Laparoendoscopic assisted surgery for a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): A case report.

INTRODUCTION: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are infrequent, and clinical presentation varies between asymptomatic and diffuse symptoms such as abdominal pain and dyspepsia. Surgical approach depends on location and size of the tumor. There are some reports of the specific surgical approach for GIST located at the gastroesophageal junction. This is a case report of a patient with a GIST located specifically at the gastroesophageal junction and the surgical approach selected for the treatment. PRESENTATION OF THE CASE: A 70-year-old patient who developed an episode of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with hemorrhagic shock accompanied by elevated troponins that required transfusion therapy and whose endoscopic evaluation showed a subcardial ulcerated lesion of 16 × 5 mm, located 2 cm below the z-line. The lesion was biopsied and was negative for malignancy. A combined surgical approach for resection by combined laparoscopy and submucosal resection by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed by the interventional gastroenterology service and surgical oncology service. DISCUSSION: Specific management of GISTs depends on the location of the tumor, even though, complete surgical resection remains the gold standard treatment. Minimally invasive techniques can be used to assess these tumors leading to shorter hospital stays and lesser risk of complications. Laparoendoscopic cooperative surgery is a promising approach for managing lesions near the gastroesophageal junction. CONCLUSION: GISTs located near the gastroesophageal junction require a complex approach. The laparaendoscopic approach seems to be a feasible approach for GIST in the gastroesophageal junction.

Endovascular and Endoscopic Treatment of Hemobilia: A Report of Two Cases.

Hemobilia is a term used to describe bleeding caused by abnormal communication between blood vessels and bile ducts. Some vascular anomalies, such as aneurysms or arterio-biliary fistulas, facilitate the appearance of this type of biliary bleeding. Other causes have been described such as iatrogenic causes secondary to percutaneous procedures, infections, tumors, and trauma. We report two cases of hemobilia. The first one presented with acute biliary bleeding with secondary hypovolemic shock. Bleeding was controlled after percutaneous interventions with a selective embolization technique. The second case was a patient who presented to the emergency department after a fall from his height. During hospitalization, acute cholangitis was documented, associated with hemobilia. A wide papillotomy and biliary duct instrumentation were done with the extraction of a large blood clot. Angiography is the standard for diagnosis and embolization becomes the best tool for the detection and control of vascular abnormalities that can perpetuate bleeding.

Colecistogastrostomía guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica en un paciente con cáncer pancreático: primer caso en Colombia (con video) / Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided cholecystogastrostomy in a patient with pancreatic cancer: the first case in Colombia (with video)

Resumen El tratamiento actual para la obstrucción biliar maligna es la derivación biliar no quirúrgica con propósito paliativo. La cirugía tiene indicaciones específicas en pacientes con patología maligna con propósito curativo. Sin embargo, la obstrucción duodenal y del conducto biliar intra o extrahepático no dilatado hace que esta cirugía y el procedimiento endoscópico guiado por ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE) sean difíciles de realizar. Presentamos nuestra experiencia con el primer caso en Colombia, un país latinoamericano del tercer mundo. Consistió en una colecistogastrostomía guiada por USE, a partir de la utilización de una endoprótesis luminal (Lumen-apposing metal stents, LAMS) (HOT AXIOS stent, Xlumena Inc.; Mountain View, CA, Estados Unidos) de 15 mm × 10 mm, en un paciente masculino con cáncer pancreático inoperable e invasión duodenal con conducto colédoco dilatado. La colecistogastrostomía guiada por USE podría ser considerada como una opción de más importancia para la descompresión biliar que el drenaje percutáneo, ya que es superior en términos de viabilidad técnica, seguridad y eficacia en casos específicos de estenosis ampular e invasión duodenal. Además, puede ser realizada en países del tercer mundo, cuando se cuenta con el entrenamiento y los instrumentos adecuados. La endoprótesis metálica totalmente recubierta, aplicada a luz (HOT AXIOS stent, Xlumena Inc.; Mountain View, CA, Estados Unidos), es ideal para la colecistogastrostomía guiada por USE, a fin de minimizar complicaciones como fugas biliares. Se necesitan estudios comparativos adicionales para validar los beneficios de esta técnica.

Abstract The current treatment of malignant biliary obstruction is non-surgical biliary diversion with palliative intent. The surgery having specific indications in patients with malignant pathology with curative intent. However, duodenal obstruction and non-dilated intra- or extrahepatic bile duct make these surgical and endoscopic procedures guided by EUS difficult. We present our experience with the first case in Colombia, a third-world country in Latin America, of a cholecystogastrostomy guided by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in a patient with unresectable pancreatic cancer and duodenal invasion with dilated common bile duct using a luminal stent (LAMS) (HOT AXIOS stent, Xlumena Inc.; Mountain View, CA, USA) 15 mm × 10 mm. EUS-guided cholecystogastrostomy should be considered as an option for biliary decompression of greater importance than percutaneous drainage since it is superior in terms of technical feasibility, safety and efficacy in specific cases of ampullary stenosis and duodenal invasion. In addition, it can be done in third world countries when it has the appropriate training and implements. The fully covered metal stent applied to light (HOT AXIOS stent, Xlumena Inc.; Mountain View, CA, USA) is ideal for EUS guided cholecystogastrostomy to minimize complications such as bile leakage. Additional comparative studies are needed to validate the benefits of this technique.

Prevalence and short-term outcome of hepatorenal syndrome: A 9-year experience in a high-complexity hospital in Colombia.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hepatorenal syndrome is a rare entity that is part of the complications of liver cirrhosis in its more severe stages. Without treatment, its mortality rate increases significantly. Terlipressin is considered to be the therapy of choice until the need of a liver transplant. The aim is to determine its prevalence, define patients' characteristics, triggers and 90-day survival, according to the type of managements established. METHOD: This was a retrospective cohort study conducted in Colombia. It included patients with cirrhosis and acute kidney injury who met hepatorenal syndrome criteria, reaching 28 patients from 2007 to 2015. Groups were categorized according the type of hepatorenal syndrome and treatment. Demographic and trigger factors were evaluated to characterize the population. Treatment outcomes with terlipressin vs norepinephrine were analyzed up to a 90-day survival, using log Rank test. Continuous variables needed Student's T and Mann Whitney's U tests and categorical variables, Chi2 test. A value of p <0.05 and a power of 85% was considered. The data was analyzed in the SPSS version 23 software. RESULTS: 117 patients with cirrhosis developed renal injury; of these 23.9% were diagnosed with Hepatorenal Syndrome (67.8% type1; 32.1% type2). The presence of ascites was 100% in HRS2 and 84% in HRS1 (p = 0.296). The main trigger in both types was paracentesis greater than 5 liters in the last 4 weeks (39.3%). In total, 35% of the patients received renal replacement therapy and 14% underwent a hepatic transplant. Type 1 was more frequent (63% received terlipressin; 21% norepinephrine). The total complete response was 36% (Type2 66.6% vs. Type1 18.7%) (p = 0.026). In contrast, the overall mortality was of 67.8% at 90-day of follow-up (89.4% Type1 vs. 22% Type2) (p = <0.001). We found a lower mortality rate in patients treated with terlipressin than treated with norepinephrine (p = 0.006). CONCLUSION: There is scarce clinical and epidemiological information about this condition in Colombia. A significant difference between the two drugs cannot be stipulated due to the limitation in the sample size of our study. The general mortality at a 90-day follow-up was high, being higher in patients with HRS1. While the results of this study are suggestive of clinical information for HRS patients in the Colombian population, they should also be interpreted with caution, therefore further multicenter studies should be performed.

Manejo actual del adenoma de la ampolla de Vater / Current management of adenomas of the ampulla of Vater

A lo largo de la historia, el manejo de los tumores periampulares, malignos o benignos, ha sido la cirugía radical. Sin embargo, la gran complejidad de estos procedimientos, sus complicaciones y su alto índice de mortalidad hicieron impulsar el desarrollo de nuevas técnicas quirúrgicas mínimamente invasivas. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente de 55 años, con hallazgo incidental de un adenoma de la ampolla de Vater en una endoscopia de vías digestivas altas, T1N0M0, manejado con papilectomía endoscópica, sin complicaciones y con márgenes negativos en el estudio histopatológico de la pieza quirúrgica. La papilectomía endoscópica, fue reportada por primera vez por Ponchon, et al., en 1989. La presentación clínica del adenoma de la ampolla de Vater es asintomática y su diagnóstico es incidental en la endoscopia de vías digestivas altas. El diagnóstico de este tipo de neoplasia se hace teniendo en cuenta la apariencia endoscópica y la histología; por lo tanto, es vital la utilización de un duodenoscopio lateral para poder tener una evaluación completa de la papila. Es importante practicar una ultrasonografía endoscópica biliopancreática, ya que esta determina la profundidad de la lesión y, además, permite descartar adenomegalias locales o regionales. La papilectomía endoscópica es un procedimiento que requiere de manos experimentadas para disminuir el riesgo de complicaciones.

Introduction: Historically, the management of periampullary tumors, malignant or benign, has been radical surgery, starting with Alessandro Codivilla, who in 1898 described the surgical technique for the performance of pancreaticoduodenectomy. Later, in 1899, William Halsted performed the first transduodenal ampullectomy. The complexity of these procedures, the associated complications and high mortality stimulated the development of novel minimally invasive surgical techniques. Case report: Fifty five year old female with incidental finding of an adenoma of the ampulla of Vater at endoscopy of the upper digestive tract, T1N0M0, managed by endoscopic papillectomy, without complications; surgical pathology reported negative margins. Discussion: Endoscopic papillectomy was first reported by Ponchon et al in 1989. The presence of an adenoma of the ampulla of Vater remains asymptomatic and the diagnosis is an incidental finding during upper digestive tract endoscopy. The diagnosis of this neoplasm is made by the endoscopic appearance and histopathology. It is imperative to use a lateral duodenoscope in order to have full assessment of the papilla. It is also important performing pancreatic biliary endosonography, as this determines the depth of the lesion and also rules out local or regional lymphadenopathy. Endoscopic papillectomy is a procedure that requires experienced hands, to avoid complications such as perforation, cholangitis, papillary stenosis, bleeding and pancreatitis, the last two being the most common with an incidence up to 25-30%. Conclusions: Randomized clinical trials are required to substantiate the benefit of endoscopic papillectomy in malignant pathology, and also there is need to develop management guidelines.

Dysphagia Lusoria and Zenker's Diverticulum / Dysphagia Lusoria y Diverticulum de Zenker. Reporte de caso

An 81-year-old woman was referred for evaluation of dysphagia which she had suffered for four years. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed a Zenker's diverticulum and extrinsic compression of the esophagus. A thoracic CT scan confirmed the presence of extrinsic compression caused by an aberrant right subclavian artery, which compromised the posterior esophageal wall thus confirming a diagnosis of dysphagia lusoria. An association between Zenker's diverticulum and dysphagia lusoria is so uncommon that there have been no previously published cases.

Una mujer de 81 años fue remitida para evaluación de una disfagia que padecía desde hacía cuatro años. Una endoscopia gastrointestinal reveló un divertículo de Zenker y una compresión extrínseca del esófago. Un escaneo computadorizado del tórax confirmó la presencia de la comprensión extrínseca, causada por una arteria subclavia derecha aberrada, que comprometía la pared esofágica posterior, lo que confirmó un diagnóstico de disfagia lusoria. Una asociación entre el divertículo de Zenker y la disfagia lusoria es tan poco común que no han sido publicados sus casos con anterioridad.

Enfermedad de Alzheimer y disfagia. Desarrollo del compromiso deglutorio / The development of compromised Swallowing in patients with Alzheimer’s Disease and dysphagia

La disfagia es síntoma común en varias enfermedades neurológicas, en afectados por eventos cerebrovasculares o como consecuencia de traumas craneoencefálicos. Otro grupo importante que desarrolla trastornos de la deglución son aquellos adultos mayores con pérdida progresiva de las funciones cognitivas como es el caso de pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer, en donde la enfermedad se acompaña de complicaciones respiratorias que son potencialmente evitables, si la disfagia es reconocida precozmente y se trata adecuadamente

Dysphagia is a common symptom in many neurological diseases, particularly occurring after a stroke or head trauma. Another important group of patients who develop swallowing dysfunctions are older adults with progressive loss of cognitive functions such as patients with Alzheimer’s disease. This type of disease is accompanied by diffi culty swallowing that has been associated with increased mortality due to respiratorycomplications that are potentially preventable if dysphagia is recognized early so that appropriate strategiesfor treatment can be used

Hemorragia digestiva alta secundaria a lesión de Dieulafoy / Upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to Dieulafoy vascular lesion

Se reporta un paciente con hemorragia masiva de vías digestivas altas secundaria a lesión vascular de Dieulafoy atendido en la institución. En este caso no se logró el control adecuado del sangrado por métodos endoscópicos y requirió tratamiento con arteriografía y embolización selectiva. Se hace una revisión de esta infrecuente causa de sangrado de vías digestivas y se enfatiza en su manejo actual.

One patient with massive upper GI bleeding due to Dieulafoy vascular lesion treated at our institution is reported. In this case, adequate control of bleeding could not be achieved by endoscopic methods, and selective arteriography and embolization was required. A review of this uncommon cause of gastrointestinal bleeding and its management is presented.

Reporta-se um paciente com hemorragia massiva de vias digestivas altas, secundária à lesão vascular de Dieulafoy atendido na instituição. Neste caso não se conseguiu o controle adequado do sangrado por métodos endoscópicos e requereu tratamento com arteriografia e embolização seletiva. Faz-se uma revisão desta infrequente causa de sangrado de vias digestivas e se enfatiza em seu manejo atual.

Incidencia de enfermedad renal crónica y factores de riesgo para su desarrollo en pacientes postrasplante hepático en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá 2004-2008 / Incidence of chronic kidney disease and risk factors for patients who underwent liver transplantation at Fundación Santa Fe University Hospital from 2004 to 2008

Antecedentes: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) se desarrolla frecuentemente después de someter a pacientes a trasplante de órganos sólidos como hepático, cardíaco, pulmonar, intestino delgado, y se asocia con un aumento en la morbimortalidad, costos y deterioro de la calidad de vida del paciente. El desarrollo de enfermedad renal crónica es una complicación común en pacientes postrasplante hepático. Es definida como una tasa de filtración glomerular entre 60 y 29 ml/min/1,73 m² de área de superficie corporal en el postoperatorio. Múltiples factores contribuyen al riesgo de desarrollar ERC en este grupo de pacientes. Entre los más importantes se encuentran la función renal previa al trasplante, medida por la fórmula MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), injuria renal aguda durante el perioperatorio, inmunosupresores como los inhibidores de calcineurina. Durante los primeros seis meses del trasplante es cuando ocurre el deterioro mas rápido de la función renal y en meses posteriores esta declina lentamente. Es importante determinar nuestra incidencia de falla renal crónica, el grado de severidad de esta según la clasificación y los factores de riesgo en pacientes de trasplante hepático. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la incidencia de enfermedad renal crónica y los factores de riesgo para su desarrollo en pacientes postrasplante hepático en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá en el periodo comprendido entre enero del 2004 y noviembre de 2008. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. La población, fueron los pacientes llevados a trasplante hepático en el Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá entre enero 1 del 2004 y noviembre 11 del 2008, que tuvieran previo al trasplante una función renal normal, calculada por MDRD, excluyendo insuficiencia renal previa al trasplante y aquellos que requirieron trasplante combinado hígado-riñón. Resultados: De 79 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 27 (34,2% IC 95% 23,9-45,7) presentaron falla renal al sexto mes de seguimiento con un MDRD de estadio 2. De los 27 pacientes que desarrollaron falla renal crónica postrasplante a los seis meses de seguimiento, 6 (22,2%) tenían diagnóstico de cirrosis por NASH; 5 (18,5%) tenían diagnóstico de hepatitis C. Los 27 pacientes que desarrollaron falla renal crónica al sexto mes de seguimiento, tenían un MDRD pretrasplante en promedio de 89,4 ml/min/m²/SC. La falla renal crónica postrasplante es una complicación que viene en ascenso y que se asocia a factores de riesgo pretrasplante y postrasplante, como son hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C e inmunosupresión. Conclusiones: Podemos decir que existe una tendencia a que los pacientes con diagnóstico pretrasplante de cirrosis por NASH y hepatitis C desarrollen más falla renal crónica. La inmunosupresión en el postrasplante inmediato influye en el desarrollo de falla renal crónica; en nuestro trabajo se observa como ciclosporina A, en un gran porcentaje presente en los pacientes que desarrollaron falla renal crónica. Se necesitarán nuevos estudios para determinar asociación entre estos factores de riesgo y el desarrollo de falla renal crónica.

Background: Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) frequently develops in patients who undergo transplantation of solid organs such as livers, hearts, lungs, and small intestines. CRF increases morbidity and mortality rates, increases costs and results in deterioration in the quality of patients' lives. The development of CRF is a common complication in post-liver transplant patients. It is defined as a glomerular filtration rate between 29 and 60 ml/min/1.73 m² of body surface area during post-surgical procedures. Multiple factors contribute to the risk of developing CRF in this group of patients. The most important among these factors are renal function prior to transplantation as measured by MDRD formula (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease), acute perioperative renal failure, and immune-suppressors such as calcineurin inhibitors. During the first six months after transplantation renal function deteriorates rapidly, but declines slowly thereafter. It is important to determine our incidence of chronic renal failure, the degree of severity according to the classification and the risk factors in patients who underwent liver transplantation. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence of chronic renal disease and the risk factors affecting post-liver transplant patients in the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota University Hospital from January 2004 to November 2008. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive and retrospective study of a population of patients who had undergone liver transplantation in the Fundación Santa Fe de Bogota University Hospital between January 1, 2004 and November 11, 2008. These patients presented normal renal functions as measured by the MDRD formula. We excluded patients with previous renal insufficiency and combined liver-kidney transplantation patients. Results: 79 patients were included in the study. 27 (34.2% CI 95% 23.9 - 45.7) had developed Stage 2 MDRD renal failure by the 6th month of surveillance. 6 of the 27 patients (22.2%) presented cirrhosis resulting from NASH. 5 of the 27 (18.5%) presented hepatitis C. The 27 patients who developed chronic renal failure by the 6th month of surveillance presented an average MDRD score of 89.4 ml/min/m²/SC prior to transplantation. Chronic renal failure following transplantation is an increasingly common complication, associated with risk factors prior to and following transplantation. These factors include arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis C and immunosuppression. Conclusions: Patients with pre-transplantation diagnoses of cirrhosis resulting from NASH or of hepatitis have a tendency to develop chronic renal failure. Immunosuppression immediately after transplantation influences the development of chronic renal failure. In our study we observed high percentages of cyclosporine A in patients who developed chronic renal failure. New studies are needed to determine the association between these risk factors and the development of chronic renal failure.