Development of novel ß2-adrenergic receptor agonists for the stimulation of glucose uptake - The importance of chirality and ring size of cyclic amines.

ß2-Adrenergic receptor (ß2AR) agonists have been reported to stimulate glucose uptake (GU) by skeletal muscle cells and are therefore highly interesting as a possible treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The chirality of compounds often has a great impact on the activity of ß2AR agonists, although this has thus far not been investigated for GU. Here we report the GU for a selection of synthesized acyclic and cyclic ß-hydroxy-3-fluorophenethylamines. For the N-butyl and the N-(2-pentyl) compounds, the (R) and (R,R) (3d and 7e) stereoisomers induced the highest GU. When the compounds contained a saturated nitrogen containing 4- to 7-membered heterocycle, the (R,R,R) enantiomer of the azetidine (8a) and the pyrrolidine (9a) had the highest activity. Altogether, these results provide pivotal information for designing novel ß2AR agonist for the treatment of T2D.

Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 is a regulator of dendritic-cell spreading and podosome formation.

Dendritic cells (DCs) involved in proinflammatory immune responses derive mainly from peripheral monocytes, and the cells subsequently mature and migrate into the inflammatory micromilieu. Here we report that suppressing of 15-lipoxygenase-1 led to a substantial reduction in DC spreading and podosome formation in vitro. The surface expression of CD83 was significantly lower in both sh-15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1)-transduced cells and DCs cultivated in the presence of a novel specific 15-LOX-1 inhibitor. The T-cell response against tetanus-pulsed DCs was only affected to a minor extent on inhibition of 15-LOX-1. In contrast, endocytosis and migration ability of DCs were significantly suppressed on 15-LOX-1 inhibition. The expression of 15-LOX-1 in DCs was also demonstrated in affected human skin in atopic and contact dermatitis, showing that the enzyme is indeed expressed in inflammatory diseases in vivo. This study demonstrated that inhibiting 15-LOX-1 led to an impaired podosome formation in DCs, and consequently suppressed antigen uptake and migration capacity. These results indicated that 15-LOX-1 is a potential target for inhibiting the trafficking of DCs to lymphoid organs and inflamed tissues and decreasing the inflammatory response attenuating symptoms of certain immunologic and inflammatory disorders such as dermatitis.-Han, H., Liang, X., Ekberg, M., Kritikou, J. S., Brunnström, Å., Pelcman, B., Matl, M., Miao, X., Andersson, M., Yuan, X., Schain, F., Parvin, S., Melin, E., Sjöberg, J., Xu, D., Westerberg, L. S., Björkholm, M., Claesson, H.-E. Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 is a regulator of dendritic-cell spreading and podosome formation.

N-Substituted pyrazole-3-carboxamides as inhibitors of human 15-lipoxygenase.

High-throughput screening was used to find selective inhibitors of human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1). One hit, a 1-benzoyl substituted pyrazole-3-carboxanilide (1a), was used as a starting point in a program to develop potent and selective 15-LOX-1 inhibitors.

3-Substituted pyrazoles and 4-substituted triazoles as inhibitors of human 15-lipoxygenase-1.

Investigation of 1N-substituted pyrazole-3-carboxanilides as 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LOX-1) inhibitors demonstrated that the 1N-substituent was not essential for activity or selectivity. Additional halogen substituents on the pyrazole ring, however, increased activity. Further development led to triazole-4-carboxanilides and 2-(3-pyrazolyl) benzoxazoles, which are potent and selective 15-LOX-1 inhibitors.

Development of a fluorescent intensity assay amenable for high-throughput screening for determining 15-lipoxygenase activity.

15-Lipoxygenase-1 catalyzes the introduction of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a lipid hydroperoxide. The authors have developed an assay for the detection of lipid hydroperoxides formed by human 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) in enzyme or cellular assays using either a 96-well or a 384-well format. The assays described take advantage of the ability of lipid hydroperoxides to oxidize nonfluorescent diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP) to a fluorescent phosphine oxide. Oxidation of DPPP yields a fluorescent compound, which is not sensitive to temperature and is stable for more than 2 h. The assay is sensitive toward inhibition and robust with a Z' value of 0.79 and 0.4 in a 96- and 384-well format, respectively, and thus amenable for high-throughput screening. The utility of DPPP as a marker for 15-lipoxygenase activity was demonstrated with both enzyme- and cell-based assays for the identification of hits and to determine potency by IC(50) determinations.

Catalytic direct acetoxylation of indoles.

3-Acetoxyindole-2-carboxylates could be readily synthesized in a Pd(OAc)(2)- or PtCl(2)-catalyzed direct C-3 acetoxylation of indole-2-carboxylates using PhI(OAc)(2) as a terminal oxidant.