Clustered Cardiovascular Risk Factors Are Associated with Inflammatory Markers in Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Clusters of cardiovascular risk (CVR) factors are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This cross-sectional study assessed the associations between classic CVR factor clusters and inflammatory markers in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: Measurements included anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters and selected inflammatory markers in 487 adolescents (236 boys/251 girls; 12.06 ± 1.41 years). RESULTS: After stratifying the population by gender and adjusting for potential confounding variables, principal component analysis was performed and it produced 5 independent components in both genders: adiposity, glucose metabolism, blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/triacylglycerols (TG), and cholesterol/low-density lipoprotein. Glucose metabolism was inversely associated with interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) in both genders (r = -0.026; r = -0.021); blood pressure was inversely associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in girls (r = -0.046); HDL/TG was positively associated with interleukin-6 in girls (r = 0.012), with IL-1ß (r = 0.010) TNF-α (r = 0.045) in boys, and inversely associated with adiponectin in both genders (r = -0.015; r = -0.013). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that lipid metabolism alterations, as potential early events in the development of CVDs, have a strong link to the inflammatory process, in contrast to other clusters of risk factors.

[Not Available]. / Vaspin association with insulin resistance is related to physical activity and body fat in Brazilian adolescents - A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Vaspin is a newly-identifi ed adipocytokine associated with insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between plasma vaspin concentrations and IR and determine whether this association is affected by body composition, physical activity and pubertal stage in adolescents. METHODS: Were studied 484 Brazilian adolescents aged 10-14 years whose anthropometric, clinical, biochemical, and lifestyle measurements were analized. We evaluated the correlation between vaspin and risk factors for IR in adolescents with normal and high body fat percentage (%BF) and did a logistic regression to calculate the odds ratio for IR according to vaspin quartiles sex specifi c for the sample. RESULTS: Vaspin was positively correlated with IR in adolescents with high %BF (r = 0.23, p = 0.003). The logistic regression analysis adjusted for sex, age, BMI, and pubertal stage showed that adolescents in the 2nd (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.23-0.80, p = 0.008) and 3rd (OR = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.25-0.85, p = 0.014) quartile of vaspin concentration had a lower risk for IR. When the model was adjusted for %BF and physical activity, the association remained statically signifi cant only for adolescents in the 2nd quartile. CONCLUSION: Vaspin was correlated positively with risk factors associated with insulin metabolism in adolescents with high %BF. Vaspin was associated with a reduced risk of IR independently of BMI and pubertal stage and the association was infl uenced by body fat and physical activity in these adolescents.

THE CONSUMPTION OF ACAI PULP CHANGES THE CONCENTRATIONS OF PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR-1 AND EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR (EGF) IN APPARENTLY HEALTHY WOMEN.

INTRODUCTION: obesity, characterized by adiposity excess, is associated with endothelial dysfunction and possible inflammatory state with release of cytokines that determine endothelial function and can trigger chronic diseases. The dietary pattern are associated with the synthesis these cytokines. Fruits as the acai, which is rich in flavonoids, have a direct and beneficial effect on the control of this inflammatory process through the exercised antioxidant capacity. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the effect of acai pulp consumption on the inflammatory markers, anthropometric measurements, body composition, biochemical and dietary parameters in healthy women. METHODS: forty women, were divided in 25 eutrophic and 15 with overweight. They intaked 200 g of acai pulp during 4 weeks. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, inflammatory markers, biochemical data, dietary intake and dietary antioxidants capacity were evaluated before and after the intervention. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: after the intervention, there was significant increase of EGF (p = 0.021) and PAI- 1(p = 0.011) in overweight women. Moreover, there was increase in body weight (p = 0.031), body mass index (p = 0.028), percentage of truncal fat (p = 0.003) and triceps skinfold thickness (p = 0.046) in eutrophic women. However, the skinfold thickness (p = 0.018) and total body fat (p = 0.016) decreased in overweight women. There was reduction of total protein (p = 0.049) due to the globulin reduction (p = 0.005), but the nutritional status was maintained in eutrophic group. CONCLUSION: the intake of 200g acai pulp, modulated the EGF and PAI-1 expression, possibly by modulation of acai on the parameters of body composition, dietary, clinical, biochemical and inflammatory, led to a redistribution and resizing of body fat of the trunk area, and presumably increased visceral fat.

Introducción: la obesidad, que se caracteriza por el exceso de adiposidad, se asocia con disfunción endotelial y posible estado inflamatorio con liberación de citoquinas que determinan la función endotelial y pueden desencadenar enfermedades crónicas. El patrón de dieta está asociado con la síntesis de estas citoquinas. Los frutos de el acai, que es rico en flavonoides, tienen un efecto directo y positivo en el control de este proceso inflamatorio a través de los ejercicios de la capacidad antioxidante. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del consumo de pulpa de acai en los marcadores inflamatorios, las medidas antropométricas, la composición corporal y los parámetros bioquímicos y dietéticos en mujeres sanas. Métodos: cuarenta mujeres fueron divididas en 25 eutróficas y 15 con sobrepeso. Se las adeministró 200 g de pulpa de acai durante 4 semanas. Antes y después de la intervención se evaluaron: medidas antropométricas, composición corporal, marcadores inflamatorios, datos bioquímicos, ingesta dietética y antioxidantes en la dieta. Resultados y discusión: después de la intervención, hubo un aumento significativo de EGF (p = 0,021) y PAI-1 (p = 0,011) en las mujeres con sobrepeso. Por otra parte, en las mujeres eutróficas hubo aumento del peso corporal (p = 0,031), el índice de masa corporal (p = 0,028), el porcentaje de grasa del tronco (p = 0,003) y el espesor del pliegue cutáneo del tríceps (p = 0,046). Sin embargo, el espesor del pliegue cutáneo (p = 0,018) y la grasa corporal total (p = 0,016) se redujeron en las mujeres con sobrepeso. Hubo una reducción de la proteína total (p = 0,049) debida a la disminución de globulina (p = 0,005), pero el estado nutricional se mantuvo en el grupo eutrófico. Conclusión: la ingesta de 200 g de pulpa de acai modula el EGF y PAI-1 de expresión, posiblemente por la modulación del acai en los parámetros de la composición corporal, la dieta, clínicos, bioquímicos e inflamatorios, lo que dio lugar a una redistribución y modificación del tamaño de la grasa corporal de la zona del tronco, y, presumiblemente, un aumento de la grasa visceral.

Hepatic inflammatory biomarkers and its link with obesity and chronic diseases.

INTRODUCTION: The low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are two events that could be present in varying degrees, on obesity and chronic diseases. The degree of subclinical inflammation can be gauged by measuring the concentrations of some inflammatory biomarkers, including the hepatic origin ones. Some of those biomarkers are sialic acid, α1-antitrypsin and the C-terminal fragment of alpha1-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, haptoglobin, homocystein and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. OBJECTIVES: To approach the relation between adiposity and hepatic inflammatory markers, and to assess the possible associations between hepatic inflammatory biomarkers and obesity, as well as their capacity of predicting chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and atherotrombotic cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: We used electronic scientific databases to select articles without restricting publication year. RESULTS: The sialic acid predicts the chance increase to become type 2 diabetic independently of BMI. Moreover, the α1-antitripsin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen and haptoglobulin biomarkers, seem predict the chance increase to become type 2 diabetic, dependently, of BMI. So, this process could be aggravated by obesity. The concentrations of fibrinogen, homocystein and PAI-1 increase proportionally to insulin resistance, showing its relation with metabolic syndrome (insulin resistance state) and with type 2 diabetes. In relation to cardiovascular diseases, every biomarkers reported in this review seem to increase the risk, becoming useful in add important prognostic. CONCLUSION: This review integrates the knowledge concerning the possible interactions of inflammatory mediators, in isolation or in conjunction, with obesity and chronic diseases, since these biomarkers play different functions and follow diverse biochemical routes in human body metabolism.

Introdución: El bajo grado de inflamación y la resistencia a la insulina son dos eventos que podrían estar presentes en mayor o menor grado, en la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas. El grado de inflamación subclínica se puede evaluar por medición de las concentraciones de algunos biomarcadores inflamatorios, incluyendo los de origen hepático. Algunos de estos biomarcadores son el ácido siálico, 1-antitripsina y el fragmento C-terminal de la alfa 1-antitripsina, ceruloplasmina, fibrinógeno, haptoglobina, la homocisteína y el inhibidor-1 del activador del plasminógeno. Objetivos: Evaluar la relación entre la obesidad y los marcadores de inflamación hepática, y las posibles asociaciones entre los biomarcadores inflamatorios hepáticos y la obesidad, así como su capacidad de predicción de las enfermedades crónicas como la diabetes tipo 2 y enfermedades cardiovasculares aterotromboticas. Métodos: Se utilizaron bases científicas electrónicas para selección de artículos, sin límite de año de publicación. Resultados: El ácido siálico predice el aumento de convertirse en diabéticos tipo 2 independientemente del IMC. Por otra parte, los biomarcadores 1-antitripsina, ceruloplasmina, fibrinógeno y haptoglobulina, parecen predecir el aumento de convertirse en diabético tipo 2, dependiente, de IMC. Por lo tanto, este proceso podría verse agravada por la obesidad. Las concentraciones de fibrinógeno, homocisteína y PAI-1 incrementam proporcionalmente a la insulinoresisténcia, mostrando su relación con el síndrome metabólico (estado de resistencia insulínica) y con la diabetes tipo 2. En relación con las enfermedades cardiovasculares, cada biomarcador informado en esta revisión parece aumentar el riesgo, llegando a ser muy útil en el complemento pronóstico. CONCLUSION: Esta revisión se integra el conocimiento acerca de las posibles interacciones de los mediadores inflamatorios, en forma aislada o en combinación, con la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas, ya que estos biomarcadores desempeñan funciones diferentes y siguen diversas rutas bioquímicas en el metabolismo del cuerpo humano.

Association between nutritional status, C-reactive protein, adiponectin and HOMA-AD in Brazilian children.

INTRODUCTION: In children, the presence of obesity is a major risk factor for the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases on the adulthood. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association of anthropometry, body composition, clinical variables and biochemical profile with C-reactive protein and adiponectin levels, and insulin resistance in children in the municipality of Nova Era, Brazil. METHODS: Nested case-control study following a crosssectional study. We evaluated 178 children, 57 of them classified as obese and 121 as normal-weight from a population of 1024 schoolchildren 6 to 10 years old: Blood samples were collected after 12-hour fast to obtain serum and plasma. We collected anthropometric and body composition measures, systolic and diastolic blood pressure data. Sexual maturation was assessed according to the stage of sexual development. We performed Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson's correlation, Spearman's test and multiple linear regression analysis. Independent variables with p < 0.05 were included in the multiple regression model. Residual analysis was performed to assess model validity. RESULTS: Among obese children, C-reactive protein levels were associated with triacylglycerol levels and body fat percentage estimated by skinfold thickness (R2 adjusted = 27.6%, p < 0.001). Adiponectin was associated with HOMA-IR, HOMAAD and body fat percentage estimated by skinfold thickness (R2 adjusted = 75.5%, p < 0.001). HOMA-AD index was associated with HOMA-IR, adiponectin, systolic blood pressure and weight (R2 adjusted = 90.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Significant associations were found between body composition, anthropometry, clinical variables, biochemical profile and adiponectin and C-reactive protein levels and insulin resistance in obese and normal-weight children.

INTRODUCCIÓN: En niños, la obesidad es um factor de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta. OBJETIVOS: Asociaciar la antropometría, composición corporal, variables clínicas y bioquímicas con la proteína C reactiva (PCR), adiponectina y resistencia a la insulina en niños de Nova Era, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio de casos y controles anidado en un transversal. Se evaluaron 178 niños, 57 obesos y 121 eutróficos en una población de 1.024 escolares de 6 a 10 años. Las muestras de sangre se recogieron después de 12 horas de ayuno. Recogimos las medidas antropométricas, de composición corporal y presión arterial. La madurez sexual fue evaluada de acuerdo con el desarrollo sexual. Se realizo las pruebas t de Student y U de Mann- Whitney, las correlaciones de Pearson y Spearman y el análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Se incluyeron en el modelo de regresión, las variables independientes con p < 0,05. Se realizo el análisis residual para evaluar la validez del modelo. RESULTADOS: Entre los niños obesos, los niveles de PCR se asociaron con los triglicéridos y el porcentaje de grasa corporal (%GC) estimada por los pliegues cutáneos (R2 ajustado = 27,6%, p < 0,001). La adiponectina se asoció con HOMA-IR, HOMA-AD y % GC estimada por los pliegues cutáneos (R2 ajustado = 75,5%, p < 0,001). El HOMA-AD se asoció con HOMA-IR, adiponectina, presión arterial sistólica y peso (R2 ajustado = 90,7%, p < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: Se encontraron asociaciones entre la composición corporal, antropometría, variables clínicas, perfil bioquímico, adiponectina, PCR y la resistencia a la insulina en niños obesos y eutróficos.

[Acceptance of handmade products containing nuts and fructooligosaccharides]. / Aceptación de productos artesanales formulados con nueces y fructooligosacáridos.

INTRODUCTION: Prebiotic and food with functional properties are beneficial for consumers through prevention of many diseases. AIM: Verify the acceptance of handmade product (chocolate bar, soy sweet and sweet bread) formulated based on oil seeds (flaxseed, peanut and Brazil nut) and or fructooligosaccharides (FOS). METHODS: Four samples of each handmade product were prepared adding different concentrations of oil seed and FOS. The sensory evaluation was performed by a sample of 373 consumers; 126, 121 and 126 tasters of chocolate bar, soy sweet and sweet bread, respectively, using a hedonic scale of nine points. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Observing the trials averages, we inferred that samples of sweet bread with Brazil nut and/or FOS had the greater acceptance. However, all the samples are good market alternatives because they had presented averages between 6 and 9 points, and conferred accretion of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, protein, fiber, antioxidant vitamins and minerals, as well as, phytochemicals, which plays an important role in health promotion. CONCLUSION: The handmade products formulated based on oil seeds and FOS had good acceptance and can improve the consumer dietary patterns. But, in order to prove the functionality of these products, new studies should be performed.

Introducción: Los prebióticos y alimentos con propiedades funcionales proporcionan beneficios para la salud de los consumidores a través de la prevención de muchas enfermedades. Objetivo: Verificar la aceptación de productos artesanales (chocolate en barra, dulce de soja y pan dulce) formulados con nueces (linaza, maní y nueces de Brasil) y, o fructooligosacáridos (FOS). Métodos: Cuatro muestras de cada producto fueron preparados con adición de diferentes concentraciones de nueces y FOS. La evaluación sensorial se realizó mediante una muestra de 373 consumidores, con 126, 121 y 126 probadores para muestras de chocolate en barra, dulce de soja y pan dulce, respectivamente, utilizándose la escala hedónica de nueve puntos. Los resultados fueron sometidos a Análisis de Varianza (ANOVA) y el test de Tukey. Resultados y Discusión: Observándose las medias de los juzgamientos, se infiere que las muestras con mayor aceptación han sido de pan dulce con nueces de Brasil y, o FOS. Sin embargo, todas las muestras son buenas alternativas de mercado y se lo mostró un promedio de entre 6 y 9 puntos, más un aumento de ácidos grasos omega 3 y 6, proteínas, fibras, vitaminas, antioxidantes y minerales, así como fitoquímicos, los cuales desempeñan un papel importante en la promoción de la salud. Conclusión: Los productos artesanales formulados con oleaginosas y, o FOS tuvieron una buena aceptabilidad y pueden mejorar los hábitos alimentarios de los consumidores. Pero para probar la funcionalidad de estos productos, se necesitan nuevos estudios.