[Oncology: what's new in 2022]. / Oncologie : ce qui a changé en 2022.

The past year has brought several innovations in medical oncology, opening up promising new options for many solid tumors, both localized and metastatic. Immunotherapy, a real spearhead of emerging therapies in metastatic diseases, is seeing its use extend to adjuvant and neoadjuvant modalities, particularly in colon and lung cancers. 2022 also sees a great deal of focus on targeted therapies, as well as on antibody-drug conjugates, which creates new standards in both breast and lung cancers. Here we present the major advances in solid tumors.

L'année écoulée a apporté son lot d'innovations en oncologie médicale, ouvrant de nouvelles options prometteuses pour bon nombre de tumeurs solides, qu'elles soient localisées ou métastatiques. L'immunothérapie, véritable fer de lance des thérapies émergentes dans les maladies métastatiques, voit son usage s'étendre à des modalités adjuvantes et néoadjuvantes, notamment dans les cancers du côlon et du poumon. 2022 donne également la part belle aux thérapies ciblées mais aussi aux conjuguées anticorps-médicaments qui apportent de nouveaux standards tant pour les cancers du sein que du poumon. Nous vous présentons ici les avancées majeures concernant les tumeurs solides.

[2021 Oncology update]. / Oncologie.

Despite COVID-19 pandemic, which is still deeply affecting world economy and global health, medical oncology specialists keep pursuing their effort for the identification of new therapeutic options to improve patients' life expectancy and quality of life. 2021 confirms the immunotherapy efficacy, alone or in combination with other modalities, across several indications. This year, we are summarizing the new approaches in the following sectors: lung, breast, melanoma, gynecological, digestive, urological and ENT areas.

En dépit de la pandémie de Covid-19 qui continue à grandement impacter l'économie mondiale et la santé, l'oncologie médicale poursuit sa quête d'identification de nouvelles options thérapeutiques ayant pour buts la prolongation de l'espérance de vie et l'amélioration de la qualité de vie de ses patients, en nombre croissant. L'année 2021 confirme également l'efficacité de l'immunothérapie, seule ou en combinaison à d'autres modalités, dans de nombreuses indications. Cette année, nous vous résumons les nouvelles approches dans les domaines suivants: poumon, sein, mélanome, sphères gynécologique, digestive, urologique et ORL.

[Immunotherapy for bladder cancer in 2021]. / Immunothérapie dans le cancer de la vessie : mise à jour 2021.

Intravesical immunotherapy with Calmette-Guerin bacillus (BCG) have been used since decades for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and is a proof of principle that immunotherapy works for this malignancy. Since 2016, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) demonstrated clinical benefits in locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer, providing potentially durable tumor control in first line therapy or upon relapse after standard treatments. Ongoing clinical trials aim to demonstrate the efficiency of ICI for the treatment of localized disease.

L'immunothérapie par instillation de bacille de Calmette-Guérin est utilisée depuis plusieurs décennies dans le cancer de la vessie non musculo-invasif. Cette forme d'immunothérapie locale est témoin de l'efficacité de cette approche thérapeutique. Depuis 2016, les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire (IPCI) complètent l'arsenal thérapeutique notamment lors d'une maladie localement avancée ou métastatique. Ils permettent d'obtenir des résultats bénéfiques potentiellement durables en première ligne de traitement et après échec des traitements standards. Des efforts sont en cours afin de démontrer le bénéfice des IPCI dans la prise en charge de la maladie localisée.

[2020 oncology update]. / Oncologie.

The COVID-19 pandemic that has swept around the world in early 2020 has changed our daily practice and habits. Fortunately, however, 2020 also brings its share of new approaches and therapeutic combinations as well as new therapies. These advances are improving the outcomes and quality of life of our patients across the spectrum of oncological diseases. This article summarises the latest oncological advances and novelties for 2020 in the following tumor entities : lung, breast, digestive, gynecological, urological and ENT.

La pandémie de Covid-19 survenue début 2020 dans le monde entier aura bouleversé notre pratique quotidienne et nos habitudes. Heureusement, sur le plan thérapeutique, l'année 2020 apporte également son lot de nouvelles approches et combinaisons thérapeutiques ainsi que l'introduction de nouvelles molécules, permettant d'améliorer le pronostic vital et la qualité de vie de nos patients, dans de nombreux domaines. Cet article résume les dernières avancées et nouveautés oncologiques de l'année 2020 dans les domaines suivants : poumon, sein, sphère digestive, gynécologique, urologique et ORL.

Describing adverse events in Swiss hospitalized oncology patients using the Global Trigger Tool.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The occurrence rate of adverse events (AEs) related to care among hospitalized oncology patients in Switzerland remains unknown. The primary objective of this study was to describe, for the first time, the occurrence rate, type, severity of harm, and preventability of AEs related to care, reported in health records of hospitalized hematological and solid-tumor cancer patients in three Swiss hospitals. METHODS: Using an adapted version of the validated Global Trigger Tool (GTT) from the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, we conducted a retrospective record review of patients discharged from oncology units over a 6-week period during 2018. Our convenience sample included all records from adult patients (≥18 years of age), diagnosed with cancer, and hospitalized (>24 hours). Per the GTT method, two trained nurses independently assessed patient records to identify AEs using triggers, and physicians from the included units analyzed the consensus of the two nurses. Together, they assessed the severity and preventability of each AE. RESULTS: From the sample of 224 reviewed records, we identified 661 triggers and 169 AEs in 94 of them (42%). Pain related to care was the most frequent AE (n = 29), followed by constipation (n = 17). AEs rates were 75.4 per 100 admissions and 106.6 per 1000 patient days. Most of the identified AEs (78%) caused temporary harm to the patient and required an intervention. Among AEs during hospitalization (n = 125), 76 (61%) were considered not preventable, 28 (22%) preventable, and 21 (17%) undetermined. CONCLUSION: About half of the hospitalized oncology patients suffered from at least one AE related to care during their hospitalization. Pain, constipation, and nosocomial infections were the most frequent AEs. It is, therefore, essential to identify AEs to guide future clinical practice initiatives to ensure patient safety.

[Side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: diagnosis and management]. / Effets indésirables des inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire : diagnostic et prise en charge.

New oncological approaches using immune checkpoint inhibitors aim to reinvigorate lymphocytes against the tumor. The prognosis of cancer has been significantly improved by these treatments, which nonetheless lead to a new spectrum of immune-related side effects. The most frequent are skin rash, colitis, thyroid dysfunction, hypophysitis, hepatitis and pneumonitis. Early detection of these toxicities is crucial to determine the etiology and to introduce a temporary immunosuppressive therapy, allowing resolution of toxicity in most of cases. A multidisciplinary team is essential for optimal management.

Les nouvelles thérapies oncologiques, dont les inhibiteurs de points de contrôle immunitaire, permettent une stimulation lymphocytaire antitumorale. Ces traitements ont amélioré de manière significative le pronostic oncologique de nombreux patients, mais présentent néanmoins un nouveau spectre de toxicités, d'ordre immunologique. Les toxicités immunes les plus fréquentes sont le rash cutané, la colite, la dysthyroïdie, l'hypophysite, l'hépatite et la pneumonie. Une détection précoce de ces effets secondaires est cruciale afin de réaliser un bilan étiologique adéquat puis d'introduire un traitement immunosuppresseur temporaire, qui permet une résolution de la toxicité dans la grande majorité des cas. Une évaluation multidisciplinaire est souvent indispensable pour une prise en charge optimale.

Neurotoxicity associated with cancer immunotherapy: immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) and chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) represent novel therapies recently approved to treat a number of human cancers. As both approaches modulate the immune system, they can generate a number of immune-related adverse events (irAEs), including a large spectrum of novel neurological toxicities. These are of special interest given their potential severity and risk of compromising further oncologic treatment. We aim to provide a comprehensive review of the literature and discuss their optimal management. RECENT FINDINGS: In contrast to irAEs involving other organs, neurological complications of ICPI are uncommon, may present throughout the course of treatment and involve the peripheral and central nervous system, including polyneuropathy, myositis, myasthenia gravis, demyelinating polyradiculopathy, myelitis, encephalitis and others. If started early, ICPI-related neurologic irAEs are usually responsive to steroids. In contrast, as many as 40% of patients undergoing CAR-T therapy will develop neurologic complications in the form of a cytokine-release-associated encephalopathy. It includes delirium, aphasia, tremor/myoclonus, seizure and seizure-like activity. SUMMARY: irAEs associated with CAR-T and ICPI therapy constitute new entities. Early identification and treatment are essential to optimize the functional outcome and further oncologic management of the patient.