p27 specifically decreases in squamous carcinoma, and mediates NNK-induced transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with cigarette smoking being the most critical factor, linked to nearly 90% of lung cancer cases. NNK, a highly carcinogenic nitrosamine found in tobacco, is implicated in the lung cancer-causing effects of cigarette smoke. Although NNK is known to mutate or activate certain oncogenes, its potential interaction with p27 in modulating these carcinogenic effects is currently unexplored. Recent studies have identified specific downregulation of p27 in human squamous cell carcinoma, in contrast to adenocarcinoma. Additionally, exposure to NNK significantly suppresses p27 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. Subsequent studies indicates that the downregulation of p27 is pivotal in NNK-induced cell transformation. Mechanistic investigations have shown that reduced p27 expression leads to increased level of ITCH, which facilitates the degradation of Jun B protein. This degradation in turn, augments miR-494 expression and its direct regulation of JAK1 mRNA stability and protein expression, ultimately activating STAT3 and driving cell transformation. In summary, our findings reveal that: (1) the downregulation of p27 increases Jun B expression by upregulating Jun B E3 ligase ITCH, which then boosts miR-494 transcription; (2) Elevated miR-494 directly binds to 3'-UTR of JAK1 mRNA, enhancing its stability and protein expression; and (3) The JAK1/STAT3 pathway is a downstream effector of p27, mediating the oncogenic effect of NNK in lung cancer. These findings provide significant insight into understanding the participation of mechanisms underlying p27 inhibition of NNK induced lung squamous cell carcinogenic effect.

p27Kip1 and cytoplasmic pSer10p27 are promising biomarkers for predicting prognosis and chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE: The biological function of p27Kip1 largely depends on its subcellular localization and phosphorylation status. Different subcellular localizations and phosphorylation statuses of p27Kip1 may represent distinct clinical values, which are unclear in ovarian cancer. This study aimed to elucidate different subcellular localizations of p27Kip1 and pSer10p27 in predicting prognosis and chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer. METHODS: Meta-analyses were executed to evaluate the association of p27Kip1 and phosphorylated p27Kip1 with the prognosis of ovarian cancer patients. The expression levels and patterns of p27Kip1 and pSer10p27 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The correlations between different p27Kip1 states, clinicopathological features, and prognosis were analyzed. p27Kip1 and pSer10p27 expression levels in cisplatin-sensitive and cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines were detected using WB. KEGG analysis and WB were performed to evaluate the pathways in which p27Kip1 was involved. RESULTS: Meta-analyses showed that p27Kip1 was associated with significantly better overall survival (OS) in ovarian cancer (HR=2.14; 95% CI [1.71-2.68]) and pSer10p27 was associated with significantly poor OS in mixed solid tumors (HR=2.56; 95% CI [1.76-3.73]). In our cohort of ovarian cancer patients, low total p27Kip1 remained independent risk factors of OS (HR=2.097; 95% CI [1.121-3.922], P=0.021) and PFS (HR=2.483; 95% CI [1.364-4.518], P=0.003), while low cytoplasmic pSer10p27 had independent protective effects in terms of OS (HR=0.472; 95% CI [0.248-0.898], P=0.022) and PFS (HR=0.488; 95% CI [0.261-0.910], P=0.024). Patients with low total p27Kip1/pSer10p27 and low nuclear p27Kip1 had worse chemotherapy responses, while patients with low cytoplasmic pSer10p27 expression had better chemotherapy responses. The protein levels of p27Kip1 and pSer10p27 were significantly reduced in the cisplatin-resistant cell lines SKOV3-cDDP and A2780-cDDP, and the level of p27Kip1/pSer10p27 was subjective to Akt activation. CONCLUSIONS: The present study demonstrates that p27Kip1 and cytoplasmic pSer10p27 are promising biomarkers for predicting prognosis and chemotherapy response in ovarian cancer.

Rational therapeutic targets with biomolecular liquid-liquid phase separation regulating synergy: A pan-cancer analysis.

Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is characterized as an ubiquitous framework for diverse biological processes including carcinogenesis and cancer progression. While targeting cancer from perspective of LLPS offers an opportunity to drug the conventionally undruggables with cancer-driving potential, the therapeutic value of cancer associated LLPS (CAL) proteins remains elusive. Here, we report the genomic landscape, prognostic relevance, immune-infiltration association, down-stream pathway alteration and small molecular responsiveness of CAL protein-coding gene signatures based on protein-coding associated mutations and transcriptional abundance in pan-cancer. Correlations of CAL protein-coding associated mutations and transcriptional abundances to overall survival and progression-free survival were observed in an array of cancers and further characterized by differential survival outcomes between patients with intrinsic disordered region (IDR) enriched and non-IDR enriched mutations in endometrial cancer. Altered signaling pathways and universal pattern of immune infiltrates on account of CAL protein-coding associated gene-set mutations involved key components of oncogenesis in various cancer types and well established therapeutic targets including MAPK signaling pathway and implied an inflamed tumor immunity that might be highly responsive to immunotherapy. LLPS inhibitor enhanced cytotoxicity of cisplatin/paclitaxel in selective cancer cell lines. These findings provide preliminary evidences for rational chemo-, targeted- and immuno-therapeutic innovation with LLPS regulating synergy.

Identification and validation of pyroptosis-related gene landscape in prognosis and immunotherapy of ovarian cancer.

BACKGROUND: Emerging evidence has highlighted the biological significance of pyroptosis in tumor tumorigenesis and progression. Nonetheless, the potential roles of pyroptosis in tumor immune microenvironment and target therapy of ovarian cancer (OC) remain unknown. METHODS: In this study, with a series of bioinformatic and machine learning approaches, we comprehensively evaluated genetic alterations and transcriptome profiles of pyroptosis-associated genes (PYAGs) with TCGA-OV datasets. Consensus molecular clustering was performed to determine pyroptosis-associated clusters (PACs) and gene clusters in OC. Subsequently, component analysis algorithm (PCA) was employed to construct Pyrsig score and a highly accurate nomogram was established to evaluate its efficacy. Meanwhile, we systematically performed association analysis for these groups with prognosis, clinical features, TME cell-infiltrating characteristics, drug response and immunotherapeutic efficacy. Immunohistochemistry was conducted to verify molecular expression with clinical samples. RESULTS: The somatic mutations and copy number variation (CNV) of 51 PYRGs in OC samples were clarified. Two distinct PACs (PAC1/2) and three gene clusters (A/B/C) were identified based on 1332 OC samples, PAC1 and gene cluster A were significantly associated with favorable overall survival (OS), clinicopathological features and TME cell-infiltrating characteristics. Subsequently, Pyrsig score was successfully established to demonstrate the prognostic value and immune characteristics of pyroptosis in OC, low Pyrsig score, characterized by activated immune cell infiltration, indicated prolonged OS, increased sensitivity of some chemotherapeutic drugs and enhanced efficacy of anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy, Consequently, a nomogram was successfully established to improve the clinical applicability and stability of Pyrsig score. With clinical OC samples, GSDMD and GZMB proteins were validated highly expressed in OC and associated with immune infiltration and Pyrsig score, GZMB and CD8 proteins were regarded as independent prognostic factors of OC. CONCLUSION: This work revealed pyroptosis played a non-negligible role in prognosis value, clinicopathological characteristics and tumor immune infiltration microenvironment in OC, which provided novel insights into identifying and characterizing landscape of tumor immune microenvironment, thereby guiding more effective prognostic evaluation and tailored immunotherapy strategies of OC.

miR-483 is downregulated in pre-eclampsia via targeting insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and regulates the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway of endothelial progenitor cells.

AIM: Pre-eclampsia is a serious pregnancy-specific disease with an incidence of 9.4%. MicroRNAs play a key role in regulating factors in pre-eclampsia, but related research is still limited. This study aims to reveal the role and potential mechanisms of miR-483 in pre-eclampsia. METHODS: miR-483 was detected in venous blood, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue of pre-eclampsia patients by Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF1) and miR-483 were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot in endothelial progenitor cells isolated from fetal umbilical cord blood. miR-483 was overexpressed and inhibited to detect changes of IGF1 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in endothelial progenitor cells by qRT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS: miR-483 was downregulated in venous blood, umbilical cord blood and placental tissue of pre-eclampsia patients. In endothelial progenitor cells, overexpression of miR-483 inhibited the expression of IGF1, and inhibition of miR-483 promoted the expression of IGF1. miR-483 regulates the expression of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR in endothelial progenitor cells. CONCLUSION: miR-483 is downregulated in pre-eclampsia and regulates endothelial progenitor cells by targeting IGF1. miR-483 is a potential alternative for diagnosing and treating pre-eclampsia.

p85α Inactivates MMP-2 and Suppresses Bladder Cancer Invasion by Inhibiting MMP-14 Transcription and TIMP-2 Degradation.

Recent studies show p85α up-regulates epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, thereby promoting malignant cell transformation and migration in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). However, the potential role of p85α in human bladder cancer (BC) remains unknown. Here, we show that p85α is down-regulated in BC tumor tissues. Ectopic expression of p85α inhibited cell invasion, but not migration, whereas p85α knockdown promoted invasion in BC cells, revealing that p85α inhibits BC invasion. Overexpression of kinase-deficient p110 in T24 T(p85α) cells inhibited BC cell migration, but not invasion, suggesting that the inhibition of p85α on invasion is independent of PI3K activity. The effect of p85α on inhibiting BC invasion was mediated by the inactivation of MMP-2 concomitant with the up-regulation of TIMP-2 and down-regulation of MMP-14. Mechanistic studies revealed c-Jun inactivation was associated with p85α knockdown-induced MMP-14 expression, and down-regulated miR-190, leading to ATG7 mRNA degradation. This suppressed the autophagy-dependent removal of TIMP-2 in human BC cells. The present results identify a novel function of p85α and clarify the mechanisms underlying its inhibition of BC invasion, providing insight into the role of p85α in normal and cancer cells.

Downregulation of miR-200c stabilizes XIAP mRNA and contributes to invasion and lung metastasis of bladder cancer.

Our previous studies have demonstrated that XIAP promotes bladder cancer metastasis through upregulating RhoGDIß/MMP-2 pathway. However, the molecular mechanisms leading to the XIAP upregulation was unclear. In current studies, we found that XIAP was overexpressed in human high grade BCs, high metastatic human BCs, and in mouse invasive BCs. Mechanistic studies indicated that XIAP overexpression in the highly metastatic T24T cells was due to increased mRNA stability of XIAP that was mediated by downregulated miR-200c. Moreover, the downregulated miR-200c was due to CREB inactivation, while miR-200c downregulation reduced its binding to the 3'-UTR region of XIAP mRNA. Collectively, our results demonstrate the molecular basis leading to XIAP overexpression and its crucial role in BC invasion.

Autophagy-mediated Mir6981 degradation exhibits CDKN1B promotion of PHLPP1 protein translation.

PHLPP1 (PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 1) is a newly identified family of Ser/Thr phosphatases that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of a conserved regulatory motif of the AGC kinases resulting in a tumor suppressive function, while CDKN1B/p27 also acts as a tumor suppressor by regulating cell cycle, senescence, apoptosis, and cell motility. Our most recent studies reveal that CDKN1B is required for PHLPP1 abundance, which contributes to the inhibition of carcinogenic arsenite-induced cell malignant transformation through inhibition of RPS6-mediated Hif1a translation. However, nothing is known about the mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between these 2 key tumor suppressors in intact cells. Here, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, we show that CDKN1B is able to promote PHLPP1 protein translation by attenuating the abundance of Mir6981, which binds directly to the 5'untranslated region (UTR) of Phlpp1 mRNA. Further studies indicate that the attenuation of Mir6981 expression is due to macroautophagy/autophagy-mediated degradation of Mir6981 in an SQSTM1/p62-dependent fashion. Moreover, we have determined that Sqstm1 is upregulated by CDKN1B at the level of transcription via enhancing SP1 protein stability in an HSP90-depdendent manner. Collectively, our studies prove that: 1) SQSTM1 is a CDKN1B downstream effector responsible for CDKN1B-mediated autophagy; 2) by promoting the autophagy-mediated degradation of Mir6981, CDKN1B exerts a positive regulatory effect on PHLPP1 translation; 3) Mir6981 suppresses PHLPP1 translation by binding directly to its mRNA 5'-UTR, rather than classical binding to the 3'-UTR. These findings provide significant insight into understanding the crosstalk between CDKN1B and PHLPP1. Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; ACTB: actin beta; BAF: bafilomycin; BECN1: beclin 1; Cdkn1b/p27: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B; CHX: cycloheximide; DMEM: dulbecco's modified eagle medium; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde -3-phosphate dehydrogenase; Hif1a: hypoxia inducible factor 1, alpha subunit; Hsp90: heat shock protein 90; JUN: Jun proto-oncogene, AP1 transcription factor subunit; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MG132: proteasome inhibitor; Mtor: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; Phlpp1: PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 1; Phlpp2: PH domain and leucine rich repeat protein phosphatase 2; Pp2c: protein phosphatase 2 C; RPS6: ribosomal protein S6; Sp1: trans-acting transcription factor 1; Sqstm1/p62: sequestosome 1; TUBA: alpha tubulin; 3'-UTR; 3'-untranslated region; 5'-UTR: 5'-untranslated region.

PHLPP2 stabilization by p27 mediates its inhibition of bladder cancer invasion by promoting autophagic degradation of MMP2 protein.

Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is a tumor suppressor that catalyzes the de-phosphorylation of the AGC kinases, while p27 acts as a tumor suppressor that regulates cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell motility. Our previous studies have identified that PHLPP2 participates in inhibition of transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells following lung carcinogen B[a]P/B[a]PDE exposure. However, nothing was known about the association of p27 with regulation of PHLPP2 expression and the role of PHLPP2 in bladder cancer (BC) invasion. In our current studies, we demonstrated that PHLPP2 inhibited BC invasion through promoting MMP2 degradation via p62-mediated autophagy; and p27 expression was able to stabilize PHLPP2 protein by inhibiting protein degradation of Hsp90, which could directly bind to PHLPP2 and protect it from degradation. More in-depth studies discovered that stabilization of Hsp90 by p27 was mediated by calpain1 proteolysis system, whereas p27 inhibited calpain1 gene transcription by attenuating Jak1/Stat1 cascade in human invasive BC cells. Collectively, we for the first time revealed PHLPP2 downregulation in BCs and its participating in promotion of BC invasion, as well as novel role of p27 and mechanisms underlying its regulation of PHLPP2 protein degradation through Hsp90-dependent manner. Our findings improve our understanding of p27 and PHLPP2 roles and their crosstalk in regulation of BC invasion, which further contributes to improve the current strategy for invasive bladder cancer therapy.

CXCR3 is a prognostic marker and a potential target for patients with solid tumors: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To deeply verify the clinical significance of CXCR3 in prediction of cancer patients' prognosis. DATA SOURCES: We performed a meta-analysis including 12 studies searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases. A total of 1,751 patients were used to analyze the association between CXCR3 and patients' prognosis, based on either overall survival or time to tumor progression. STUDY SELECTION: Studies evaluating CXCR3 expression for predicting prognosis in human solid tumors were included. RESULTS: It showed that patients with higher expression of CXCR3 had significantly shorter OS (pooled hazard ratio =2.315, 95% CI: 1.162-4.611, P=0.017). In addition, higher CXCR3 expression was associated with distant metastasis (yes vs no: pooled relative ratio [RR] =1.828, 95% CI: 1.140-2.931, P=0.012) in solid tumors and indicated advanced tumor stage (III/IV vs I/II, RR =2.656, 95% CI: 1.809-3.900, P<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (yes vs no: RR =2.28, 95% CI: 1.61-3.25, P<0.001) in colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: Our study highlights the role of CXCR3 as a potential prognostic marker and a promising therapeutic target in solid tumors.

Attitudes Toward Homosexuality in China: Exploring the Effects of Religion, Modernizing Factors, and Traditional Culture.

Using the zero-inflated model and nationally representative sample data from the Chinese General Social Surveys 2013, this study systematically explored the effects of religion, modernizing factors, and traditional culture on attitudes toward homosexuality in China. The findings indicate that most Chinese people generally hold conservative attitudes toward homosexuality, as approximately 78.53% of the respondents believed that "same-sex sexual behavior is always wrong." Modernizing factors (i.e., education, exposure to Internet information, and liberal inclinations) predicted greater tolerance for homosexuality, whereas Islamic beliefs negatively influenced respondents' attitudes toward homosexuality. In contrast to the findings of the existing literature, Christian beliefs and traditional culture did not have significant effects on attitudes toward homosexuality. These findings may contribute to the literature by not only quantitatively testing the applicability of several factors identified in most Western studies of this topic but also providing new knowledge of attitudes toward homosexuality in the social context of China.

RhoGDIß promotes Sp1/MMP-2 expression and bladder cancer invasion through perturbing miR-200c-targeted JNK2 protein translation.

Our most recent studies demonstrate that RhoGDIß is able to promote human bladder cancer (BC) invasion and metastasis in an X-link inhibitor of apoptosis protein-dependent fashion accompanied by increased levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 protein expression. We also found that RhoGDIß and MMP-2 protein expressions are consistently upregulated in both invasive BC tissues and cell lines. In the present study, we show that knockdown of RhoGDIß inhibited MMP-2 protein expression accompanied by a reduction of invasion in human BC cells, whereas ectopic expression of RhoGDIß upregulated MMP-2 protein expression and promoted invasion as well. The mechanistic studies indicated that MMP-2 was upregulated by RhoGDIß at the transcriptional level by increased specific binding of the transcription factor Sp1 to the mmp-2 promoter region. Further investigation revealed that RhoGDIß overexpression led to downregulation of miR-200c, whereas miR-200c was able directly to target 3'-UTR of jnk2mRNA and attenuated JNK2 protein translation, which resulted in attenuation of Sp1mRNA and protein expression in turn, inhibiting Sp1-dependent mmp-2 transcription. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that RhoGDIß overexpression inhibits miR-200c abundance, which consequently results in increases of JNK2 protein translation, Sp1 expression, mmp-2 transcription, and BC invasion. These findings, together with our previous results showing X-link inhibitor of apoptosis protein mediating mRNA stabilization of both RhoGDIß and mmp-2, reveal the nature of the MMP-2 regulatory network, which leads to MMP-2 overexpression and BC invasion.

XIAP RING domain mediates miR-4295 expression and subsequently inhibiting p63α protein translation and promoting transformation of bladder epithelial cells.

The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) contains three N-terminal BIR domains that mediate anti-apoptosis and one C-terminal RING finger domain whose function(s) are not fully defined. Here we show that the RING domain of XIAP strongly inhibits the expression of p63α, a known tumor suppressor. XIAP knockdown in urothelial cells or RING deletion in knockin mice markedly upregulates p63α expression. This RING-mediated p63α downregulation is critical for the malignant transformation of normal urothelial cells following EGF treatment. We further show that the RING domain promotes Sp1-mediated transcription of miR-4295 which targets the 3'UTR of p63α mRNA and consequently inhibits p63α translation. Our results reveal a previously unknown function of the RING of XIAP in promoting miR-4295 transcription, thereby reducing p63α translation and enhancing urothelial transformation. Our data offer novel insights into the multifunctional effects of the XIAP RING domain on urothelial tumorigenesis and the potential for targeting this frequently overexpressed protein as a therapeutic alternative.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts enhance the migration ability of ovarian cancer cells by increasing EZH2 expression.

The tumor microenvironment is thought to affect malignant transformation and tumor progression. The histone methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2), has recently been suggested to play a critical role in the tumorigenesis of several types of human cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on the expression of EZH2 and the migration ability of ovarian cancer cells, in order to explore the link between the tumor microenvironment and epigenetic regulation. The ovarian cancer cell lines, A2780, SKOV3 and ES2, were indirectly co-cultured with primary ovarian CAFs or normal fibroblasts (NFs). The migration ability of the ovarian cancer cells was determined by Transwell migration assay. The expression levels of EZH2 were assessed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. The A2780-shEZH2 cells (A2780 cells transfected with shRNA targeting EZH2) were indirectly co-cultured with CAFs or NFs, and the changes in the expression levels of EZH2 and the migration ability of the cells were detected. The migration ability of the A2780, SKOV3 and ES2 cells co-cultured with CAFs was significantly enhanced (P<0.05) compared with the NF group and the cells cultured alone. The expression of EZH2 in the A2780, SKOV3 and ES2 cells was significantly increased following co-culture with CAFs (P<0.001) compared with the cells cultured alone but not those cultured with NFs. The migration ability of the A2780-shEZH2 cells was not significantly increased following co-culture with CAFs (P>0.05). Our data indicate that CAFs enhance the migration ability of ovarian cancer cells partly by increasing EZH2 expression.