Congenital glaucoma in a tiger (Panthera tigris).

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of congenital glaucoma in atiger (Panthera tigris). ANIMAL STUDIED: An 8-month-old intact female tiger wasreferred for suspected glaucoma of the right eye. The right eye was buphthalmicwith moderate episcleral injection, circumferential superficial cornealneovascularization, moderate corneal edema, and a fixed dilated pupil. Tapetalreflection was absent due to a mature cataract. Rebound tonometry under generalanesthesia revealed 70 mmHg and 21 mmHg in the right and left eye, respectively. PROCEDURE: A trans-conjunctival enucleation was performedand the globe was submitted for histopathology. RESULTS: Histopathology revealed a thin sclera, amorphousmaterial contouring an imperforate and hypoplastic iridocorneal angle, ahypoplastic lens with severe anterior-posterior compression, subcapsularepithelial hyperplasia, and Morganian globules, and segmental moderate retinalatrophy. Periodic acid-Schiff stain highlighted segmental dilations of theDescemet's membrane. Masson trichrome stain highlighted a pre-irido collagenmembrane. CONCLUSION: The tiger's age and histopathologic findingsare consistent with congenital goniodysgenesis. This is the first known reportof congenital glaucoma in a tiger.

Intraocular neuroectodermal embryonal tumor in two rabbits.

Spontaneous intraocular tumors are rarely reported in rabbits, despite their widespread use as laboratory animals. We describe two cases of intraocular neuroectodermal embryonal tumors, formerly primitive neuroectodermal tumors, in young rabbits. Histologically, both tumors exhibited prominent rosette or pseudorosettes, consistent with the histomorphology seen in human tumors. The neuroectodermal subtype is supported by immunoreactivity for the neuronal markers, SRY-box transcription factor 2, microtubule-associated protein 2, neuronal nuclear protein, and neuron-specific enolase. In one of the rabbits, there was metastasis to the contralateral conjunctiva. Intraocular neoplasms can occur in young rabbits and eyes with refractory disease should be enucleated for clinical management.

Evaluation of corneal ulcer type, skull conformation, and other risk factors in dogs: A retrospective study of 347 cases.

Objective: To investigate the incidence of corneal ulceration (CU) and establish risk factors for dogs referred to an academic referral hospital in Ontario, Canada. Animals: Dogs (N = 1101). Procedure: Type of CU, number of CU diagnoses, breed, skull conformation, weight, sex, neuter status, age, and comorbidities were analyzed for simple CU, spontaneous chronic corneal epithelial defects (SCCEDs), and complex CU. Complex ulcers were subdivided into deep, presence of keratomalacia, descemetoceles, and corneal lacerations and foreign bodies (CLFB). Results: The inclusion criteria were met by 347 dogs and 754 served as a control population of non-corneal ulceration (NCU) cases. Complex ulcers predominated (n = 134; 38.5%), including deep (n = 41; 11.8%), with keratomalacia (n = 20; 5.7%), descemetocele (n = 59; 17.0%), and CLFB (n = 14; 4.0%). Shih tzus were most predominant for every ulcer type, except for boxers for SCCEDs. Brachycephalic breeds have 2.757 greater odds (P < 0.0001) of presenting for CU, and 2.695 greater odds (P < 0.0001) of having a complex CU. Each 1 kg decrease in body weight increased odds of CU diagnosis by 1.3%. Yearly increase in age augmented the odds of CU diagnosis by 8.9% (P < 0.0001); older dogs were more likely to have SCCEDs (P = 0.0040) and keratomalacia (P = 0.0257). Comorbidities increased odds of repeat CU diagnosis (P = 0.0024). Dogs with diabetes mellitus (P = 0.0318) had higher odds of SCCEDs. Conclusion: Skull conformation, age, body weight, and comorbidities were identified risk factors for CU. Clinical relevance: Knowledge of risk factors will help veterinarians triage at risk demographics.

Évaluation du type d'ulcère cornéen, de la conformation du crâne et autres facteurs de risque chez le chien : une étude rétrospective de 347 cas. Objectif: Étudier l'incidence d'ulcération de la cornée (UC) et établir les facteurs de risque pour les chiens référés à un hôpital universitaire de référence en Ontario, Canada. Animaux: Chiens (N = 1101). Procédure: Le type d'UC, le nombre de diagnostics d'UC, la race, la conformation du crâne, le poids, le sexe, le statut de stérilisation, l'âge et les comorbidités ont été analysés pour les UC simples, les défauts épithéliaux cornéens chroniques spontanés (SCCEDs) et les UC complexes. Les ulcères complexes ont été subdivisés en profonds, présence de kératomalacie, descémétocèles et lacérations cornéennes et corps étrangers (CLFB). Résultats: Les critères d'inclusion ont été remplis par 347 chiens et 754 ont servi de population témoin de cas d'ulcération non-cornéenne (UNC). Les ulcères complexes prédominaient (n = 134; 38,5 %), y compris profonds (n = 41; 11,8 %), avec kératomalacie (n = 20; 5,7 %), descémétocèles (n = 59; 17,0 %) et CLFB (n = 14; 4,0 %). Les shih tzus étaient les plus prédominants pour chaque type d'ulcère, à l'exception des boxers pour les SCCEDs. Les races brachycéphales ont 2,757 chances plus élevées (P < 0,0001) de présenter un UC et 2,695 chances plus élevées (P < 0,0001) d'avoir un UC complexe. Chaque diminution de 1 kg du poids corporel augmentait les risques de diagnostic de UC de 1,3 %. L'augmentation annuelle de l'âge augmentait les chances de diagnostic d'UC de 8,9 % (P < 0,0001); les chiens plus âgés étaient plus susceptibles d'avoir des SCCEDs (P = 0,0040) et une kératomalacie (P = 0,0257). Les comorbidités ont augmenté les chances de répéter le diagnostic d'UC (P = 0,0024). Les chiens atteints de diabète mellitus (P = 0,0318) avaient un risque plus élevé de SCCEDs. Conclusion: La conformation du crâne, l'âge, le poids corporel et les comorbidités ont été identifiés comme facteurs de risque d'UC. Pertinence clinique: La connaissance des facteurs de risque aidera les vétérinaires à trier les cas à risque selon les données démographiques.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Diagnostic Tests Used During the Ocular Examination.

This article provides a review of the required ocular tests during the ophthalmologic examinations of canine and feline patients. Knowledge of medications affecting ocular parameters and awareness of available instrumentation and test materials is essential for accurate diagnoses.

Topical Ocular Therapeutics in Small Animals.

This article reviews the administration of common topical ophthalmic medications, in relation to factors influencing absorption including composition of topical ophthalmic preparations, and potential systemic effects. Commonly prescribed, commercially available topical ophthalmic medications are discussed with respect to pharmacology, their indications for use, and adverse effects. Knowledge of topical ocular pharmacokinetics is essential for the management of veterinary ophthalmic disease.

Histological and histochemical characteristics of lacrimal glands in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas).

The objective of this study was to describe the histological and histochemical characteristics of the lacrimal glands of beluga whales. The study was carried out on the formalin-fixed ocular globes from 96 carcasses of beluga whales found stranded in the St. Lawrence estuary in Quebec, Canada. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides from the eyes of each whale were examined for lacrimal glands. Histological description was done with H&E and Masson Trichrome (MT) stains. Period Acid-Schiff (PAS), Alcian blue (AB) pH 1.0 and 2.5, and High Iron Diamine (HID) stains were used for histochemical characterization of glycoproteins. Thirteen ocular samples from animals ranging from neonate to 48 y included sections of lacrimal glands. The H&E stain revealed a tubuloalveolar gland architecture, separated into lobules by dense connective tissue. Each lobule contained a mixture of acini and tubules with ductules. Small and large acini were composed of low and tall columnar cells, respectively. Acinar cells contained basophilic cytoplasmic granules. The ductules were lined with a bi-layered cuboidal-to-squamous epithelium. The MT stain highlighted the connective tissue separating ductules and acini. Large acini were positive for PAS and some small acini had patchy uptake. Positive staining for AB pH 1.0 and 2.5 was mainly seen in tall columnar cells as compared to small acini that had faint to no stain uptake. High Iron Diamine stain revealed 90% staining of all acinar cells, with 10% exhibiting a mixed blue-black tinge. It was concluded that the lacrimal glands of beluga whales have similar histological and histochemical findings to those of artiodactyla and carnivora orders.

L'objectif de cette étude était de décrire les caractéristiques histologiques et histochimiques des glandes lacrymales des bélugas. L'étude a été réalisée sur les globes oculaires fixés au formol de 96 carcasses de bélugas trouvées échouées dans l'estuaire du Saint-Laurent au Québec, Canada. Des lames colorées à l'hématoxyline et à l'éosine (H&E) des yeux de chaque baleine ont été examinées pour la présence de glandes lacrymales. La description histologique a été réalisée avec des colorations H&E et trichrome de Masson (MT). Les colorations Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), au bleu Alcian (AB) pH 1,0 et 2,5, et diamine à haute teneur en fer (HID) ont été utilisées pour la caractérisation histochimique des glycoprotéines. Treize échantillons oculaires provenant d'animaux allant du nouveau-né à 48 ans comprenaient des sections de glandes lacrymales. La coloration H&E a révélé une architecture de glande tubulo-alvéolaire, séparée en lobules par un tissu conjonctif dense. Chaque lobule contenait un mélange d'acini et de tubules avec des ductules. Les petits et les grands acini étaient respectivement composés de cellules cylindriques basses et hautes. Les cellules acinaires contenaient des granules cytoplasmiques basophiles. Les canaux étaient tapissés d'un épithélium cuboïde à squameux bicouche. La coloration MT a mis en évidence le tissu conjonctif séparant les canaux et les acini. Les grands acini étaient positifs pour le PAS et certains petits acini avaient une absorption inégale. Une coloration positive pour AB pH 1,0 et 2,5 a été principalement observée dans les cellules cylindriques hautes par rapport aux petits acini qui avaient une absorption de coloration faible ou nulle. La coloration HDI a révélé une coloration de 90 % de toutes les cellules acinaires, 10 % présentant une teinte mixte bleu-noir. Il a été conclu que les glandes lacrymales des bélugas présentent des résultats histologiques et histochimiques similaires à ceux des ordres des artiodactyles et des carnivores.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

The Efficacy of Online Case-Based Assignments in Teaching Veterinary Ophthalmology.

Veterinarians are required to use clinical reasoning skills to successfully manage their patients with eye diseases. Case-based assignments can be an effective tool for teaching problem-solving skills. Very few models or online modules exist to deepen the instruction of veterinary ophthalmic clinical reasoning skills. The current study aims to assess the value of online case-based assignments given to students during the Ontario Veterinary College's Phase 4 ophthalmology rotation over a 4-year period. Nine case-based assignments were developed as an online module and provided signalment, history, ophthalmic database, and clinical photography. For each case, students were required to describe the ocular lesions, provide a diagnosis, and develop a short-term and long-term treatment plan. A grading rubric was created, and student feedback was collected using an online survey. A frequency analysis was conducted to evaluate final grades across each case. This analysis was also completed for grades of each question across all cases. A total of 285 students were graded individually. Students' grades were normally distributed across each assignment. Students performed better on lower-order cognitive skills (description of ocular lesions) but poorer on high-order cognitive skills (therapeutic plans). These results suggest that students tend to have difficulty with the analysis and interpretation of these cases. Student feedback reported case-based assignments were useful. Online case-based assignments may be a useful adjunctive teaching tool for students rotating through ophthalmology in their clinical year, and this tool could be considered for other specialized rotations.

Iridociliary adenoma in a greater sulfur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita galerita).

A 34-year-old female greater sulfur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita galerita) was referred for suspected left globe rupture. Ophthalmic examination revealed effacement of the anterior chamber and cornea by a large mass. The left eye was enucleated due to suspicion of globe rupture, secondary to a neoplastic process or chronic trauma. Histopathological examination revealed complete effacement of the internal ocular structures by a neoplasm morphologically consistent with an iridociliary adenoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by Periodic acid-Schiff histochemistry and immunohistochemistry for S100, Melan-A/PNL2, and vimentin antigens. The cockatoo recovered well from surgery, with appropriate healing of the enucleation site, and no evidence of recurrence at 1-year follow-up. Key clinical message: To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of iridociliary adenoma in a greater sulfur-crested cockatoo, and the third report of such a neoplasm in a psittacine species with a description of the use of immunohistochemistry to confirm a diagnosis of a rare tumor in a bird species.

Adénome iridociliaire chez un cacatoès à crête de soufre (Cacatua galerita galerita) . Une femelle cacatoès à crête de soufre (Cacatua galerita galerita) âgée de 34 ans a été référée pour suspicion de rupture du globe oculaire gauche. L'examen ophtalmique a révélé un effacement de la chambre antérieure et de la cornée par une masse importante. L'oeil gauche fut énucléé en raison d'une suspicion de rupture du globe oculaire, secondaire à un processus néoplasique ou à un traumatisme chronique. L'examen histopathologique a révélé un effacement complet des structures oculaires internes par un néoplasme morphologiquement compatible avec un adénome iridociliaire. Le diagnostic a été confirmé par histochimie avec coloration PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff ) et immunohistochimie pour les antigènes S100, Melan-A/PNL2 et vimentine. Le cacatoès s'est bien rétabli de la chirurgie, avec une guérison appropriée du site d'énucléation, et aucun signe de récidive à 1 an de suivi.Message clinique clé :À la connaissance des auteurs, il s'agit du premier rapport d'adénome iridociliaire chez un grand cacatoès à crête de soufre et du troisième rapport d'un tel néoplasme chez une espèce psittacidé avec une description de l'utilisation de l'immunohistochimie pour confirmer le diagnostic d'une tumeur rare chez une espèce d'oiseau.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Effects of orally administered gabapentin, tramadol, and meloxicam on ocular variables in healthy dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of gabapentin, tramadol, and meloxicam on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP), pupillary diameter, tear break-up time, and corneal touch threshold in healthy dogs when given orally for 3 days. ANIMALS: 9 healthy research Beagles. PROCEDURES: A randomized, blinded, case-crossover study with a 6-sequence, 3-treatment, and 3-period design was performed. A 7-day acclimation period was followed by 3 treatment phases, each with a 3-day treatment period followed by a 7-day washout period for 3 different drugs. Block randomization was used to group dogs for treatments with drug A (gabapentin), B (tramadol), or C (meloxicam). Measurements of tear production, IOP, pupillary diameter, tear break-up time, and corneal touch threshold were performed on a schedule. A generalized mixed-effects linear regression model was created for each ocular variable, accounting for repeated measures within individuals. RESULTS: Intraocular pressure was the only variable to have differed substantially between the first 5 and last 2 days of the acclimation period. When treatment phase, day, time of day, dog identification, baseline value, and eye were accounted for, the mean IOP was lower for dogs during treatment phases with gabapentin or tramadol, compared with meloxicam, but this difference was not considered clinically meaningful. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that a minimum 5-day acclimation period is necessary for IOP measurements to return to baseline in dogs. The statistically identified effect of gabapentin and tramadol on IOP in dogs of the present study warrants further investigation. It is possible that at higher dosages, or in dogs with glaucoma, this effect may become clinically significant.

Periocular sarcoid with bone invasion in a Thoroughbred mare.

A periocular nodular sarcoid was diagnosed on the right upper eyelid and medial canthus of a 12-year-old Thoroughbred mare. Enucleation was performed and during the procedure the mass was noted to be firmly adhered to the underlying frontal bone. Partial ostectomy of the dorsal orbital rim was performed. Histopathology revealed invasion of the cortical lamellar bone and the bone marrow by neoplastic spindle cells and extension of these cells to multiple surgical margins. Recurrence at the level of the surgical site and its surroundings occurred 3 months after the procedure. The horse was euthanized 12 months later. Key clinical message: Invasion of the underlying bone occurs in some cases of equine periocular sarcoids. The case highlights how this bone invasion might affect the surgical planning and shows potential aggressiveness of this type of tumor.

Sarcoïde péri-oculaire avec invasion osseuse chez une jument Thoroughbred. Un sarcoïde nodulaire péri-oculaire fut diagnostiqué sur la paupière supérieure droite et le canthus médial d'une jument Thoroughbred âgée de 12 ans. L'énucléation fut effectuée et durant la procédure il fut noté que la masse était fermement adhérée à l'os frontal sous-jacent. Une ostectomie partielle de la bordure orbitale dorsale fut effectuée. L'examen histopathologique révéla l'invasion de l'os lamellaire cortical et de la moelle osseuse par des cellules fusiformes néoplasiques et l'extension de ces cellules à de multiples bordures chirurgicales. Une récurrence au site chirurgical et son entourage s'est produit 3 mois après la procédure. Le cheval fut euthanasié 12 mois plus tard.Message clinique clé:Ce cas démontre que l'invasion de l'os sous-jacent se produit dans certains cas de sarcoïdes péri-oculaires équins. Ce cas souligne comment cette invasion osseuse peut affecter la planification chirurgicale et montre le potentiel agressif de ce type de tumeur.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Normograde nasolacrimal placement of an ocular-lavage system for treatment of equine eye diseases.

The standard placement of a subpalpebral lavage system may not be feasible in some horses with eyelid disease. We describe placement of a commercially available, indwelling nasolacrimal lavage system that circumvents eyelid perforation. This novel approach provided for effective delivery of drugs to 1 horse with periocular and corneal disease.

Placement nasolacrymal normograde d'un système de lavage oculaire pour le traitement des maladies de l'oeil des équidés. Le placement standard d'un système de lavage subpalpébral peut ne pas être réalisable chez certains chevaux atteints de maladies oculaires. Nous décrivons le placement d'un système de lavage nasolacrymal à demeure qui évite la perforation de la paupière. Cette approche innovatrice a permis d'administrer des médicaments à un cheval atteint de maladie périoculaire et cornéenne.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Computed tomography measurements of intraocular structures of the feline eye.

Diagnostic imaging of the eye can be performed using ultrasonography, MRI or CT. This study describes the CT dimensions, volumes and radiodensities of presumed normal feline intraocular structures. Nineteen adult patients were included in this retrospective study. Fourteen males and five females were included, with domestic short hair (DSH) being the predominant breed. Length, volume and radiodensity values for the lens, anterior chamber, vitreous chamber and optic nerve were calculated as well as measurements of the optic nerve width. There was no significant correlation found on linear regression analysis comparing patient's body weight with the various ocular measurements. Measurements of the lens, globe and optic nerve had significant differences (P<0.05) noted between the sexes, with males having increased values. These results may be skewed due to the large majority of male patients in the study. There was a weak correlation found between age and right eye (OD) optic nerve width, with an increase in the optic nerve width noted with increasing age. The findings of this study are a first step in establishing CT reference values for feline intraocular structure measurements.

Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in the eyes of cats with and without uveitis.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the distribution and intensity of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in the eyes of cats with and without uveitis and to determine whether COX-2 expression is correlated with severity of inflammation. SAMPLES Archived ocular tissue specimens from 51 cats with and 10 cats without ocular disease. PROCEDURES Specimens from only 1 eye were evaluated for each cat. Specimens were stained with H&E stain or immunohistochemical stain for detection of COX-2 and reviewed. For each eye, the type, severity, and distribution of inflammation and the distribution and intensity of COX-2 expression were determined for the uvea and other ocular tissues. Correlation between COX-2 expression and inflammation severity was also assessed. RESULTS COX-2 was not expressed in any nondiseased eye. Of the 51 diseased eyes, 20 had histologic evidence of lymphocytic-plasmacytic uveitis, 13 had neutrophilic uveitis, 11 had diffuse iris melanoma with uveitis, and 7 had diffuse iris melanoma without uveitis. Of the 44 eyes with uveitis, COX-2 was detected in the uvea of 16, including 11 eyes with lymphocytic-plasmacytic uveitis, 4 with neutrophilic uveitis, and 1 with diffuse iris melanoma-induced uveitis. Inflammation was severe, moderate, or mild in 10, 5, and 1 of those eyes, respectively. Cyclooxygenase-2 was detected in the cornea of 21 eyes with uveitis and 1 eye with diffuse iris melanoma without uveitis. Uveitis severity was positively correlated with COX-2 expression in both the uvea and cornea. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that COX-2 is an inflammatory mediator in feline uveitis but not diffuse iris melanoma.

Systemic absorption and adverse ocular and systemic effects after topical ophthalmic administration of 0.1% diclofenac to healthy cats.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify plasma concentrations and determine adverse ocular, renal, or hepatic effects associated with repeated topical ophthalmic application of 0.1% diclofenac to healthy cats. ANIMALS: 8 healthy sexually intact male cats. PROCEDURES: A randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted. A topical formulation of 0.1% diclofenac was administered 4 times/d for 7 days to 4 cats, and artificial tear (control) solution was administered to the other 4 cats. After a 12-day washout period, cats received the other treatment. Ophthalmic examinations were performed daily. Plasma samples were obtained on days 1 and 7 for pharmacokinetic analysis. A CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, determination of urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and determination of glomerular filtration rate were performed before the start of the study and after each 7-day treatment period. RESULTS: Mild conjunctival hyperemia was the only adverse ocular effect detected. Maximal drug concentration and area under the curve were significantly higher on day 7 than on day 1. Diclofenac-treated cats had a significantly lower glomerular filtration rate than did control-treated cats after the second but not after the first treatment period, presumably associated with iatrogenic hypovolemia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Topical ophthalmic administration of 0.1% diclofenac was well tolerated in healthy cats, with only mild signs of ocular irritation. Detectable systemic concentrations of diclofenac were achieved with accumulation over 7 days. Systemic absorption of diclofenac may be associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate, particularly in volume-contracted animals. Topical ophthalmic 0.1% diclofenac should be used with caution in volume-contracted or systemically ill cats.

Interleukin 11 expression in the normal canine eye.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to characterize the expression of interleukin-11 (IL-11), a cytokine with anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and immune-modulating characteristics, in the canine eye. PROCEDURES: Normal canine eyes were collected from clinically healthy dogs that had been euthanized for reasons unrelated to this study. The distribution of IL-11 expression in the different ocular layers was evaluated by immunofluorescence (eight eyes). Expression levels were quantified (based on fluorescence intensity) using pixel density analysis. Primary cell cultures were derived from all three corneal cell layers. IL-11 mRNA expression was assessed in these cultures using quantitative RT-PCR before and after treatment with TGF-ß1, a known inducer of IL-11 expression. IL-11 protein expression was also assessed in the media of these cells by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: IL-11 protein was detected in the corneal epithelium, keratocytes, and the corneal endothelium of the normal canine eyes examined using immunofluorescence. Baseline IL-11 mRNA expression was noted in the corneal epithelium, fibroblasts, and endothelium using quantitative RT-PCR. Treatment of canine corneal cell lines with TGF-ß1 resulted in statistically significant increases in IL-11 expression in the corneal epithelium, endothelial and fibroblast cell lines with strongest induction noted in the fibroblasts and endothelium. CONCLUSION: This is the first description of IL-11 expression in the canine eye. The protein and mRNA appear to be constitutively present throughout all layers of the cornea and are increased by TGF-ß1, a cytokine important in ocular inflammation and disease.

Corneal ulcers in horses.

Corneal ulceration is commonly diagnosed by equine veterinarians. A complete ophthalmic examination as well as fluorescein staining, corneal cytology, and corneal bacterial (aerobic) and fungal culture and sensitivity testing are necessary for all infected corneal ulcers. Appropriate topical antibiotics, topical atropine, and systemic NSAIDs are indicated for all corneal ulcers. If keratomalacia (melting) is observed, anticollagenase/antiprotease therapy, such as autologous serum, is indicated. If fungal infection is suspected, antifungal therapy is a necessity. Subpalpebral lavage systems allow convenient, frequent, and potentially long-term therapy. Referral corneal surgeries provide additional therapeutic options when the globe's integrity is threatened or when improvement has not been detected after appropriate therapy.

Feline uveitis.

Uveitis is defined as inflammation of the vascular tunic of the eye, the uvea. Although inflammation can affect the entire uvea, clinical signs may present predominantly in either the anterior or the posterior chamber. Anterior uveitis lesions may affect the cornea, anterior chamber, iris, and lens, whereas posterior uveitis anomalies may be located in the vitreous and fundus. Uveal inflammation is often a sentinel finding indicative of underlying systemic pathology. Causes of feline uveitis are numerous, with infectious disease being the most common. Clinical signs are often nonspecific, and recurrence of disease is common, posing the challenges of accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Retrospective study and review of ocular radiation side effects following external-beam Cobalt-60 radiation therapy in 37 dogs and 12 cats.

This retrospective study evaluated the ocular side effects of cancer-bearing dogs and cats treated with external-beam Cobalt-60 (Co-60) radiation in which one or both orbit(s) were included in the radiation field. A total of 37 dogs and 12 cats presented to the Ontario Veterinary College during the 10-year study period (1999-2009) were evaluated. The radiation protocols ranged from a maximum of 60 Gray (Gy) in 24 fractions for curative intent to a minimum of 8 Gy in 1 fraction for palliative treatment. The main ocular side effect reported in both dogs and cats was conjunctivitis (79% and 55%, respectively). Other common ocular side effects included eyelid lesions in dogs (44%), ulcerative keratitis in cats (36%), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca in both dogs and cats (44% and 27%, respectively). The high incidence of ocular side effects in both patient populations indicates a need for regular ophthalmic examinations as a component of routine follow-up for radiation therapy involving the orbit. Radiation damage to ocular tissues is also reviewed.

Étude rétrospective et examen des effets secondaires de la radiation oculaire après une radiothérapie externe au cobalt-60 chez 37 chiens et 12 chats. Cette étude rétrospective a évalué les effets secondaires oculaires chez des chiens et des chats atteints du cancer traités avec une radiation externe au cobalt-60 (Co-60) lorsque l'une ou l'autre des orbites étaient incluses dans le champ de radiation. Un total de 37 chiens et de 12 chats présentés à l'Ontario Veterinary College durant la période d'étude de 10 ans (1999­2009) ont été évalués. Les protocoles de radiation s'échelonnaient de 60 Gray (Gy) en 24 fractions pour un traitement curatif à un minimum de 8 Gy en 1 fraction pour un traitement palliatif. Le principal effet secondaire oculaire signalé chez les chiens et les chats était la conjonctivite (79 % et 55 %, respectivement). D'autres effets secondaires communs étaient des lésions des paupières chez les chiens (44 %), une kératite ulcérative chez les chats (36 %) et une kératoconjonctivite sèche chez les chiens et les chats (44 % et 27 %, respectivement). L'incidence élevée d'effets secondaires oculaires dans les deux populations de patients signale le besoin d'examens ophtalmologiques réguliers comme élément d'un suivi de routine pour la radiothérapie touchant l'orbite. Les dommages de la radiation aux tissus oculaires sont également examinés.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Measurements of canine aqueous humor inflammatory mediators and the effect of carprofen following anterior chamber paracentesis.

OBJECTIVES: Phase I: To evaluate levels of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ), nitrites and nitrates (NO(x) ), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and expression of inducible cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2), nitric oxide synthase (NOS-2), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3 and -9) in canine aqueous humor following repeated anterior chamber paracenteses (ACP). Phase II: to evaluate the effect of carprofen on PGE(2) , NO(x) , and TNF-α in canine aqueous humor following ACP. ANIMALS STUDIED: Four beagles in phase I and 8 beagles in phase II. PROCEDURES: Phase I: ACP was performed at time (T) 0, 4 and 8 h. Phase II: A randomized, placebo-controlled cross-over design with four dogs per group where carprofen was given 4.4 mg/kg/day on day (D) 1, 2 and 3. ACP was performed at T0 and T1.5 on D3. Statistical analysis was performed with repeated measures anova and post hoc Tukey-Kramer multiple-comparison procedure. In phase II, TNF-α level was analyzed with a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. RESULTS: Phase I: PGE(2) significantly increased (P < 0.0001) to plateau at T4. NO(X) was decreased at T4 (P < 0.06), but increased at T8 (P < 0.0001). COX-2 showed detectable expression only at T8. TNF-α, NOS-2, MMP-3 and -9 were undetectable at all time points. Phase II: At T1.5, PGE(2) was significantly elevated in both groups but was lower in the carprofen group (P = 0.037). NO(x) and TNF-α did not statistically increase in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Following ACP, significant increases in PGE(2) levels confirmed inflammation characterized by a rise of COX-2. The NO(x) pathway took longer to induce as compared with PGE(2) . Carprofen decreased PGE(2) levels and could help control intraocular inflammation.

Optic neuritis caused by canine distemper virus in a Jack Russell terrier.

An atypical case of canine distemper (CD) was diagnosed in a vaccinated healthy adult dog. The patient was presented circling, seizuring, and blind. Postmortem examination resulted in a diagnosis of CD. Optic neuritis was diagnosed, a finding not previously described in the context of CD virus infection presenting solely with neurological signs.