[Forensic characteristic of damages caused by offensive grenades detonation]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaya kharakteristika povrezhdenii, prichinennykh pri vzryve nastupatel'nykh granat.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the specific morphological features of damages on the cloth and biological simulator of the human body in the detonation of RGD-5 and RGN fragmentation hand offensive grenades. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was carried out on the 12 targets from a biological simulator of the human body wrapped in cotton cloth by detonation of examined grenades at a distance of 50 cm and 1 m from the target. RESULTS: The character and features of damages of cloth and human body biological simulator, features of soot deposition made it possible to determine specific signs for each of examined offensive grenades types. CONCLUSIONS: The complex of obtained data allows to determine with high accuracy the detonation distance and the type of explosive device.

[Features of coarse calico damage by hollow-point bullets of ammunitions to a 12-gauge fire smoothbore weapon (12×70) under the conditions of remote shooting distance]. / Osobennosti povrezhdeniya byazevoi tkani ekspansivnymi pulyami patronov k ognestrel'nomu gladkostvol'nomu oruzhiyu 12-go kalibra (12×70) v usloviyakh neblizkoi distantsii vystrela.

The article presents the experimental study results of damaged clothes imitators' (coarse calico) features in consequence of shot by ammunitions with hollow-point bullet from a 12-gauge fire smoothbore weapon (12×70). The generation mechanism of coarse calico damage during wound of underlying biological human body's imitator by bullet and the factors influencing on mentioned process have been clarified using high-speed video recording.

[Determination of the transfer of composite obstacle material by a gunshot projectile]. / Ustanovlenie fakta perenosa ognestrel'nym snaryadom veshchestva pregrady iz kompozitnykh materialov.

The aim of the experimental study was to establish the transfer of obstacle's composite material (foamed concrete, magnesite concrete, porcelain stoneware, galvanized sheet steel, wood particle board) by the gunshot projectile on firing by rounds sized 5.45´39 from the special shortened Kalashnikov assault rifle (AKS-74U). The shots were fired through various types of obstacles on different parts of animal carcasses from a distance of 3-5 m. Bullets and their fragments, extracted from the bullet trap or the biological target tissue, after appropriate processing were studied by «Leika M125¼ microscope, «Hitachi FlexSem1000 II¼ scanning electronic microscope and «Bruker Quantax 80¼ energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometer. The conducted light microscopy of gunshot projectiles' fragments, which had overcome the obstacle, revealed the presence of a specific deformation of the bullet head at its penetration of each type of investigated obstacles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-Ray analysis (EDX) have revealed in each case the presence of obstacle particles overlaying over the entire surface of either deformed bullets or their fragments. The performed experimental study has shown that it is possible to establish the fact of person's gunshot injury through a composite obstacle by the use of SEM/EDX.

[Algorithm of spleen and sterno-vertebrocostal segment models creation to simulate blunt abdominal trauma as a part of situational forensic medical examinations production]. / Algoritm sozdaniya modelei selezenki i grudinno-pozvonochno-rebernogo segmenta s tsel'yu modelirovaniya tupoi travmy zhivota v ramkakh proizvodstva situatsionnykh sudebno-meditsinskikh ekspertiz.

The algorithm of spleen and sterno-vertebrocostal segment models creation, the use of which allows to simulate various variants of conditions of spleen damage occurrence, is proposed. These data can be used for simulation of blunt abdominal trauma as a part of situational forensic medical examinations production. The results of performed experimental works on this issue showed the efficacy and adequacy of created models, which makes implementation of spleen injuries modelling into routine forensic medical expert practice promising.

[Distribution of after-penetration gunshot wound zones]. / Raspredelenie zon zapregradnoi ognestrel'noi travmy.

Aim of this study is to establish the distance and spacing of gunshot wound in the conditions of after-penetration target location. The experimental studies series on shooting coarse colico targets located behind a triplex (car windshield) with record of results by a high-speed camera with a frequency of 1000 frames per second, followed by a study of the affected targets by routine and modern methods (scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion analysis) were performed. Established results showed that fragments of projectile that overcame an obstacle and secondary projectiles have a rather stable zoning distribution behind an obstacle at a distance up to 2.5 m from the obstacle. The most informative diagnosis of an after-penetration wound distance zone is based on the character of the firearm projectile fragments dispersion, manifestation of lead particles thermal exposure from its sleeve and secondary projectiles fragments formed under the effect of shock wave superimposement in the obstacle material.

[Historical aspects, current state and problematic issues of forensic medical examination of a gunshot blunt trauma]. / Istoricheskie aspekty, sovremennoe sostoyanie i problemnye voprosy sudebno-meditsinskoi ekspertizy zapregradnoi ognestrel'noi travmy.

The data of the world literature characterizing the forensic aspects of blunt trauma are generalized and systematized. The issues related to the morphology of damage caused after overcoming an obstacle made of various materials by a bullet, the trajectory of a firearm projectile after overcoming an obstacle, the deformation of a bullet, the transfer of fragments of an obstacle by a bullet, the determination of the distance to the target located behind the damaged barrier, the study of the strength properties of individual human armor protection, the nature of the release of particles of an obstacle. The current state of forensic medical examination of blunt trauma is considered, problems and promising directions of their solution are identified. The importance of using knowledge in the field of theoretical mechanics of deformed solid bodies and high-speed impact interaction of solid bodies is noted.

[Characteristics of the trajectory of projectiles after penetration of biological and non-biological obstacles in shots fired from various types of firearms]. / Kharakteristika traektorii dvizheniya snaryadov posle probitiya biologicheskikh i nebiologicheskikh pregrad pri vystrelakh iz razlichnykh obraztsov ognestrel'nogo oruzhiya.

The purpose of the work was to study the movement trajectory of the projectile after breaking through an obstacle made of various materials installed at various angles to the aiming line when firing from rifled and traumatic weapons. As a result of a series of experimental shots by shells fired from a traumatic pistol «Jorge¼ (9×22 mm RA cartridge with an initial velocity of 300±20 m/s and a bullet weight of 0.7 g) and the Blaser R93 carbine (Norma Jaktmatch 9.3×62 mm hunting cartridge with an initial speed of 765 m/s and a bullet weight of 11 g) it has been found that, when punching both biological simulators and triplex glass located at the angles of 40-60° with respect to the aiming line, a deflection of the firearm from the aiming line is observed.

[The use of scissors in the commission of crimes against the person according to foreign forensic medical literature]. / Primenenie nozhnits pri sovershenii prestuplenii protiv lichnosti po dannym zarubezhnoi sudebno-meditsinskoi literatury.

Despite the high degree of scientific and methodological developments in the field of determining the mechanism of formation of injuries arising from the effects of sharp objects, injuries caused by scissors are practically not covered. The purpose of the study was to collect and analyze foreign literature reflecting the study of injuries to the human body caused by scissors. In the review, the authors have collected all currently available foreign publications on the study of injuries caused by this traumatic object, analyzed and concluded about the relevance of the problem of in-depth study of injuries caused by scissors, including in connection with the spread of new designs of this trauma tool in everyday life.

[Experience of using simulation of spleen injury caused by the action of a group of persons]. / Opyt primeneniya modelirovaniya travmy selezenki, voznikshei ot deistviya gruppy lits.

The article describes a case of using simulation of a spleen injury in the framework of a forensic medical examination to identify a specific attacker who caused damage to an organ. Two options for the impact of an object with a limited traumatic surface in the abdomen and along the left posterior axillary line in the X rib projection are considered. Modeling of the mechanism of injury to the spleen was carried out using the method of finite element analysis. As a result, the place of application of the traumatic effect was established, which made it possible to differentiate the participant in the conflict who caused the specific damage to the spleen.

[Morphology features of gunshot injuries in occupants of a car]. / Osobennosti morfologii ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii u lyudei, nakhodyashchikhsya v salone avtomobilya.

The article presents a case of fatal gunshot wounds in occupants of a car. The wounds occurred after the passage of gunfire projectiles through a vehicle's triplex glass barrier and had certain features that distinguished them from the common wounds due to the characteristics of the barrier. As part of the solution of the expert questions, the following up-to-date research methods were applied: scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis, and computerized three-dimensional reconstruction of the incident circumstances. These research methods provided a clear-cut solution for the situational tasks set by the investigator and served as tools for assessment of the mechanism of bodies injury.

[Features of the trajectory of particles of car triplex glass damaged by Saiga carbine shots with the cartridge 5.45×39 mm]. / Osobennosti traektorii vybrosa chastits tripleksnogo stekla avtomobilya, povrezhdennogo vystrelami iz karabina «Saiga¼ pod patron 5,45×39 mm.

THE OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK: Is to study the character of deflection of fragments of a semi-jacketed shell (a semi-jacketed bimetallic bullet with a lead core of a 5.45×39 mm cartridge for the Saiga carbine) and the ejection of fragments of the triplex glass shot with it. The experiments results showed that when a triplex glass pierced at an angle of 60° with respect to the sightline, there is a deflection towards the normal line of the flight direction of the shell and obstacle fragments. The shell speed far exceeds the ballistic limit, but the fragments speed is much lower and the trajectory is formed by alternating waves of compression and decompression.

[Possibilities of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersion analysis in the study of gunshot injuries]. / Vozmozhnosti skaniruyushchei elektronnoi mikroskopii s energodispersionnym analizom pri issledovanii ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii.

The purpose of our work was to assess the capabilities of the SEM in the framework of expert studies of gunshot injuries of targets made of cotton fabric. In the study of experimental injuries resulting from shots fired from the KO-M1-98 carbine with 8x57JS cartridges at various distances (from the stop to 3.5 m), the presence of features of the soot morphology was established, by which it is possible to judge the distance of the shot. Thus, by examining fragments of target tissue from the central and peripheral zones of soot deposition, electron microscopy revealed a change in the ratio, intensity, and topography of soot particles. The energy-dispersion analysis revealed that with increasing distance, the number of chemical elements that make up the capsule decreases, with the exception of tin, which has an unstable inversely proportional bond.

[Spleen trauma modeling by fine element analysis (a case from expert practice)]. / Modelirovanie travmy selezenki metodom konechno-elementnogo analiza.

The data on the use of mathematical modeling of spleen injury by the method of fine element analysis within the framework of a forensic medical examination of a spleen injury with the circumstances of causing injury to the victim deliberately established by the investigating authority. The result of the conducted mathematical modeling showed the adequacy of the created model and accurate reproduction of the results in spleen injury which makes it promising to introduce this method into daily expert practice.

[Possibilities of injuries' mathematical modeling of mobile and motionless spleen in case of a blunt object injury]. / Vozmozhnosti matematicheskogo modelirovaniya povrezhdenii podvizhnoi i nepodvizhnoi selezenki pri travme tupym predmetom.

The aim of the work is to establish the possibility of mathematical modeling of the injuries formation in the mobile and fixed spleen under shock impact to the region of the left middle axillary line of the chest. A spleen injury with a pinched and movable vascular pedicle was simulated, for which were created two models in three-dimensional virtual space - the spleen model and the rib-sternum segment model. Differences in the concentration and localization of stresses arising on the spleen were noted in cases of fixed and non-fixed vascular pedicle. It was found that under the same conditions of injury (place of application and direction of the injury, impact force), «critical¼ stresses that can lead to ruptures occur on the spleen, which has a fixed vascular pedicle.

[The forensic medical characteristic of the gunshot exit wounds inflicted under the conditions of the bullet-resistant protection]. / Sudebno-meditsinskaia kharakteristika vykhodnykh ognestrel'nykh povrezhdenii, prichinennykh v usloviiakh primeneniia bronezashchity.

This article reports the results of a forensic medical expertise of the gunshot wound in a serviceman wearing a bulletproof vest with special reference to the behaviour of the bullet that underwent deformation upon hitting the jacket. The authors emphasize the difficulty of differential diagnostics between the entry and exit wounds in the cases like that described in the paper. A series of experiments provided the data suggesting the specific mechanism by which exit gunshot wounds are formed in those parts of the body that adjoin the material from which the bulletproof vest is made. Special attention is given to the morphological features of such wounds and injuries to the biological tissues.

[The use of the three-dimensional modeling for the elucidation of the mechanism of injury formation and identification of the injurious agents]. / Primenenie trekhmernogo modelirovaniia pri ustanovlenii mekhanizma obrazovaniia povrezhdenii i identifikatsii travmiruiushchego predmeta.

The article reports a case of the application of the thee-dimensional models of an injury on a corpse and of a blunt trace-forming object with which it was presumably inflicted for the identification purposes. The models were constructed based on a series of the digital photographs processed with the use of the specialized software program. The work with the application of the three dimensional models made it possible to avoid disfiguring of the corpse, to determine the stages and conditions of infliction of the injury in the graphic editor software environment, and to arrive at the conclusion about the parts of the traumatic agent with which the injury was caused.

[The possibility of three-dimensional modeling of the mechanisms of damage formation in the framework of situational expertise]. / Vozmozhnosti ustanovleniia mekhanizma obrazovaniia povrezhdenii s pomoshch'iu trekhmernogo modelirovaniia v ramkakh provedeniia situatsionnoi ékspertizy.

This article was designed to share the experience gained with the three-dimensional modeling for the purpose of situational expertise intended to reconstruct the occurrence circumstances and check up the alternative investigative leads concerning formation of potential injuries to a concrete person. Simulation was performed with the use of the dimensionally scaled model of the place of occurrence as well as the models of the human head and body totally consistent with the anthropometric characteristics of the victim. The results of this work made it possible to reject several potential opportunities for the formation of injuries to the victim and identify the most probable version.

[The mechanical strenth characteristics of the biological tissues: the current state-of-the-art]. / Prochnostnye svoistva biologicheskikh tkanei: sovremennoe sostoianie voprosa.

This article reports the results of analysis of the publications in the scientific literature concerning the mechanical strength characteristics of the biological (human) tissues. It is shown that many researchers successfully used the methods and means finding wide applications in the technical disciplines for the investigations into the mechanical strength of such biological objects as skin, tendons, blood vessels, bones, etc. There are thus far no available reports on the studies of the mechanical strength characteristics of the internal organs. At the same time, such studies are of paramount importance for obtaining the materials that might greatly contribute to the better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of the lesions in the internal organs. They are likely to enhance objectiveness of expert conclusions in the framework of forensic medical expertise of the injuries to the human body.

[The forensic medical significance of the igniting primer for the 18×45T cartridges of the 'Osa' pistol]. / Sudebno-meditsinskoe znachenie kapsiulia-vosplamenitelia u patronov 18×45T k pistoletu 'Osa'.

The objective of the present study was to obtain the ballistic characteristics of the igniting primer (electrical ignitor) for the 18×45T cartridges of the 'Osa' pistol produced by different manufacturers. The experiments included a series of shots fired from the 'Osa' pistol with the use of cartridges having an energy of 85 Joules ('Novye oruzheinye tekhnologii', Ltd., Sergiev Posad) and 88 Joules ('A+A', Ltd, Tula). The shooting distance varied from the point blank range to 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm. The targets were either the femoral soft tissue of the cut-off human lower extremity, white cotton fabric, and the 1-5 cm high gelatin cylinder 25 cm in diameter. The experiments have demonstrated that the igniting primer (electrical ignitor) for the cartridges manufactured by the 'Novye oruzheinye tekhnologii', Ltd., Sergiev Posad, served as an additional factor of the shot responsible for the penetrating power of the ammunition at a distance of 50 cm. The data on the composition of metals used for the manufacturing of the igniting primers under consideration are presented.

[The peculiar features of the sidewise collision involving a pedestrian and an automobile moving in the reverse gear along an arc of a circle]. / Osobennosti kraevogo naezda na peshekhoda avtomobilem, dvigaiushchimsia zadnim khodom po duge.

This article was designed to report the results of the analysis of the consequences of a real case of the sidewise collision and run-over involving a pedestrian and an automobile moving in the reverse gear along an arc of a circle. Special attention was given to the mechanism behind the collision, its peculiar features, and characteristic damages inflicted to the pedestrian's body and clothes.