Addressing the challenges of regulatory systems strengthening in small states.

Countries should ensure equitable access to quality medicines. Regulatory systems for medicines and other health technologies are an essential part of well-functioning health systems and are a requisite for achieving Universal Health and the Sustainable Development Goals. The Pan American Health Organization, the World health Organization (WHO) regional office for the Americas, has assessed national regulatory capacities using a precursor of WHO Global Benchmarking Tool, and conducted an analysis of the data which suggests an association of regulatory capacity with population and the size of the economy. Regulatory capacity tends to decrease as population and gross domestic product decreases. This predominantly impacts the Caribbean sub-region in the Americas, which includes many states with small populations and economies. This paper will use the World Bank's term 'small states' to refer to countries with 1.5 million people or less and other larger countries that face similar challenges. The regulatory challenges of small states include small markets and limited human and financial resources. However, small states can build regulatory systems with a narrower scope that are less resource intensive and still ensure appropriate regulation and oversight. The approach should be tailored to accomplish a subset of WHO recommended essential functions, including marketing authorisation, licensing of establishments and postmarket surveillance/pharmacovigilance, depending on the need to oversee local manufacturing, which requires a comprehensive system. The approach should also include adoption of efficiencies, such as regionalisation and reliance. This model is currently being put in practice in the small states of the Caribbean Community and Pacific Islands and can inform other small states around the world.

Regulatory convergence and harmonization: barriers to effective use and adoption of common standards.

Objective To evaluate 1) the level of use and adoption of eight Technical Documents (TDs) published by the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization (PANDRH) member states and 2) identify the hurdles that can prevent countries from successfully adopting a common standard. Methods An in-depth analysis of the incorporation of PANDRH Technical Document No. 1 ("TDNo1") recommendations in member states' national requirements was carried out. Results The results illustrate the role of PANDRH in promoting convergence/harmonization among its members. Conclusions The study results show that the rate of use of TDs varied greatly by product/area and country. Timing, TD content, and product/area, and, more importantly, national capacities, are critical determinants of the level of TD guideline adoption. While PANDRH TDs have proven instrumental for the harmonization/convergence of member states' national requirements, as shown by the level of convergence across a majority of the national requirements issued for vaccine licensing, several countries had yet to incorporate common standards due, in large part, to weak national regulatory capacities. Therefore, harmonization/convergence initiatives should include the strengthening of national regulatory capacities as part of their core strategy, which will, in turn, allow for the incorporation and deployment of common standards in all participating countries.

Regulatory convergence and harmonization: barriers to effective use and adoption of common standards / La convergencia y la armonización regulatorias: barreras en el uso y la adopción eficaces de normas comunes

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate 1) the level of use and adoption of eight Technical Documents (TDs) published by the Pan American Network for Drug Regulatory Harmonization (PANDRH) member states and 2) identify the hurdles that can prevent countries from successfully adopting a common standard. Methods An in-depth analysis of the incorporation of PANDRH Technical Document No. 1 (“TDNo1”) recommendations in member states’ national requirements was carried out. Results The results illustrate the role of PANDRH in promoting convergence/harmonization among its members. Conclusions The study results show that the rate of use of TDs varied greatly by product/area and country. Timing, TD content, and product/area, and, more importantly, national capacities, are critical determinants of the level of TD guideline adoption. While PANDRH TDs have proven instrumental for the harmonization/convergence of member states’ national requirements, as shown by the level of convergence across a majority of the national requirements issued for vaccine licensing, several countries had yet to incorporate common standards due, in large part, to weak national regulatory capacities. Therefore, harmonization/convergence initiatives should include the strengthening of national regulatory capacities as part of their core strategy, which will, in turn, allow for the incorporation and deployment of common standards in all participating countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar (1) la medida en que se usan y se han adoptado ocho documentos técnicos (DT) publicados por los estados miembros de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica (Red PARF) y (2) definir los obstáculos que pueden impedir que los países adopten una norma común. Métodos Se realizó un análisis minucioso de la incorporación de las recomendaciones contenidas en el Documento Técnico No. 1 (“DTNo1”) de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica en los requisitos nacionales de los estados miembros. Resultados Los resultados ilustran el papel que desempeña la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica en la promoción de la convergencia y armonización entre sus miembros. Conclusiones Los resultados del estudio indican que el uso de los DT varía enormemente según el producto o el área y el país. El momento, el contenido del DT, el producto o área y, lo que es más importante, la capacidad nacional son factores determinantes del grado de adopción de las directrices contenidas en los DT. Si bien los DT de la Red Panamericana para la Armonización de la Reglamentación Farmacéutica han sido decisivos en la armonización y convergencia de los requisitos nacionales de los estados miembros, como demuestra el grado de convergencia de la mayor parte de los requisitos nacionales emitidos para la concesión de licencias para vacunas, varios países no habían incorporado normas comunes todavía debido, en gran parte, a una capacidad de reglamentación nacional deficiente. Por lo tanto, las iniciativas en pro de la armonización y convergencia deben comprender el fortalecimiento de la capacidad de reglamentación nacional como parte de su estrategia central, lo cual permitirá, a su vez, que se incorporen y desplieguen normas comunes en todos los países participantes.

Immunogenicity in mice of anthrax recombinant protective antigen in the presence of aluminum adjuvants.

The only US-licensed anthrax vaccine for human use, as well as several experimental vaccines containing solely purified recombinant protective antigen (rPA), are formulated using aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) as an adjuvant. It has been suggested that effective adjuvanticity of aluminum salts for protein antigens depends, at least partially, on the degree of adsorption of the antigen to the adjuvant. On the other hand, the ease of antigen desorption from the adjuvant in a quantitative fashion may facilitate the assessment of vaccine characteristics in the laboratory. In this regard, aluminum phosphate (AlPO4), although deemed a "weaker" adjuvant than Al(OH)3, appears superior to the latter. To investigate the possibility of formulating rPA vaccines with AlPO4, as well as the significance of the adsorption of this antigen to the aluminum salt for adjuvanticity, we studied the effect of AlPO4 and Al(OH)3 on the induction of anti-rPA antibodies in mice. In a first immunization experiment the adjuvanticity of AlPO4 combined with rPA was examined. Antibodies against rPA were measured using an ELISA. Results indicated that AlPO4 is able to significantly increase the antibody response to rPA, irrespective of its degree of adsorption to the adjuvant. Based on these results, in a second experiment mice were immunized twice, with different formulations of rPA containing either AlPO4 or Al(OH)3, and rPA-antibodies were measured using ELISA and an in vitro toxin neutralization assay. Comparable immune responses to rPA were obtained with both aluminum salts. Additionally, results with AlPO4 as adjuvant confirmed that, in this mouse model, binding of the protein to the adjuvant is not essential for adjuvanticity, whereas the amount of adjuvant has an influence on the antibody response induced.