The application of Borg scale in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: An integrative review.

The study of human performance and perception of exertion constitutes a fundamental aspect for monitoring health implications and enhancing training outcomes such as cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). It involves gaining insights into the varied responses and tolerance levels exhibited by individuals engaging in physical activities. To measure perception of exertion, many tools are available, including the Borg scale. In order to evaluate how the Borg scale is being used during CPR attempts, this integrative review was carried out between October/2020 and December/2023, with searches from PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO and VHL. Full publications relevant to the PICO strategy were included and letters, editorials, abstracts, and unpublished studies were excluded. In total, 34 articles were selected and categorised into three themes: a) CPR performed in different contexts; b) CPR performed in different cycles, positions, and techniques; c) CPR performed with additional technological resources. Because CPR performance is considered a strenuous physical activity, the Borg scale was used in each study to evaluate perception of exertion. The results identified that the Borg scale has been used during CPR in different contexts. It is a quick, low-cost, and easy-to-apply tool that provides important indicators that may affect CPR quality, such as perception of exertion, likely improving performance and potentially increasing the chances of survival.

The Use of the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. / O Uso da Escala de Borg na Percepção do Esforço em Manobras de Reanimação Cardiopulmonar.

BACKGROUND: A cardiopulmonary arrest is a critical event whose survival rate is related to the quality of resuscitation maneuvers combined with the use of technology. It is important to understand the perception of fatigue during this procedure, aiming to improve the effectiveness of compressions to increase the chances of survival. OBJECTIVES: To apply the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (Borg scale) to analyze the exertion perceived by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers using a feedback device. METHODS: Experimental study with a randomized distribution of nurses in a teaching hospital. Perceived exertion during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation with/without a feedback device was assessed using the Borg scale. The statistical significance level of 5% was adopted. RESULTS: 69 nurses working in critical and non-critical adult care units were included. Perceived exertion and heart rate were lower in the intervention group (p<0.001), influenced by the feedback device, with no significant difference between critical and non-critical units. CONCLUSIONS: The Borg scale proved to be adequate for the proposed objectives. The feedback device contributed to lower exertion and heart rate reduction during resuscitation maneuvers. The low cost and ease of application favor its use during training and real-time resuscitation attempts to assess performance using a feedback device to reduce exertion and perception of fatigue. It allows reflection on the intervening factors and resources that can influence the quality of resuscitation attempts and the chances of survival.

FUNDAMENTO: A parada cardiorrespiratória é um evento crítico cuja taxa de sobrevivência é relacionada à qualidade das manobras de reanimação, aliada à tecnologia. É importante compreender a percepção do cansaço durante esse procedimento visando a efetividade das compressões e o aumento das chances na sobrevida. OBJETIVO: Aplicar a Escala de Borg para analisar o esforço percebido por enfermeiros durante as manobras de reanimação cardiopulmonar com dispositivo de feedback. MÉTODO: Estudo experimental com distribuição randomizada de enfermeiros em hospital de ensino, simulando parada cardiorrespiratória, para avaliação da percepção do esforço utilizando a escala de Borg durante a reanimação cardiopulmonar com/sem dispositivo de feedback. Foi adotado nível de significância estatística 5%. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 69 enfermeiros atuantes em unidades críticas e não críticas de atendimento ao adulto. A percepção de esforço e a frequência cardíaca foi menor no grupo intervenção (p<0,001), influenciadas pelo dispositivo de feedback, sem diferença significativa quanto às unidades de atuação. CONCLUSÃO: A escala de Borg mostrou-se adequada para os objetivos propostos. O dispositivo de feedback contribuiu no menor esforço e redução da frequência cardíaca durante as manobras de reanimação. O baixo custo e a facilidade de aplicação favorecem o uso em treinamentos e atendimentos em tempo real para avaliar o desempenho durante a reanimação, utilizando dispositivo de feedback por reduzir os esforços e a percepção do cansaço. Também permite a reflexão sobre os fatores intervenientes e recursos que podem influenciar na qualidade da assistência e nas chances de sobrevivência.

O Uso da Escala de Borg na Percepção do Esforço em Manobras de Reanimação Cardiopulmonar / The Use of the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion Scale in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Resumo Fundamento A parada cardiorrespiratória é um evento crítico cuja taxa de sobrevivência é relacionada à qualidade das manobras de reanimação, aliada à tecnologia. É importante compreender a percepção do cansaço durante esse procedimento visando a efetividade das compressões e o aumento das chances na sobrevida. Objetivo Aplicar a Escala de Borg para analisar o esforço percebido por enfermeiros durante as manobras de reanimação cardiopulmonar com dispositivo de feedback. Método Estudo experimental com distribuição randomizada de enfermeiros em hospital de ensino, simulando parada cardiorrespiratória, para avaliação da percepção do esforço utilizando a escala de Borg durante a reanimação cardiopulmonar com/sem dispositivo de feedback. Foi adotado nível de significância estatística 5%. Resultados Foram incluídos 69 enfermeiros atuantes em unidades críticas e não críticas de atendimento ao adulto. A percepção de esforço e a frequência cardíaca foi menor no grupo intervenção (p<0,001), influenciadas pelo dispositivo de feedback, sem diferença significativa quanto às unidades de atuação. Conclusão A escala de Borg mostrou-se adequada para os objetivos propostos. O dispositivo de feedback contribuiu no menor esforço e redução da frequência cardíaca durante as manobras de reanimação. O baixo custo e a facilidade de aplicação favorecem o uso em treinamentos e atendimentos em tempo real para avaliar o desempenho durante a reanimação, utilizando dispositivo de feedback por reduzir os esforços e a percepção do cansaço. Também permite a reflexão sobre os fatores intervenientes e recursos que podem influenciar na qualidade da assistência e nas chances de sobrevivência.

Abstract Background A cardiopulmonary arrest is a critical event whose survival rate is related to the quality of resuscitation maneuvers combined with the use of technology. It is important to understand the perception of fatigue during this procedure, aiming to improve the effectiveness of compressions to increase the chances of survival. Objectives To apply the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale (Borg scale) to analyze the exertion perceived by nurses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation maneuvers using a feedback device. Methods Experimental study with a randomized distribution of nurses in a teaching hospital. Perceived exertion during simulated cardiopulmonary resuscitation with/without a feedback device was assessed using the Borg scale. The statistical significance level of 5% was adopted. Results 69 nurses working in critical and non-critical adult care units were included. Perceived exertion and heart rate were lower in the intervention group (p<0.001), influenced by the feedback device, with no significant difference between critical and non-critical units. Conclusions The Borg scale proved to be adequate for the proposed objectives. The feedback device contributed to lower exertion and heart rate reduction during resuscitation maneuvers. The low cost and ease of application favor its use during training and real-time resuscitation attempts to assess performance using a feedback device to reduce exertion and perception of fatigue. It allows reflection on the intervening factors and resources that can influence the quality of resuscitation attempts and the chances of survival.

What can be learned from the literature about intervals and strategies for paediatric CPR retraining of healthcare professionals? A scoping review of literature.

Background: Effective training and retraining may be key to good quality paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (pCPR). PCPR skills decay within months after training, making the current retraining intervals ineffective. Establishing an effective retraining strategy is fundamental to improve quality of performance and potentially enhance patient outcomes. Objective: To investigate the intervals and strategies of formal paediatric resuscitation retraining provided to healthcare professionals, and the associated outcomes including patient outcomes, quality of performance, retention of knowledge and skills and rescuer's confidence. Methods: This review was drafted and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, CINAHL Complete, ERIC and Web of Science were searched and studies addressing the PICOST question were selected. Results: The results indicate complex data due to significant heterogeneity among study findings in relation to study design, retraining strategies, outcome measures and length of intervention. Out of 4706 studies identified, 21 were included with most of them opting for monthly or more frequent retraining sessions. The length of intervention ranged from 2-minutes up to 3.5 hours, with most studies selecting shorter durations (<1h). All studies pointed to the importance of regular retraining sessions for acquisition and retention of pCPR skills. Conclusions: Brief and frequent pCPR retraining may result in more successful skill retention and consequent higher-quality performance. There is no strong evidence regarding the ideal retraining schedule however, with as little as two minutes of refresher training every month, there is the potential to increase pCPR performance and retain the skills for longer.

Effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the teaching of family members of cardiac patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the skill acquisition of family members of heart disease patients. METHOD: A quasi-experimental study, conducted in a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The study participants were one or more relatives of patients with heart disease that were hospitalized at the institution. In the first phase, the participant's skills and theoretical knowledge on cardiopulmonary resuscitation were evaluated before and immediately after the training. The second phase took place one month after the training, in which the same evaluations were applied. The McNemar's and Stuart-Maxwell tests were adopted (5% significance level). RESULTS: The theoretical knowledge of family members before and after training increased and a great retention of this knowledge after 30 days of training was observed. Immediately after training, the family members showed significant improvement of skills in the 15 analyzed actions and, after one month of training, they maintained most of the acquired practices on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, except for chest compressions frequency and the time between turning on the defibrillator and delivering the shock. CONCLUSION: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training was effective in the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge of the family members.

Effectiveness of cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the teaching of family members of cardiac patients / Efectividad del entrenamiento sobre resucitación cardiopulmonar en el aprendizaje de familiares de pacientes cardíacos / Efetividade de treinamento sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar na aprendizagem de familiares de pacientes cardiopatas

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation training in the skill acquisition of family members of heart disease patients. Method: A quasi-experimental study, conducted in a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The study participants were one or more relatives of patients with heart disease that were hospitalized at the institution. In the first phase, the participant's skills and theoretical knowledge on cardiopulmonary resuscitation were evaluated before and immediately after the training. The second phase took place one month after the training, in which the same evaluations were applied. The McNemar's and Stuart-Maxwell tests were adopted (5% significance level). Results: The theoretical knowledge of family members before and after training increased and a great retention of this knowledge after 30 days of training was observed. Immediately after training, the family members showed significant improvement of skills in the 15 analyzed actions and, after one month of training, they maintained most of the acquired practices on cardiopulmonary resuscitation, except for chest compressions frequency and the time between turning on the defibrillator and delivering the shock. Conclusion: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation training was effective in the acquisition of theoretical and practical knowledge of the family members.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la efectividad del entrenamiento sobre resucitación cardiopulmonar en el aprendizaje de familiares de pacientes cardíacos. Método: Estudio cuasiexperimental, realizado en un hospital de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaron de la investigación uno o más familiares de pacientes cardíacos, hospitalizados en la institución. La primera fase evaluó los conocimientos teóricos y habilidades de los participantes sobre resucitación cardiopulmonar antes e inmediatamente después del entrenamiento. La segunda fase se realizó un mes después del entrenamiento, con la aplicación de las mismas evaluaciones. Se adoptaron las pruebas de McNemar y Stuart-Maxwell (nivel de significación del 5%). Resultados: Los familiares incrementaron sus conocimientos teóricos antes y después del entrenamiento, los cuales persistieron después de 30 días de la capacitación. Después del entrenamiento, los familiares mejoraron significativamente las habilidades en las 15 acciones analizadas y, después de un mes de capacitación, mantuvieron la mayoría de las prácticas asimiladas sobre reanimación cardiopulmonar, excepto la frecuencia de las compresiones torácicas y el tiempo entre encender el desfibrilador y aplicar la descarga. Conclusión: El entrenamiento de resucitación cardiopulmonar fue efectivo en el aprendizaje teórico y práctico de los familiares.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a efetividade de um treinamento sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar na aprendizagem de familiares de pacientes cardiopatas. Método: Estudo quase experimental, realizado em hospital de São Paulo, Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa um ou mais familiares de pacientes cardiopatas internados na instituição. Na primeira fase foram avaliados o conhecimento teórico e as habilidades dos participantes sobre a ressuscitação cardiopulmonar antes e imediatamente após o treinamento. A segunda fase aconteceu um mês após o treinamento, com a aplicação das mesmas avaliações. Os testes McNemar e Stuart-Maxwell foram adotados (nível de significância de 5%). Resultados: Houve aumento do conhecimento teórico dos familiares antes e após o treinamento e elevada retenção desse conhecimento após 30 dias da capacitação. Os familiares apresentaram, após o treinamento, melhora significativa das habilidades nas 15 ações analisadas e, após um mês da capacitação, mantiveram a maioria das práticas assimiladas sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar, com exceção da frequência das compressões torácicas e do tempo entre ligar o desfibrilador e aplicar o choque. Conclusão: O treinamento sobre ressuscitação cardiopulmonar foi efetivo na aprendizagem teórica e prática dos familiares.

Do automated real-time feedback devices improve CPR quality? A systematic review of literature.

AIM: Automated real-time feedback devices have been considered a potential tool to improve the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Despite previous studies supporting the usefulness of such devices during training, others have conflicting conclusions regarding its efficacy during real-life CPR. This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness of automated real-time feedback devices for improving CPR performance during training, simulation and real-life resuscitation attempts in the adult and paediatric population. METHODS: Articles published between January 2010 and November 2020 were searched from BVS, Cinahl, Cochrane, PubMed and Web of Science, and reviewed according to a pre-defined set of eligibility criteria which included healthcare providers and randomised controlled trial studies. CPR quality was assessed based on guideline compliance for chest compression rate, chest compression depth and residual leaning. RESULTS: The selection strategy led to 19 eligible studies, 16 in training/simulation and three in real-life CPR. Feedback devices during training and/or simulation resulted in improved acquisition of skills and enhanced performance in 15 studies. One study resulted in no significant improvement. During real resuscitation attempts, three studies demonstrated significant improvement with the use of feedback devices in comparison with standard CPR (without feedback device). CONCLUSION: The use of automated real-time feedback devices enhances skill acquisition and CPR performance during training of healthcare professionals. Further research is needed to better understand the role of feedback devices in clinical setting.

First case of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiorespiratory arrest in an emergency room in Brasil: a possible reality?

The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a procedure that has been used for a long time in reference centers worldwide. Its fundamental precept is to serve as a bridge to a definitive treatment in patients with severe, but potentially reversible, clinical conditions. Despite this, its use in cardiopulmonary arrest (ECPR) is still a matter of debate, especially when indicated in the emergency department. There is not yet a sufficient level of evidence to support its routine use. In Brasil, the procedure stopped being considered an experimental technique by the Federal Council of Medicine only in 2017. The objective of the present case is to share the pioneering spirit of a Brazilian reference center with ECPR in the emergency room and to discuss the future challenges of the ECMO technique.

First case of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in cardiorespiratory arrest in an emergency room in Brasil: a possible reality?

SUMMARY The extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a procedure that has been used for a long time in reference centers worldwide. Its fundamental precept is to serve as a bridge to a definitive treatment in patients with severe, but potentially reversible, clinical conditions. Despite this, its use in cardiopulmonary arrest (ECPR) is still a matter of debate, especially when indicated in the emergency department. There is not yet a sufficient level of evidence to support its routine use. In Brasil, the procedure stopped being considered an experimental technique by the Federal Council of Medicine only in 2017. The objective of the present case is to share the pioneering spirit of a Brazilian reference center with ECPR in the emergency room and to discuss the future challenges of the ECMO technique.

Cooling as an Adjunctive Therapy to Percutaneous Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction: COOL-MI InCor Trial.

Endovascular Therapeutic hypothermia (ETH) reduces the damage caused by postischemia reperfusion injury syndrome in cardiopulmonary arrest and has already established its role in patients with sudden death; however, its role in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains controversial. The objectives of this study were to investigate the safety, feasibility, and 30-day efficacy of rapid induction of therapeutic hypothermia as adjunctive therapy to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with anterior and inferior STEMIs. This was a prospective, controlled, randomized, two-arm, prospective, interventional study of patients admitted to the emergency department within 6 hours of angina onset, with anterior or inferior STEMI eligible for PCI. Subjects were randomized to the hypothermia group (primary PCI+ETH) or to the control group (primary PCI) at a 4:1 ratio. The ETH was induced by 1 L cold saline (1-4°C) associated with the Proteus™ System, by cooling for at least 18 minutes before coronary reperfusion with a target temperature of 32°C ± 1°C. Maintenance of ETH was conducted for 1-3 hours, and active reheating was done at a rate of 1°C/h for 4 hours. Primary safety outcomes were the feasibility of ETH in the absence of (1) door-to-balloon (DTB) delay; (2) major adverse cardiac events (MACE) within 30 days after randomization. The primary outcomes of effectiveness were infarct size (IS) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at 30 days. An as-treated statistical analysis was performed. Fifty patients were included: 35 (70%) randomized to the hypothermia group and 15 (30%) to the control group. The mean age was 58 ± 12 years; 78% were men; and associated diseases were 60% hypertension, 42% diabetes, and 72% dyslipidemia. The compromised myocardial wall was anterior in 38% and inferior in 62%, and the culprit vessels were left anterior descending artery (LAD) (40%), right coronary artery (38%), and left circumflex (18%). All 35 patients who attempted ETH (100%) had successful cooling, with a mean endovascular coronary reperfusion temperature of 33.1°C ± 0.9°C. The mean ischemic time was 375 ± 89.4 minutes in the hypothermia group and 359.5 ± 99.4 minutes in the control group. The mean DTB was 92.1 ± 20.5 minutes in the hypothermia group and 87 ± 24.4 minutes in the control group. The absolute difference of 5.1 minutes was not statistically significant (p = 0.509). The MACE rates were similar between both groups (21.7% vs. 20% respectively, p = 0.237). In the comparison between the hypothermia and control groups, no statistically significant differences were observed at 30 days between mean IS (13.9% ± 8% vs. 13.8% ± 10.8%, respectively, p = 0.801) and mean final LVEF (43.3% ± 11.2% vs. 48.3 ± 10.9%, respectively; p = 0.194). Hypothermia as an adjunctive therapy to primary PCI in STEMI is feasible and can be implemented without delay in coronary reperfusion. Hypothermia was safe regarding the incidence of MACE at 30 days. However, there was a higher incidence of arrhythmia and in-hospital infection in the hypothermia group, with no increase in mortality. Regarding efficacy, there was no difference in IS or LVEF at 30 days that would suggest additional myocardial protection with ETH. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02664194.

Effectiveness of the 40-Minute Handmade Manikin Program to Teach Hands-on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation at School Communities.

Bystander training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial to improve the victims' survival and quality of life after sudden cardiac arrest. This observational study aimed to determine the success rate of 2 different programs of CPR training for children, adolescents, and adults in school communities. We assessed the development and acquisition of the following CPR skills: checking local safety, assessing victim's responsiveness, calling for help, assessing victim's breathing, and performing chest compression (hands and straight arms placement on the chest, compression velocity, depth, and chest release) using a 40-minute program with handmade manikins or the 120-minute program using intermediate-fidelity manikins. There were 1,630 learners (mean age 16 years, 38% male) in the 40-minute program, and 347 learners (mean age 27 years, 32% male) in the 120-minute program. The lowest successful pass rate of learners that developed CPR skills was 89.4% in the 40-minute program and 84.5% in the 120-minute program. The chances of success increased with age in the same program (compression rate and depth). The success rate also increased with the more extended and intermediate-cost program at the same age (assessing victim's responsiveness, calling for help, and assessing the victim's respiration). In conclusion, a 40-minute and cheaper (low-cost handmade manikin) CPR program was adequate to develop and acquire the overall CPR skills for ≥89% at school communities, independently of gender. However, some individual CPR skills can be further improved with increasing age and using the longer and intermediate-cost program.

Recommendations for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) of patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.

The care for patients suffering from cardiopulmonary arrest in a context of a COVID-19 pandemic has particularities that should be highlighted. The following recommendations from the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) and the Brazilian Association of Intensive Medicine (AMIB) and the Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), associations and societies official representatives of specialties affiliated to the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), aim to guide the various assistant teams, in a context of little solid evidence, maximizing the protection of teams and patients. It is essential to wear full Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for aerosols during the care of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and it is imperative to consider and treat the potential causes in these patients, especially hypoxia and arrhythmias caused by changes in the QT interval or myocarditis. The installation of an advanced invasive airway must be obtained early and the use of High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) filters at the interface with the valve bag is mandatory; situations of occurrence of CPR during mechanical ventilation and in a prone position demand peculiarities that are different from the conventional CPR pattern. Faced with the care of a patient diagnosed or suspected of COVID-19, the care follows the national and international protocols and guidelines 2015 ILCOR (International Alliance of Resuscitation Committees), AHA 2019 Guidelines (American Heart Association) and the Update of the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Care Directive of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology 2019.

A atenção ao paciente vítima de parada cardiorrespiratória em um contexto de pandemia de COVID-19 possui particularidades que devem ser ressaltadas. As seguintes recomendações da Associação Brasileira de Medicina de Emergência (ABRAMEDE), Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC), Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira (AMIB) e Sociedade Brasileira de Anestesiologia (SBA), associações e sociedades representantes oficiais de especialidades afiliadas a Associação Medica Brasileira (AMB), têm por objetivo orientar as diversas equipes assistentes, em um contexto de poucas evidências sólidas, maximizando a proteção das equipes e dos pacientes.É fundamental a paramentação completa com Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) para aerossóis durante o atendimento de Parada Cardiorrespiratória (PCR), e imperativo que se considerem e tratem os potenciais causas nesses pacientes, principalmente hipóxia e arritmias causadas por alterações no intervalo QT ou miocardites. A instalação de via aérea invasiva avançada deve ser obtida precocemente e o uso de filtros High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance (HEPA) na interface com a bolsa-válvula é obrigatório; situações de ocorrência de PCR durante a ventilação mecânica e em posição pronada demandam peculiaridades distintas do padrão convencional de PCR. Frente ao atendimento de um paciente com diagnóstico ou suspeito de COVID-19, o atendimento segue em acordo com os protocolos e diretrizes nacionais e internacionais 2015 ILCOR (Aliança Internacional dos Comitês de Ressuscitação), Diretrizes AHA 2019 (American Heart Association) e a Atualização da Diretriz de Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar e Cuidados de Emergência da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia 2019.

Position Statement: Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected COVID-19 - 2020. / Posicionamento para Ressuscitação Cardiopulmonar de Pacientes com Diagnóstico ou Suspeita de COVID-19 ­ 2020.

Care for patients with cardiac arrest in the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has several unique aspects that warrant particular attention. This joint position statement by the Brazilian Association of Emergency Medicine (ABRAMEDE), Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC), Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine (AMIB), and Brazilian Society of Anesthesiology (SBA), all official societies representing the corresponding medical specialties affiliated with the Brazilian Medical Association (AMB), provides recommendations to guide health care workers in the current context of limited robust evidence, aiming to maximize the protection of staff and patients alike. It is essential that full aerosol precautions, which include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment, be followed during resuscitation. It is also imperative that potential causes of cardiac arrest of particular interest in this patient population, especially hypoxia, cardiac arrhythmias associated with QT prolongation, and myocarditis, be considered and addressed. An advanced invasive airway device should be placed early. Use of HEPA filters at the bag-valve interface is mandatory. Management of cardiac arrest occurring during mechanical ventilation or during prone positioning demands particular ventilator settings and rescuer positioning for chest compressions which deviate from standard cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques. Apart from these logistical issues, care should otherwise follow national and international protocols and guidelines, namely the 2015 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation (ILCOR) and 2019 American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines and the 2019 Update to the Brazilian Society of Cardiology Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Guideline.

Instructional design in the development of an online course on Basic Life Support.

OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate an online course on Basic Life Support. METHOD: Technological production research of online course guided by the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) instructional design model based on Andragogy and the Meaningful Learning Theory. The online course was constructed in the platform Moodle, previously assessed by a group of experts, and then presented to the students of the Nursing School of the University of São Paulo, who assessed it at the end of the course. RESULTS: The course was evaluated by the experts and obtained a mean score of 0.92 (SD 0.15), considered as good quality (between 0.90-0.94), and by the students, with a mean score of 0.95 (SD 0.03), considered as high quality (0.95-1.00). CONCLUSION: The instructional design used was found to be appropriate to the development of the online course. As an active educational strategy, it contributed to the learning on Basic Life Support during cardiac arrest-related procedures in adults. In view of the need for technological innovations in education and systematization of care in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the online course allows the establishment of continuous improvement processes in the quality of resuscitation in the care provided by students and professionals.

Basic life support: evaluation of learning using simulation and immediate feedback devices1.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate students' learning in an online course on basic life support with immediate feedback devices, during a simulation of care during cardiorespiratory arrest. METHOD: a quasi-experimental study, using a before-and-after design. An online course on basic life support was developed and administered to participants, as an educational intervention. Theoretical learning was evaluated by means of a pre- and post-test and, to verify the practice, simulation with immediate feedback devices was used. RESULTS: there were 62 participants, 87% female, 90% in the first and second year of college, with a mean age of 21.47 (standard deviation 2.39). With a 95% confidence level, the mean scores in the pre-test were 6.4 (standard deviation 1.61), and 9.3 in the post-test (standard deviation 0.82, p <0.001); in practice, 9.1 (standard deviation 0.95) with performance equivalent to basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation, according to the feedback device; 43.7 (standard deviation 26.86) mean duration of the compression cycle by second of 20.5 (standard deviation 9.47); number of compressions 167.2 (standard deviation 57.06); depth of compressions of 48.1 millimeter (standard deviation 10.49); volume of ventilation 742.7 (standard deviation 301.12); flow fraction percentage of 40.3 (standard deviation 10.03). CONCLUSION: the online course contributed to learning of basic life support. In view of the need for technological innovations in teaching and systematization of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, simulation and feedback devices are resources that favor learning and performance awareness in performing the maneuvers.