[Bioactive compounds in the nutrition of peri- and postmenopausal women within the concept of 4P-medicine].

An updated consensus statement from the European Menopause and Andropause Society noted that a woman's quality of life may decline during peri- and post-menopause as a result of various menopausal symptoms and age-related comorbidities. The purpose of the work was to assess the possibility of using bioactive compounds in periand postmenopausal women to prevent the development of menopausal complications and chronic diseases associated with aging. Material and methods. Literature search was carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RSCI databases mainly over the past 10 years, with the exception of works of fundamental importance, according to the keywords "perimenopause", "postmenopause", "Affron® saffron extract", "special extract ERr 731". Results. The use of diet, dietary supplements including those containing extracts of saffron (Affron®) and Siberian rhubarb (ERr 731) and their biologically active substances, has a versatile effect on the correction of menopausal disorders due to the impact on various pathogenetic pathways of their development and can be used in women in this period as a phytonutrient support. Conclusion. The combined use of saffron and Siberian rhubarb extracts is promising from the point of view of correcting the female state during peri- and postmenopause, taking into account the pathogenetic moments of the development of menopausal complications and chronic diseases associated with aging.

[The role of magnesium and potassium in preventive and therapeutic nutrition].

Due to the versatility of its functions and participation in all types of metabolism, magnesium can be considered the main cation in the human organism. Equally important is the role of the main intracellular ion - potassium, which is a synergist of magnesium, especially with regard to the effect on cardiovascular system function. In Russia, there is insufficient consumption of magnesium and potassium by the population. The purpose of the work was to assess the role of magnesium and potassium in ensuring public health. Material and methods. Literature search was carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, RISC systems mainly over the past 10 years, with the exception of works of fundamental importance, according to the keywords "magnesium", "bioavailability", "potassium", "efficiency". Results. Chronic hypomagnesemia and hypokalemia are involved in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders (metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and sluggish inflammation). Magnesium deficiency increases the risk of cardiovascular (arrhythmia, hypertension, heart failure), neurological diseases (stroke) and depression, as well as diseases of the respiratory system (bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Potassium deficiency is also associated with pathology of the cardiovascular system. Adequate intake of magnesium and potassium with food and/or dietary supplements prevents the development of chronic metabolic complications. Various magnesium compounds used to correct its deficiency, have different bioavailability. Conclusion. The expediency of compensating for magnesium and potassium deficiency in nutrition has been proven both for preventive purposes in a healthy person and as part of diet therapy in a patient. Enrichment of the diet with magnesium and potassium is a reliable non-drug, economical and safe prevention of chronic deficiency and associated metabolic disorders.

[To the health of the nation through multi-level educational programs for the population in the field of optimal nutrition].

Healthy nutrition is the most crucial component of the quality of life, which is understood as an integral indicator of mental, physical and social functioning of a person. The diet of Russians doesn't contain enough vegetables and fruits, dairy products, while white sugar, salt, products containing animal fat, and trans fats are in excess. Violations of the structure of nutrition and nutritional status lead to the development of diet related non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular, oncological, diabetes mellitus, obesity, gout, osteoporosis, etc.) that are the leading causes of mortality of the population. All this indicates a low level of knowledge of the people about the principles of healthy nutrition. 49.2% of Russians have almost no idea about the rules of healthy eating. In this regard, it is essential to eliminate the existing gap in the education of the population on healthy nutrition through the introduction of training programs. For this purpose, training (educational) programs on healthy eating have been developed for target groups of the population (preschool and school-age children; adults of all ages, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, people older than working age; people with an increased level of physical activity; persons working in severe and harmful conditions or living in territories with unique features in terms of the impact of environmental factors). Based on scientific institutions of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing and Federal Research Centre for Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, four scientific-methodical centres and one educational centre on the issues of healthy nutrition have been created for the development of training (education) programs. A great deal of work on the implementation of educational programs for the population on healthy nutrition is carried out by the Profile Commission on Dietetics of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, which includes the chief dietitians of Federal districts of the Russian Federation.

[The importance of nuts in the prevention of various diseases].

Nuts are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, protein, dietary fiber, a number of micronutrients and biologically active substances. The aim of this review is to summarize and analyze current data on the role of nuts in human nutrition. Results. Large prospective cohort studies show an association between regular consumption of nuts (>= 140 g per week) and a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. In randomized controlled trials, strong evidence has been obtained that consuming nuts lowers blood cholesterol and improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Recent epidemiological studies show that high nut consumption does not increase body weight; rather, the inclusion of nuts in the hypocaloric diet can help to control or reduce body weight and waist circumference. A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows that nut consumption is associated with a reduced risk of death from all causes and from chronic diseases. "Nut snack" is a good strategy to avoid weight gain and improve chemical composition of the diet. Conclusion. Adequate replacement of some foods in the diet with nuts does not cause body weight increase and helps to prevent a number of diseases.

[The role of optimal nutrition in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases].

A balanced diet has always been part of a set of preventive measures with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of the research is to present relevant international data on the role of nutrients in reducing the risk of CVD. Results. This article discusses current data on the effect of consumption of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, trans fats, cholesterol, dietary fiber, protein, edible salt potassium, magnesium and vitamins on the state of the cardiovascular system and the prevention of CVD. Recommendations on optimal nutrition are given to reduce cardiovascular risks, including those according to the new 3rd edition of the Guide to Cardiovascular Medicine (The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 3 edn). Conclusion. When managing patients with cardiovascular diseases, it is necessary not only to take into account international nutritional recommendations, but also to focus the patient's attention on how to comply with them.

[Lipoic acid: physiological role and prospects for clinical application].

α-Lipoic acid (also known as thioctic acid) is a natural vitamin-like compound. Lipoic acid contains asymmetrical carbon, which causes the presence of two possible optical isomers (enantiomers): R-lipoic acid (levogyrate isomer) and S-lipoic acid (rightspinning isomer). Lipoic acid functions as a cofactor for several important mitochondrial multienzyme complexes, enhances the uptake of glucose by the cells, and modulates the activity of various signaling molecules and transcription factors. It was shown that α-lipoic acid and its derivative, dihydrolipoic acid, have a direct antioxidant effect due to the neutralization of reactive oxygen species that are destructive to DNA, proteins and lipids of cells. Dihydrolipoic acid enhances the antioxidant properties of ascorbic acid, glutathione and ubiquinone. Available evidence suggests that supplementation with lipoic acid reduces the symptoms of peripheral diabetic neuropathy. Results from randomized controlled trials show that high doses of lipoic acid can improve the glycemic profile of subjects with metabolic disorders. Lipoic acid can be used to control body weight in people with obesity. R-Lipoic acid is synthesized in the human body and is contained in foods in a form covalently associated with lysine (lipoyllysine). Its dose in dietary supplements significantly exceeds the amount in the diet. Most dietary supplements contain a racemic mixture of R- and S-lipoic acid.

[Characteristics of the diet and nutritional status of workers at various industrial enterprises of the Sverdlovsk Region].

Alteration of food patterns leads to changes in nutritional status, thus contributing to the development of non-communicable diseases accounting for over a half of all causes of death of the population of our country. Poor working conditions and occupational hazards play an important role in inducing metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases. The objective of joint studies conducted by two Healthy Nutrition Centers located in the cities of Yekaterinburg and Moscow was to assess the diet and nutritional status of workers at two industrial enterprises of the Sverdlovsk Region. The total of 347 unrefined copper production workers (Plant 1) and 267 iron ore miners (Plant 2) were included in the study (the average age was 45.7±0.4 and 50.4±0.6 years, respectively). The study design envisaged a study of actual nutrition by a frequency method, anthropometric indices, total body composition by bio-impedancemetry, and nutritional status biomarkers using biochemical blood indices. The workers' diet was characterized by a high energy value (more than 2,500 kcal/day) with an excess of total and saturated fats (40.7-41.0 and 15.2-15.3% by the calorie content) as well as mono- and disaccharides (19.0-21.0% by the calorie content). Vitamins C and A consumption of the iron ore miners was 78% (p<0.01) and 27% (p<0.05) lower than that of the unrefined copper production workers, respectively. High (>1.0) waist to hip ratios were estimated in 28.5% of the workers. Obesity (BMI>25.0 kg/m2) was established in 36-42% of our subjects and the fat mass excess - in 81% of them. High serum concentrations of low-density lipoproteins were measured in 28 and 35% of the workers of both plants, respectively. The metabolic syndrome was identified in 27.0% of Plant 1 workers and in 44.2% of Plant 2 miners, whereas cardiovascular diseases were diagnosed in 25.9 and 56.5% of the workers, respectively. The effect of genetic factors (rs993609 polymorphism of FTO gene and Trp64Arg polymorphism in ADRB3 gene) on the development of obesity and metabolic disorders was demonstrated.

[Assessment of the sufficiency of Moscow population with folic acid, depending on the combined effect of polymorphism of MTHFR and FTO genes].

The results of assessing the sufficiency of folic acid of the residents of the Moscow region have been presented depending on rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism and rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism. A total of 326 people were examined, including 74 men and 252 women aged 20 to 65 years. The results of determining the level of folic acid in blood serum showed insufficiency of this vitamin among the population of the Moscow region of the Russian Federation. The expressed vitamin deficit (level <3,0 ng/ml) was detected in 24.2% of the surveyed residents, in 22.8% folic acid level was at the lower bound of the norm (3.0-4.5 ng/ml). The results of genotyping showed a statistically significant association of low folic acid level with rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism in carriers of A allele of rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism both in the homozygous state (genotype AA) and in the heterozygous (genotype AT) state, OR=4.26; CI (1.40-12.9), p=0.008, as well as with rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism in carriers of the T allele of rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism both in the homozygous (genotype TT) and heterozygous (CT genotype) state, OR=3.29; CI (1.07-10.1), p=0.03. In carriers of 3 alleles of risk of folic acid deficiency [rs9939609 FTO gene polymorphism and rs1801133 MTHFR gene polymorphism (genotypes CT/AA and TT/AT)] blood serum level of folic acid was below the norm, that indicated folate deficiency in this category of persons.

[Using of specialized food for the workers with skin occupational eczema of perlite production].

The research was conducted with participation of the perlite production workers with professional eczema (165 people in the main group and 152 from the control group without skin pathology). The effectiveness of the use of a specialized prophylactic food in the diet of workers was assessed on the basis of the study of the dynamics of the indicators of nutritional and clinical status. Inclusion of kissel, containing pectin, vitamin A (300% from RDA), vitamin E and zinc (40% from RDA), biologically active substances of plant origin in the diet of the examined against the background of the course of complex therapy, has resulted in a positive influence on individual laboratory values, demonstrating the optimization of metabolic processes, which characterize the pathogenesis of skin inflammation. Thus, the concentration of ascorbic acid in blood serum statistically significant (p<0.05) increased by 30.0%, tocopherol - by 36.3%, carotenoids - by 27.3%, phosphorus - by 28.9%, calcium level elevated by 16.3% (p<0.10). There was a decrease in the level of MDA in blood serum by 12.3% (p<0.05) and an increase in catalase activity by 12.2% (p>0.05). There was a tendency to reduce itching, infiltration, erythematous and eczematous manifestations of the disease. The data obtained make it possible to consider the use of a specialized food product of dietary preventive nutrition by workers in pearlite production as a mean to enhance the body's adaptive reserves and to prevent the occurrence, progression and development of occupational skin diseases (eczema) in the workplace.

[Optimizing nutrition of older people as a mean of preventing premature aging].

The review presents data on the characteristics of construction of the diet of older persons. It is shown that inadequate nutrition is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gout and others that contribute to premature aging. Optimization of the diet should be considered as one of the areas of prevention and rehabilitation of these diseases and the prevention of premature aging. Attention is drawn to the age peculiar properties of the energy value of the diet, the content and the ratio of macronutrients in it. Modern data on the recommended daily intake of micronutrients -vitamins, minerals and trace elements for the elderly are presented. From the positions of the theory of oxidative stress, chronic inflammation and high-calorie nutrition, it is considered expedient to include products containing antioxidant ingredients: vitamins, trace elements and minor biologically active food components in the diet.

[Preventive Counselling With the Use of Remote Technologies Provides Effective Control of Metabolic Risk Factors in Patients With High and Very High Cardiovascular Risk].

PURPOSE: to assess the impact of preventive counseling with focus on diet modification on lipid and metabolic parameters in patients with high / very high cardiovascular (CV) risk who visited Health centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a prospective randomized controlled study of patients aged 40 to 65 years with high/very high CV risk (≥5% according to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation scale [SCORE]) and any 2 criteria for metabolic syndrome. Patients were 1:1 randomized into 2 groups. The intervention group (n=50) received comprehensive preventive counseling with focus on diet modification followed by remote preventive counseling by phone every two weeks for the first 3 months after enrollment (a total of 6 sessions). The control group (n=50) received usual care in Health centers which also included basic preventive counseling. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients (women 82%, age 59.74±4.66 years) were randomized. At baseline 81% of patients had high and 19% - very high CV risk. The groups were well balanced according to demographic and clinical features. At 1 year of follow-up patients from the intervention group experienced significant improvement of metabolic parameters compared with controls: their diastolic blood pressure (BP) decreased by 5.62±7.7 mm Hg, total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC and LDL-C) - by 0.5±0.83 and 0.46±0.62 mmol/l, respectively. Both groups experienced statistically and clinically significant decreases in systolic BP (intervention, - 17.76±16.2 mm Hg, control, - 13.44±15.6 mm Hg; both groups p.

[The study of nutrition, anthropometric tеstes and body composition among native and alien population of Russian Arctic].

Arctic zone refers to the territories that are uncomfortable for living and working of people. Ecological features of the Far North have contributed to the adaptation of the indigenous population to the conditions of the external environment, which manifested in the peculiarities of nutrition and nutritional status, which is also related to the presence of genetic polymorphisms in the population of the Arctic zone. The study of nutrition and the nutritional status of 180 people (78.9% woman и 21.1% man) living in the Far North was conducted. The data obtained indicate that the prevalence of overweight and obesity (62.7%) among the surveyed people living in the Arctic zone, was higher than among Russian people (average 57.3%). Indigenous people (mean age - 45.6±1.3 years) compared with alien population (45.1±2.6 years old) had lower BMI (27.2±0.5 vs 28.8±1.3 kg/m2) and a smaller hips along with significantly (p<0.05) lower relative fat body mass (31.9±0.9 vs 35.4±1.4 kg), lean (67.1±0.8 vs 64.6±0.9 kg) and bone body mass, as well as exchange at rest (1329.9±16.0 vs 1455.4±44.0 kcal). Indigenous population consumed significantly more bakery products and fish (1.5-2.2 fold), and less - dairy products and vegetables (1.7-2.0 fold). Thus, the peculiarities of the nutritional status of the indigenous and alien populations of the Arctic seem to be associated with the traditions of nutrition and lifestyle.

[The association of rs993609 polymorphisms of gene FTO and rs659366 polymorphisms of gene UCP2 with obesity among Arctic Russian population].

It is known that particular qualities of the prevalence of obesity, characteristic for the population of the Far North, are connected with the presence of genetic polymorphisms. The association of two polymorphisms (rs993609 of FTO gene and rs659366 of UCP2 gene) with obesity was studied in 175 people living on the territory of the Russian Arctic (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District). The incidence of obesity risk allele (A) of FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism in the surveyed population of the Arctic (30.8%) was lower by 15% than that of the population of the central regions of Russia, Caucasian Americans and Europeans, but was higher by 18-20% than in Alaska inhabitants. The frequency of the A allele of the FTO gene was significantly 1.4-fold lower in indigenous Arctic people than in the alien population (p<0.05), that had significantly higher content of body fat (by 12%) than the indigenous population, including the Nenets (p<0.05). Рositive association had been identified between T allele rs659366 polymorphism of UCP2 gene and obesity risk in the surveyed who lived in the Arctic zone. Thus, the inhabitants of the Far North revealed the presence of genetic variants that contribute to heat production.

[Vitamin status of rural residents, living in Russian Arctic].

The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to estimate vitamin D, B2, A, E, ß-carotene (BC) status in rural residents, living in Russian Arctic (Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Area). 216 healthy adults (166 women, 50 men, 45.4±0.8 years old; BMI 27.5±0.5 kg/m2), 76% aboriginal ethnicity and 24% non-aboriginals subjects have been surveyed in spring 2016. Nenets were 72% among the surveyed, Russians - 14%, other ethnic groups - 14%. A total of 69 and 78% of subjects had 25(OH)D and BC blood serum concentrations less than the recommended target threshold of 30 ng/ml and 20 µg/dL respectively. Deficiency of vitamins B2, A and E, when blood serum concentrations of riboflavin <5 ng/ml, retinol <30 µg/dL and tocopherols <0.8 mg/dL, were found in 34, 15 and 13% of participants, respectively. The indigenous population was better supplied with vitamins D and B2. The lack of these vitamins was detected 1.3 and 1.8 fold less often (p<0.05) than in the non-aboriginals; whereas non-aboriginals were better provided with vitamin A and BC: the deficiency of these micronutrients was detected 3.1 and 1.8 fold less often (p<0.05) than in the inhabitants. In general, only 2.4% of those surveyed were sufficiently supplied with all 4 studied vitamins and BC. The frequency of deficit of one or two vitamins was revealed in 62.2%, combined deficiency of 3 or more vitamins was detected in 35.4%. There were no statistically significant differences in the incidence of combined multivitamin deficiencies among the indigenous and non-aboriginals. High incidence of vitamin A deficiency in the indigenous female population (21%) along with insufficiency of vitamin B2 in female non-aboriginals (48%), the lack of vitamin E in men (22%) and vitamin D and BC in 70-78% of the surveyed dictate the need for targeted enrichment of the diet of people living in extreme conditions of the Russian Arctic with multivitamin complexes.

[The investigation the combined effect of SNP rs9939609 (gene FTO) and rs4994 (gene ADRB3) polymorphisms on risk of obesity].

The genetic factor plays a significant role in the development of obesity, by present time the association of hundreds genetic polymorphisms with the risk of this disease is established. However, the combined influence of genetic polymorphisms remains practically unstudied. We aimed to investigate the combined effect SNP rs9939609 (gene FTO) and rs4994 (gene ADRB3) polymorphisms on risk of obesity. A case-control study was conducted, including255 obese case (BMI>30 kg/m2) and 427 non obese controls (BMI<30 kg/m2). Genotyping was performed using allele-specific amplification, detection results in real time using TaqMan-probes complementary DNA polymorphic sites. It has been shown, that presence of one mutant allele of rs9939609 (gene FTO) and rs4994 (gene ADRB3) leads to statistically significant association with obesity. Presence of two mutant alleles in different polymorphic variants increases risk of obesity by 15%, presence of three mutant alleles - by 2.63 fold. The quantity surveyed, suffering obesity, increased depending on the number of mutant alleles in studied genetic polymorphisms. Presence of one or two mutant alleles in one polymorphic variant increased the number of patients with obesity by 13.4%, presence of two or three mutant alleles in different polymorphic variants -by 18-19%.

[Vitamin status of citizens from Moscow Region].

Evaluation of vitamin status in healthy individuals (68 men and 70 women) aged from 18 to 60 years (median - 37 years), residents of Moscow and the Moscow region has been performed by means of determination of vitamin C, A, E, B2, B12 and folic acid level in blood serum. The nutrition was investigated by questionnaire method on frequency of food consumption. Both diet of men and women had excessive fat content (41.7 and 42.7% of total calories), saturated fatty acids (14.1 and 13.6%), added sugars (11.1 and 11.0%), sodium, and had lack of dietary fiber (2.5-fold reduced level comparing with RDA). Daily intake of vitamin B1 was 1.37±0.04 mg for men and 1.06±0.07 mg for women, vitamin B2 - respectively 1.72±0.06 and 1.62±0.07 mg, niacin - 18.5±0.72 and 14.8±0.88 mg and did not reach the optimal level. All persons were sufficiently supplied with vitamins A, C, E and B12: mean and median of blood serum level of retinol, tocopherols, ascorbic acid and cobalamins were in the range of optimum values. The lack of vitamins A and B12 has not been found in any person. The frequency of vitamin C and E insufficiency was insignificant and amounted to 2 and 8% respectively. The lack of vitamin B2, and ß-carotene was most pronounced and took place in about a half of individuals. Only 34% of healthy people of working age were sufficiently supplied with all vitamins. A combined lack of two vitamins was detected in 26%, of three vitamins - in 8%. Women were better supplied with riboflavin and ß-carotene. The blood serum level of ß-carotene and vitamin E was significantly higher in individuals older than 30 years compared with persons of younger age. Individuals with overweight or obesity were worse supplied with ß-carotene and folate. A negative correlation was detected between the levels of serum folate and homocysteine concentration (r=-0.262, p<0.05). A positive correlation has been revealed between the concentration of folic acid and the level of HDL-C (r=0.356, p<0.01), and iron (r=0.378, p<0.05).

[The association of genetic polymorphisms with non-communicable disease among Arctic population].

The review analyzed genetic polymorphisms contribute to the development of non-communicable diseases among the inhabitants of the Arctic. It is known that the area belongs to the arctic areas of discomfort for living and employment rights. Ecological features of the Far North have contributed to the adaptation of the indigenous population to environmental conditions, which manifested itself in particular in the power features that provide a low prevalence of obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Active development of the Arctic zone and the associated lifestyle changes in the population, including the nature of power, caused a change in the prevalence and trends of non-communicable diseases, which has its own characteristics in comparison with the ethnic groups living in more southern latitudes. These features, as follows from the results of a number of studies to be associated, including the presence of genetic polymorphisms characteristic of the population of the Arctic zone.

[The study of energy balance in individuals with the Trp64Arg polymorphism of the ß3-adrenoreceptor gene].

The study involved 104 people living in the Moscow region, including 18 men and 86 women aged 18 to 67 years. Genotyping of rs4994 ADRB3 polymorphisms was performed using allele-specific amplification, with result detection in real time and using TaqMan-probes complementary to polymorphic DNA regions. The frequency of the mutant allele in individuals was 8.0%, while the Trp64Trp genotype was detected in 84.0% of cases, Trp64Ar - in 16.0%, AA - in 19.0%. Compared with men with genotype Trp64Trp, the men with the Trp64Ar polymorphisms (rs4994) of ADRB3 gene had significantly lower energy expenditure at rest value, calculated per kg of body muscle mass that was associated with higher fat mass, levels of blood serum leptin and LDL cholesterol. The data obtained suggested that leptin could be a possible intermediary contributing to the association between the rs4994 polymorphism of ADRB3 gene and energy disbalance.

[The study of the association of polymorphism rs659366 gene UCP2 c obesity and type 2 diabetes among residents of the Moscow Region].

1112 people from Moscow region have been surveyed. Genotyping of rs659366 polymorphism UCP2 gene was performed using allele-specific amplification, result detection in real time and using TaqMan-probes complementary DNA polymorphic sites. The study of rs659366 polymorphism of the UCP2 gene has showed that 36.9% of patients had genotype AA, 46.7%--genotype AG, and 16.5%--genotype GG. The frequency of allele A was 60.2%, allele G--39.8%. BMI, value of fat mass, visceral fat area, serum glucose and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in carriers of A allele in the homozygous and heterozygous state than in carriers of G allele in the homozygous state. Frequency of A allele compared with G allele in obese patients (BMI greater than 30 kg/m2) was: OR--1.52; CI (1.24-1.86), p = 0.001, and in diabetes mellitus type 2--OR--1.22; CI (0.910-1.622), p = 0.19.

[Estimation of vitamin status of moscow student according to data on vitamins intake and their levels in blood].

Supply with vitamins C, A, E and B2 of 61 high school students (38 girls and 23 boys, aged 18­22 years, body mass index ­ 23.0±0.6 kg/m2) by means of determination of blood plasma concentration of ascorbic acid, retinol and carotenoids, tocopherols and riboflavin has been investigated in the period from May to September. All students were well supplied with vitamin C (only 2 boys had a reduced level of ascorbic acid) and vitamin A. Decreased level of carotenoids was more common in boys (48 versus 24% in girls). 20% of the students were insufficiently supplied with vitamin E, 38% ­ with vitamin B2. 39% of students (50% girls and 22% boys) were adequately provided with all studied vitamins. 5% of the students had a combined deficiency of 3 vitamins, 20% ­ 2 vitamins. Student's sufficiency with vitamins B2, C, A, E, carotenoids did not depend on the season. Diet intake of vitamins C, A, carotenoids and vitamin B2 has been calculated basing on the data on the frequency of food consumption during the previous month. Reduced consumption relatively to the Russia RDA of vitamins В2, C and А took place in 63, 54 and 46% of the students respectively. The lack of vitamin B2 in the diet was most pronounced, the value of probabilistic risk corresponded to the average level in 34% of students. Average probabilistic risk of inadequate intake of vitamin A was present in 17% of students, vitamin C ­ 6%. Coincidence of the results of vitamin C and A status assessment obtained by calculation of vitamin diet intake and by biochemical methods (concentration of vitamins in the blood plasma) was 94 and 83%. These methods are interchangeable if you select the value of the average probability of risk failure intake of these vitamins as a criterion. Proportion of coinciding results of the estimation of vitamin B2 status was 56%. Special well-designed studies on larger sample surveyed are needed for the final output of the interchangeability of methods to assess riboflavin status.