RESUMEN
Resting-state fMRI was first described by Biswal et al in 1995 and has since then been widely used in both healthy subjects and patients with various neurologic, neurosurgical, and psychiatric disorders. As opposed to paradigm- or task-based functional MR imaging, resting-state fMRI does not require subjects to perform any specific task. The low-frequency oscillations of the resting-state fMRI signal have been shown to relate to the spontaneous neural activity. There are many ways to analyze resting-state fMRI data. In this review article, we will briefly describe a few of these and highlight the advantages and limitations of each. This description is to facilitate the adoption and use of resting-state fMRI in the clinical setting, helping neuroradiologists become familiar with these techniques and applying them for the care of patients with neurologic and psychiatric diseases.
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Mapeo Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/fisiología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , DescansoRESUMEN
Although advances in neuroimaging have yielded insights into the intrinsic organization of human brain networks and their relevance to psychiatric and neurological disorders, there has been no translation of these insights into clinical practice. One necessary step toward clinical translation is identifying a summary metric of network function that is reproducible, reliable, and has known normative data, analogous to normed neuropsychological tests. Our aim was therefore to establish the proof of principle for such a metric, focusing on the default mode network (DMN). We compared three candidate summary metrics: global clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, and average connectivity. Across three samples totaling 322 healthy, mostly Caucasian adults, average connectivity performed best, with good internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.69-0.70) and adequate eight-week test-retest reliability (intra-class coefficient=0.62 in a subsample N=65). We therefore present normative data for average connectivity of the DMN and its sub-networks. These proof of principle results are an important first step for the translation of neuroimaging to clinical practice. Ultimately, a normed summary metric will allow a single patient's DMN function to be quantified and interpreted relative to normative peers.
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Mapeo Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/anatomía & histología , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Adulto , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Masculino , Vías Nerviosas/anatomía & histología , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Investigación Biomédica TraslacionalRESUMEN
Heat stress (HS) is devastating to poultry production worldwide, yet its biology and molecular responses are not well defined. Although advances in management strategy have partially alleviated the negative impact of HS, productivity still continues to decline when the ambient temperature rises. Therefore, identifying mechanism-based approaches to decrease HS susceptibility while improving production traits is critical. Recently, we made a breakthrough by applying a surface wetting strategy and showing that it improves growth performance compared with the current conventional cooling system. In the present study, we aimed to further define molecular mechanisms associated with surface wetting in ameliorating HS productivity loss in broilers. Five-week-old broiler chickens were exposed to acute HS (35°C for 2 h) alone or in combination with surface wetting. A control group was maintained at thermoneutral conditions (25°C). Core body temperature (BT) and feed intake were recorded. Blood was collected and hypothalamic tissues (main site involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis) were harvested to determine the expression profile of stress- and metabolic-related genes. Surface wetting prevents HS from increasing BT and plasma corticosterone levels ( < 0.05) and improves feeding and drinking behaviors. At molecular levels, surface wetting blocks the activation of hypothalamic heat shock protein and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein-induced by HS and significantly modulates the expression of feeding-related hypothalamic neuropeptides (agouti-related protein, proopiomelanocortin, orexin, orexin receptor, and leptin receptor). Taken together, our data represent the first evidence that surface wetting alleviates systemic and intracellular stress induced by HS and preserves the intracellular energy status, which, in turn, may result in improved broiler well-being and growth performance.
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Pollos/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Trastornos de Estrés por Calor/veterinaria , Calor/efectos adversos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/metabolismo , Animales , Corticosterona/metabolismo , Vivienda para Animales , Neuropéptidos/genética , Neuropéptidos/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/etiologíaRESUMEN
This study was conducted to determine the effect of in ovo feeding of dextrin (Dext) and iodinated casein (IC) on hatch and early growth in broilers. Three experiments were conducted at a commercial hatchery using a commercial Inovoject™ system with treatments occurring in conjunction with vaccination at transfer from incubator to hatcher units (18.5 to 19 d embryonic development). In all 3 experiments, approximately 15,000 eggs (2,500 eggs per group) were treated and transferred to a single hatcher unit. Treatments in Exp. 1 consisted of buffered saline solution alone (Control, Cont) or a dextrin solution (Dext, 18% maltodextrin, 10% potato starch dextrin) containing zero, 80, 240, 720, or 2,160 µg IC/mL. The results of this initial experiment indicated that broiler chicks at hatch that received 240 and 720 µg IC/mL in Dext were heavier (P < 0.05) compared to the other treatment groups; there were no differences in hatchability between groups. Based on these findings, subsequent studies used treatments of zero, 240, and 480 µg/mL IC in Dext or Cont. In Exp. 2, hatch weights in all treatment groups were higher (P < 0.05) compared to those receiving Cont. In Exp. 3, chicks given Dext alone or 240 and 480 µg/mL in saline weighed less at hatch compared to the other treatment groups. However, chicks provided Dext alone in Exp. 3 had less weight loss after a 24-hour holding period compared to the other groups. All treatment groups exhibited greater weight gain from one to 10 d compared to the Cont group. The results indicate that in ovo feeding of broiler embryos with Dext containing 240 and 480 µg IC/mL may have beneficial effects on broiler hatch weights and early growth rate.
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Caseínas/farmacología , Pollos/fisiología , Dextrinas/farmacología , Yodoproteínas/farmacología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Caseínas/administración & dosificación , Embrión de Pollo/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dextrinas/administración & dosificación , Embrión no Mamífero/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión no Mamífero/fisiología , Yodoproteínas/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Studies were conducted using a commercial InovojectTM system to determine effects of in ovo feeding of dextrin and iodinated casein (IC) on hatch and posthatch growth in broilers. At â¼18.5 d embryonic development, eggs were treated with 0, 240, or 480 µg IC/mL in saline (Cont, IC240, and IC480) or dextrin (Dext, DextIC240 and DextIC480). The Dext solution consisted of 18% maltodextrin and 10% potato starch dextrin; saline was the vehicle used by the company for in ovo vaccination. The volume for all in ovo treatments was 50 µL/injection. Eggs in Experiment 1 were transferred to a commercial hatcher unit whereas eggs in Experiments 2 and 3 were transferred to a research hatcher unit to assess effects of treatments on timing of hatch. At hatch, chicks were randomly selected and placed in floor pens and grown to 6 wk. In Experiment 1, there were no differences in hatch weights, but broilers provided Dext IC240 in ovo were heavier (P < 0.05) at 6 wk compared to other treatments with the exception of the Dext IC240 group. In Experiment 2, hatch weights were heavier (P < 0.05) in chicks receiving IC240 and DexIC480 treatments compared to Controls. At 6 wk, broilers in all treatments were heavier (P < 0.05) than Cont with the exception of IC480. In Experiment 3, hatch was stimulated by IC240 (in saline), but was delayed by Dext IC240. Serum analysis of ß-hydroxybutyrate (µM/mL), as an indicator of ketone accumulation from fat metabolism of chicks held in chick boxes for 24 h posthatch (to simulate delay in placement after hatch), indicated that chicks in the IC240 group (that hatched earlier) had higher blood ketones compared to chicks that received Dext or DextIC240 in ovo (that hatched later). We conclude dextrin and iodinated casein (240 µg/mL) provided in ovo (â¼18.5 d of embryonic development) has the potential to improve chick quality and posthatch body weight by delaying or narrowing hatch window.
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Caseínas/administración & dosificación , Caseínas/farmacología , Pollos/fisiología , Dextrinas/farmacología , Yodoproteínas/administración & dosificación , Yodoproteínas/farmacología , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Dextrinas/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Anxiety disorders are highly comorbid with each other and with other serious mental disorders. As our field progresses, we have the opportunity to pursue treatment study designs that consider these comorbidities. In this perspective review, we first characterized the prevalence of multiple anxiety disorder comorbidity by reanalyzing national survey data, then conducted an English-language PubMed search of studies analyzing the impact of exclusion criteria on treatment outcome data. In the prevalence data, 60% of people with an anxiety disorder had one or more additional anxiety or depression diagnosis. Because our commonly applied exclusion criteria focus on a single diagnosis and do not consider a multiple comorbidity profile, the impact of the criteria may be to exclude up to 92% of anxiety disorder treatment seekers. Moreover, the findings do not suggest a consistent relationship between the number of exclusion criteria and the effect size of treatment outcomes. Thus, future studies might consider a more trans-diagnostic rationale for determining exclusion criteria, one that is generalizable to real-world settings in which multiple diagnoses commonly co-occur. The findings also encourage a more systematic reporting of rationales for the choice of-and the implications of-each exclusion criterion.
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Trastornos de Ansiedad/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/terapia , Trastorno Depresivo/diagnóstico , Trastorno Depresivo/terapia , Evaluación de Resultado en la Atención de Salud , Ansiolíticos/uso terapéutico , Trastornos de Ansiedad/clasificación , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Terapia Conductista , Terapia Combinada , Comorbilidad , Estudios Transversales , Trastorno Depresivo/clasificación , Trastorno Depresivo/psicología , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Humanos , Tamizaje Masivo , Psicoterapia , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
The major objectives of this study were to compare cell bioenergetics in 2 avian liver cell lines under control conditions and in response to oxidative stress imposed by 4-hydroxy 2-nonenal (4-HNE). Cells in this study were from a chemically immortalized Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) cell line and a spontaneously immortalized chicken liver (CELi) cell line. Oxygen consumption rate (OCR) was monitored in specialized microtiter plates using an XF24 Flux Analyzer (Seahorse Bioscience, Billerica, MA). Cell bioenergetics was assessed by sequential additions of oligomycin, carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP), and antimycin-A that enables the determination of a) OCR linked to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase activity, b) mitochondrial oxygen reserve capacity, c) proton leak, and d) nonmitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. Under control (unchallenged) conditions, LMH cells exhibited higher basal OCR and higher OCR attributed to each of the bioenergetic components listed above compared with CELi cells. When expressed as a percentage of maximal OCR (following uncoupling with FCCP), LMH cells exhibited higher OCR due to ATP synthase and proton leak activity, but lower mitochondrial oxygen reserve capacity compared with CELi cells; there were no differences in OCR associated with nonmitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity. Whereas the LMH cells exhibited robust ATP synthase activity up to 50 µM 4-HNE, CELi cells exhibited a progressive decline in ATP synthase activity with 10, 20, and 30 µM 4-HNE. The CELi cells exhibited higher mitochondrial oxygen reserve capacity compared with LMH cells with 0 and 20 µM 4-HNE but not with 30 µM 4-HNE. Both cell lines exhibited inducible proton leak in response to increasing levels of 4-HNE that was evident with 30 µM 4-HNE for CELi cells and with 40 and 50 µM 4-HNE in LMH cells. The results of these studies demonstrate fundamental differences in cell bioenergetics in 2 avian liver-derived cell lines under control conditions and in response to oxidative challenge due to 4-HNE.
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Aldehídos/farmacología , Metabolismo Energético , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Aldehídos/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Línea Celular Tumoral , Pollos , Inhibidores de Cisteína Proteinasa/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Cisteína Proteinasa/farmacología , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Análisis de Flujos Metabólicos/veterinariaRESUMEN
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory personality profiles of 250 male inpatient Vietnam veterans were examined to locate subgroups within that population. Using a hierarchical cluster analysis to form relatively homogeneous groups, four clusters were identified which accounted for 98% of the population. Three clusters had Millon profiles suggestive of a stress reaction and one cluster had a profile indicative of an antisocial adjustment. As measured by a PTSD subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory two clusters are high stress groups and two clusters are lower stress groups. The two Millon personality profiles in the high stress category were an 8-2-1/6 group and a 2-8-1-3 group. The lower stress groups had profiles of /8-2 and 6/8-5. The high stress groups are considered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder groups and the lower stress groups are considered nonPosttraumatic Stress Disorder groups.
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Trastornos de Combate/psicología , Hospitalización , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Veteranos/psicología , Adulto , Trastornos de Combate/diagnóstico , Trastornos de Combate/rehabilitación , Humanos , MMPI/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Psicometría , VietnamRESUMEN
This study examined changes on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory for 45 Vietnam veterans who completed a specialized inpatient treatment program. The average length of stay for these veterans was 140 days. Patients' scores on the Millon decreased on 12 of the 20 scales and increased on 8, and their Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-related symptoms of anxiety and dysthymia decreased significantly. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-related character styles, schizoid, avoidant, and passive-aggressive, also showed significant decreases.
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Trastornos de Combate/rehabilitación , Veteranos/psicología , Trastornos de Combate/psicología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Hospitalización , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Trastornos de la Personalidad/rehabilitación , Inventario de Personalidad/estadística & datos numéricos , PsicometríaRESUMEN
A total of 189 male Vietnam veterans who were admitted to a specialized inpatient treatment program were evaluated using the Millon Clinical Multiphasic Personality Inventory to assess character styles. The veterans were assessed for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder by using a subscale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and 72% of the patients were classified as having Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. The character styles of passive-aggressive, schizoid, avoidant, and borderline were significantly associated with these patients. The most common 2-point profile was passive-aggressive and avoidant (8-2 or 2-8) and was significantly related to the diagnosis. While drug and alcohol abuse were common problem areas for the entire sample, the profile of patients with Posttraumatic Stress was different from those of substance abusers. These results indicate that treating Vietnam veterans with this disorder requires adopting strategies which include a character style focus as well as a symptom focus.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Carácter , Trastornos de Combate/psicología , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/psicología , Veteranos/psicología , Adulto , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , MMPI , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , VietnamRESUMEN
The authors report a case of localised compression of the right atrium due to a loculated intrapericardial haematoma after open heart surgery. The patient suddenly developed signs of superior vena caval obstruction during the third postoperative week. The diagnosis was made by 2D echocardiography and superior vena cavography. The authors review the literature and discuss the main clinical features of localised cardiac tamponade, underlying the value of 2D echocardiography in the postoperative management of cardiac surgical patients.
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Taponamiento Cardíaco/etiología , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Hematoma/complicaciones , Vena Cava Superior , Adulto , Angiografía , Válvula Aórtica/cirugía , Taponamiento Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Circulación Extracorporea , Humanos , Masculino , Complicaciones Posoperatorias , UltrasonografíaRESUMEN
The first case report concerns a 31 year old woman presenting clinically and electrocardiographically as an anteroseptal myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock with equalization of right heart diastolic pressures. Coronary angiography performed under circulatory assistance was normal. The patient recovered, and clinical examination 4 years after the acute episode is absolutely normal. The second case was a 37 year old man admitted in cardiogenic shock thought to be due to a large anterior myocardial infarct. Catheterisation showed equalization of right heart diastolic pressures. Pericardial aspiration was negative and the most likely diagnosis appeared to be a localised rupture of the heart. The patient underwent emergency cardiac surgery but no infarct scar was observed and opening the pericardium did not improve the haemodynamics. Coronary angiography was carried out at the 24th hour under circulatory assistance and was found to be normal. The diagnosis was corrected to that of acute myocarditis and 5 months after the acute episode clinical cure was confirmed by normal echocardiography and angiography. The only positive aetiological finding in this case was the serology to chlamydia trachomatis which as strongly positive at increasing titres. Chlamydia was isolated from the patient's urethra and a chlamydia trachomatis exocervicitis was also found in the partner. This appears to be the first reported case of chlamydia trachomatis acute myocarditis in the adult.
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Rotura Cardíaca/diagnóstico , Infarto del Miocardio/diagnóstico , Miocarditis/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Aguda , Adulto , Infecciones por Chlamydia/diagnóstico , Chlamydia trachomatis/aislamiento & purificación , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Severe congestive cardiac failure developed in a few weeks in a 44 year old man who had undergone porto-caval anastamosis for post-hepatitis cirrhosis one year previously and then treated for anaemia by repeated blood transfusion and chronic daily oral iron therapy. Infiltrative, congestive and restrictive cardiomyopathy was diagnosed in the presence of global cardiomegaly, electrocardiographic changes (microvoltage, diffuse ST-T wave changes), echocardiographic appearances (dilatation of the left ventricle, with hypertrophic and hypokinetic walls), and hemodynamic signs of adiastole with equalisation of filling pressures at 15 mmHg and a cardiac index of 1,88 l/min/m2. Cardiac haemochromatosis was confirmed by the laboratory (serum iron: 35 mumol/l; siderophilin saturation: 100 p. 100; serum ferritin: 1854 ng/ml; induced siderouria: 51 mg/24 hours) and histological findings (endomyocardial biopsy showing pigment overload). The absence of a family history, of homozygote A3 antigen, of diabetes, of iron overload on hepatic biopsy one year previously, excluded the diagnosis of familial idiopathic haemochromatosis. A secondary form of the disease was diagnosed on a possible genetic predisposition (heterozygote A3 antigen) and on environmental factors (blood transfusions, iron therapy, cirrhosis, alcoholism and perhaps the porto-caval anastamosis. Cardiac haemochromatosis was cured in this case by iron chelating therapy comprising daily subcutaneous infusions of 2 g of desferrioxamine for 2 months. The cure was confirmed by regression of the signs of clinical cardiac failure and of cardiomegaly, the increase in QRS voltages and the near normalisation of the hemodynamic and laboratory findings.
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Arritmias Cardíacas/etiología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Hemocromatosis/complicaciones , Adulto , Arritmias Cardíacas/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/patología , Deferoxamina/uso terapéutico , Diástole , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Hemocromatosis/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Miocardio/patologíaRESUMEN
Subcostal M-mode echocardiography has been suggested as a method for assessment of left ventricular size and function. Parasternal and subcostal measurements (direct and derived) of left ventricular function were compared in 30 healthy young subjects. We calculated instantaneous left ventricular diameter and wall thickness every 10 ms for both the subcostal and parasternal approaches using a computer program for echocardiographic digitisation and compensation. All variables were filtered to calculate instantaneous first derivative (velocity) and logarithmic derivative (normalised velocity). The program provided normal values for computerised variables of left ventricular function from the subcostal approach. It was found that there was no identity and no correlation or a poor one between subcostal and parasternal left ventricular internal diameters and volumes. The parietal wall thickness was significantly greater using the subcostal approach, and the comparative velocities study showed striking variations between the two approaches, especially in diastole, where the peak lateral wall thinning rate was 20% lower than the posterior thinning rate. We conclude that for a normal and young population, the subcostal and standard parasternal data cannot be used interchangeably for precise studies of left ventricular function. The subcostal approach, however, provides useful complementary information about lateral wall motion.
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Ecocardiografía/métodos , Corazón/fisiología , Adulto , Computadores , Femenino , Hemodinámica , Humanos , Masculino , Función VentricularRESUMEN
A particular form of traumatic tricuspid incompetence with a right-to-left interatrial shunt through a patent foramen ovale is reported. This case and six similar previously published reports have the following features in common: clinically, tricuspid incompetence is associated with cyanosis and raised jugular venous pressure, pulsatile hepatomegaly and a systolic murmur in the subxiphoid region in about half the cases. The ECG showed incomplete or complete right bundle branch block in six of the seven cases, associated with left anterior hemiblock in four cases. The right cardiac chambers were dilated in all cases. Diagnosis may be confirmed by cardiac catheterisation and selective angiocardiography. The outcome and tolerance of the condition depend on the underlying tricuspid lesions. Papillary muscle rupture imposes early surgical intervention. Rupture or elongation of the chordae is compatible with good tolerance over a number of years.
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Defectos del Tabique Interatrial/complicaciones , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Tricúspide/diagnóstico , Válvula Tricúspide/lesiones , Bloqueo de Rama/diagnóstico , Femenino , Defectos del Tabique Interatrial/diagnóstico , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Hemodinámica , Humanos , Persona de Mediana EdadAsunto(s)
Computadores , Ecocardiografía/métodos , Hemodinámica , Angiografía , Electrocardiografía , Cardiopatías/diagnóstico , HumanosRESUMEN
34 patients aged between 17 and 62 years underwent triple valve replacement, 14 of whom exclusively with Starr-Edwards prosthesis; 25 patients were operated at Stage III and 4 at Stage IV of the NYHA classification; the operative mortality was 14%, the late mortality 21%. The actuarial survival curve shows 66% survival at 5 years; in all, 21 good results were obtained with a follow-up ranging from 3 months to 11 years (average 41 months). A notable late complication specific to these patients was dysfunction of the tricuspid prosthesis; a gradient across the tricuspid prosthesis was observed in 14 postoperative catheter studies; one of these patients had to be reoperated for thrombosis of a Starr-Edwards tricuspid prosthesis. Analysis of the results of this series suggests that surgery is beneficial, especially when the very precarious preoperative state of these patients is taken into consideration.
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Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas/efectos adversos , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Tricúspide/terapia , Estenosis de la Válvula Tricúspide/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Taponamiento Cardíaco/mortalidad , Hemorragia Cerebral/mortalidad , Muerte Súbita , Femenino , Humanos , Embolia y Trombosis Intracraneal/mortalidad , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The long-term results and the prognostic factors in aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis were assessed from a series of 249 operated cases (comprising 199 pure or dominant stenosis and 50 mixed aortic lesions) followed up for a maximal period of 9 years. The postoperative survival rate, 71% at 5 years, 62,6% at 8 years, including the operative mortality, is better than in a comparable series of pure chronic aortic incompetence (58% at 5 years) despite a higher average age. In the same age group the difference is significant at the 6th year. However, no difference was observed between mixed aortic disease and aortic stenosis. Irreversible myocardial dysfunction is relatively rare (6,6% of survivors at 1 month, 24% of poor results or late deaths) and much less common than in aortic incompetence of which it represents the main cause of failure. Even in these cases, prolonged symptomatic improvement may be observed. 3 prognostic factors affect the operative and late mortality. They act to variable degrees and independantly of each other. They are : age, cardiomegaly and heart failure. The actuarial 5 year survival is: 81,77% and 53% for under 50, 50 to 65 and over 65 years age group respectively; 88%, 78% and 48% for cardiothoracic ratios of less than 0,50, between 0,50 and 0,58 and greater than 0,58 respectively; 83%, 65% and 47% for patients without signs of heart failure, with a history of pulmonary oedema, and with a history of congestive cardiac failure respectively. These results encourage a liberal attitude towards surgery, even in old patients with severe valvular lesions.
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Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/cirugía , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Estenosis de la Válvula Aórtica/fisiopatología , Cardiomegalia/fisiopatología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Cardiopatías/fisiopatología , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Hemodinámica , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mortalidad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/mortalidad , PronósticoRESUMEN
The timing of surgery in chronic aortic regurgitation depends to a large extent on the operative results that may be expected in this type of valve disease. In 88 cases of chronic aortic regurgitation submitted to surgery there were 6 operative deaths (6.8%). Five years after operation the actuarial survival was 58% for the whole of the group and 68% for cases of rheumatic aortic regurgitation. Analysis of the causes of failures, late deaths, persistence or recurrence of severe impairment of activity, and of serious disturbances of ventricular rhythm, showed that the most important cause was myocardial dysfunction, which was responsible for two thirds of the bad results. Analysis of the late prognosis as a function of the various pre-operative parameters revealed the bad influence of cardiomegaly as measured by radiological examination (cardio-thoracic ratio and cineangiography) and of disturbances in left ventricular function. The actuarial survival curves showed very significant differences according to whether the cardiothoracic ratio was greater or smaller than 58%, and according to the amount of heart failure pre-operatively. Similarly, an end-diastolic volume index of 240 ml/m2 and an ejection fraction less than. 40 seemed to be serious findings. These facts, taken in conjunction with the natural history of this valve lesion, suggest that the indications for surgery should not only be symptomatic aortic regurgitation but also well tolerated regurgitation in which cardiomegaly, end-diastolic volume and/or the ejection fraction have reached a certain level.