried employment which remains to be invented.

Intermed, modèle de soins intégrant une infirmière de soutien en soins de premier recours (ISP), a été expérimenté de 2014 à 2021 dans un centre de médecine générale à La Chaux-de-Fonds. En collaboration avec le médecin et l'assistante médicale, l'ISP soutient une organisation proactive de type Chronic Care Model et se centre plus particulièrement sur les patients en situation chronique complexe. Intégrée dans le centre médical, l'ISP bénéficie d'une relation de proximité forte avec le médecin qui en fait un atout important. Si les prestations de l'ISP, sans surcoût apparent, clarifient souvent le fonctionnement du réseau autour des patients tout en permettant à ces derniers de reprendre un contrôle sur leurs soins, son statut d'indépendante rend son activité économiquement peu viable dans le cadre de la LAMal et nécessiterait un mode de salariat qui reste à inventer.

Raw eye tracking data of healthy adults reading aloud words, pseudowords and numerals.

This paper describes data from de Chambrier et al. (2023). The dataset [2] contains raw eye tracking data of 36 healthy adults, collected using an EyeLink 1000 (SR Research Ltd., ON, Canada) during an on-screen reading task. Participants read 96 items including words, pseudowords and numerals. Each item was presented at the center of the screen until the participant produced an oral response and pressed the keyboard's space bar. Part of the data were analyzed to extract key metrics such as fixation number, fixation duration, saccade number, and saccade amplitude identified by the EyeLink 1000 [1]. Reuse potential includes (but is not limited to) pupil diameter data analysis, identification of fixations and saccades using custom algorithms, and secondary analyses using participant demographics (age, gender) as independent variables.

Reading numbers is harder than reading words: An eye-tracking study.

We recorded the eye movements of adults reading aloud short (four digit) and long (eight to 11 digit) Arabic numerals compared to matched-in-length words and pseudowords. We presented each item in isolation, at the center of the screen. Participants read each item aloud at their pace, and then pressed the spacebar to display the next item. Reading accuracy was 99 %. Results showed that adults make 2.5 times more fixations when reading short numerals compared to short words, and up to 7 times more fixations when reading long numerals with respect to long words. Similarly, adults make 3 times more saccades when reading short numerals compared to short words, and up to 9 times more saccades when reading long numerals with respect to long words. Fixation duration and saccade amplitude stay almost the same when reading short numerals with respect to short words. However, fixation duration increases by ∼50 ms when reading long numerals (∼300 ms) with respect to long words (∼250 ms), and saccade amplitude decreases up to 0.83 characters when reading long numerals with respect to long words. The pattern of findings for long numerals-more and shorter saccades as well as more and longer fixations-shows the extent to which reading long Arabic numerals is a cognitively costly task. Within the phonographic writing system, this pattern of eye movements stands for the use of the sublexical print-to-sound correspondence rules. The data highlight that reading large numerals is an unautomatized activity and that Arabic numerals must be converted into their oral form by a step-by-step process even by expert readers.

Visual Fixation on the Thorax Predicts Bystander Breathing Detection in Simulated Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest, but Video Debriefing With Eye Tracking Gaze Overlay Does Not Enhance Postallocation Success Rate: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

INTRODUCTION: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with higher survival rates. Even trained health care staff cannot assess breathing well enough to detect cardiac arrest. Recognition of cardiac arrest by lay rescuers might be overlooked in adult basic life support resuscitation guidelines, which explain what to do, but not how to do it. The 2015 Adult Advanced Life Support Resuscitation Guidelines recommend to "look for chest movement." We hypothesize (1) that instructing lay rescuers to look for chest movement allows detecting breathing (or lack thereof); (2) that showing a person their own recorded gaze overlay during a video debriefing intervention enhances breathing detection at postallocation; and (3) that the more time spent looking at a cardiac arrest victim's chest, the greater the probability of detecting breathing (or lack thereof). METHODS: Monocentric, blinded, prospective, 2-arm parallel randomized controlled trial with balanced randomization (1:1). The design entailed a preallocation simulation, an intervention (video debriefing with or without gaze overlay), and a postallocation simulation. A follow-up simulation took place after 6 months. The main outcome measured was success in detecting breathing. Participants were all prospective students of a bachelor's degree program in nursing. RESULTS: All participants performed better at postallocation (success rate at preallocation = 59%, postallocation = 79%, χ 2 = 7.22, P < 0.01) regardless of viewing their own gaze overlay during video debriefing. We failed to obtain a sufficient number of participants for the follow-up simulation. Instructing lay rescuers to look for chest movement allows them to detect breathing (or lack thereof). Each second spent looking at the thorax increased the odds of successfully detecting breathing by 38%. Mean thorax gaze duration significantly increased by 5.95 seconds (95% confidence interval = 4.71-7.31) from preallocation (3.46 seconds, SD = 4.16) to postallocation (9.41 seconds, SD = 5.98). Laypersons' median diagnosis time was 15.5 seconds (range = 2-63 seconds), similar to another study (13 seconds, range = 5-40 seconds). CONCLUSIONS: This is the second study in which the median time to decision exceeded the maximum 10 seconds recommended. International guidelines should consider increasing the time allowed for the "check breathing" step of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedures.

E-readers and visual fatigue.

The mass digitization of books is changing the way information is created, disseminated and displayed. Electronic book readers (e-readers) generally refer to two main display technologies: the electronic ink (E-ink) and the liquid crystal display (LCD). Both technologies have advantages and disadvantages, but the question whether one or the other triggers less visual fatigue is still open. The aim of the present research was to study the effects of the display technology on visual fatigue. To this end, participants performed a longitudinal study in which two last generation e-readers (LCD, E-ink) and paper book were tested in three different prolonged reading sessions separated by--on average--ten days. Results from both objective (Blinks per second) and subjective (Visual Fatigue Scale) measures suggested that reading on the LCD (Kindle Fire HD) triggers higher visual fatigue with respect to both the E-ink (Kindle Paperwhite) and the paper book. The absence of differences between E-ink and paper suggests that, concerning visual fatigue, the E-ink is indeed very similar to the paper.

Measuring the effects of visual demand on lateral deviation: a comparison among driver's performance indicators.

In this study we compare the efficacy of three driver's performance indicators based on lateral deviation in detecting significant on-road performance degradations while interacting with a secondary task: the High Frequency Component of steering wheel (HFC), and two indicators described in ISO/DIS 26022 (2007): the Normative and the Adapted Lane Change Test (LCT). Sixteen participants were asked to perform a simulated lane-change task while interacting, when required, with a visual search task with two levels of difficulty. According to predictions, results showed that the Adapted LCT indicator, taking into consideration individual practices in performing the LCT, succeeded in discriminating between single and dual task conditions. Furthermore, this indicator was also able to detect whether the driver was interacting with an easy or a difficult secondary task. Despite predictions, results did not confirm Normative LCT and HFC to be reliable indicators of performance degradation within the simulated LCT.

A data-driven algorithm for offline pupil signal preprocessing and eyeblink detection in low-speed eye-tracking protocols.

Event detection is the conversion of raw eye-tracking data into events--such as fixations, saccades, glissades, blinks, and so forth--that are relevant for researchers. In eye-tracking studies, event detection algorithms can have a serious impact on higher level analyses, although most studies do not accurately report their settings. We developed a data-driven eyeblink detection algorithm (Identification-Artifact Correction [I-AC]) for 50-Hz eye-tracking protocols. I-AC works by first correcting blink-related artifacts within pupil diameter values and then estimating blink onset and offset. Artifact correction is achieved with data-driven thresholds, and more reliable pupil data are output. Blink parameters are defined according to previous studies on blink-related visual suppression. Blink detection performance was tested with experimental data by visually checking the actual correspondence between I-AC output and participants' eye images, recorded by the eyetracker simultaneously with gaze data. Results showed a 97% correct detection percentage.