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Numerous studies have been performed on Helicobacter pylori infection because of the high death rate linked to this illness and gastric cancer. An update on the key developments in recent years in the investigation of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer is the goal of this review. Using the search term "Helicobacter pylori, gastric cancer", the PubMed database was searched. Only papers published in 2024 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Because case report papers were not part of our investigation, they satisfied the exclusion criteria. Most of the research on the variable genes of Helicobacter pylori is guided by genetics to determine potential treatments. Studies on clinical treatments for the eradication of H. pylori with promising therapeutic options are needed. We found the fewest studies related to the immunopathology of H. pylori infection, which is still unknown. In conclusion, priority should be given to this kind of research.
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Due to the high death rate associated with gastric cancer, a great deal of research has been conducted on this disease. The goal of this paper was to start a trimestral review of 2024 for the year that had just started. The scientific literature from 1 January 2024 was chosen with consideration of the the guidelines of the European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO), which are updated with new findings but not systematically reviewed annually. We used the search term "gastric cancer" to find the most current publications in the PubMed database related to the prognosis and treatment of gastric cancer. As previously said, the only articles that satisfied the inclusion criteria were those from 2024. Articles with case reports were eliminated since they had nothing to do with our research. The treatment of gastric cancer is the focus of the majority of articles from 2024. The primary research axes include surgery and immunonutrition, immunotherapy and Helicobacter pylori, and therapeutic targets. Patients with GC may experience less psychological, social, and financial hardship if the recently identified markers discovered in circulation are better assessed and validated. This could be achieved by either including the markers in an artificial intelligence-based diagnostic score or by using them in conjunction with traditional diagnostic methods. Due to the rising death rate associated with GC, funding for research into diagnosis, prognosis, therapy, and therapeutic targets is essential.
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Bone disease is a serious problem for many patients, often causing pathological bone fractures. A spinal collapse is a condition that affects the quality of life. It is the most frequent feature of multiple myeloma (MM), used in establishing the diagnosis and the need to start treatment. Because of these complications, imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis and workup of myeloma patients. For many years, conventional radiography has been considered the gold standard for detecting bone lesions. The main reasons are the wide availability, low cost, the relatively low radiation dose and the ability of this imaging method to cover the entire bone system. Because of its incapacity to evaluate the response to therapy, more sophisticated techniques such as whole-body low-dose computed tomography (WBLDCT), whole-body magnetic resonance imaging, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) are used. In this review, some of the advantages, indications and applications of the three techniques in managing patients with MM will be discussed. The European Myeloma Network guidelines have recommended WBLDCT as the imaging modality of choice for the initial assessment of MM-related lytic bone lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold-standard imaging modality for the detection of bone marrow involvement. One of the modern imaging methods and PET/CT can provide valuable prognostic data and is the preferred technique for assessing response to therapy.
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Multiple myeloma (MM) is a bone marrow neoplasia with increasing incidence compared to previous years. Although new therapeutic molecules have been introduced, it remains an incurable disease with severe repercussions to patients. For many patients, bone disease represents a severe problem often causing pain, pathological bone fractures, and spinal cord compression, which affects the quality of life. This article analyzes the main markers of bone destruction in MM as well as risk factors for severe bone damage. Bone complications have a negative impact on the quality of life of patients with MM, along with other associated complications (renal failure, hypogammaglobulinemia, osteolytic bone disease, hypercalcemia, anemia). The markers of bone destruction described in this article include: interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), amino- and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen (NTX, CTX), human bone sialoprotein (BSP) and dickkopf-1 secreted glycoprotein (DKK1). The future practical applicability of this literature review would be the large-scale determination of markers of bone destruction that correlate with the negative evolution to complications of bone disease or the implications that these markers have in regards to treatment.
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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major public health problem owing to the fact that many patients are diagnosed in locally advanced or metastatic stage when chemotherapy is the only remaining option. However, treatment response is still unpredictable and depends upon a diversity of factors such as tumor inherited or acquired drug resistance and the host immune response to the malignant cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of interleukin 6, 8, 10 (IL-6, 8, 10) as possible predictive factors for response to chemotherapy and the correlation between the cytokines and the psychological distress.Methods: Forty-nine patients undergoing chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic CRC were included, for each patient IL-6, 8 and 10 were assessed through ELISA. Depression and anxiety were quantified through questionnaires. Statistical data were performed with GraphPad.Results: Patients with CRC had high serum levels of IL-8 and IL-6 compared to the healthy control group. High levels of IL-8 before treatment were correlated with progressive disease. There was a high incidence of psychological complication in CRC patients, especially in young male patients, from an urban area, with a positive correlation between serum levels of IL-8 and depression.Conclusions: These results indicate that high serum levels of IL-8 are predictive factors in CRC patients that undergo chemotherapy, but also could be useful in identifying psychological distress associated with this pathology.
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Neoplasias del Colon , Neoplasias Colorrectales , Neoplasias Colorrectales/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Interleucina-8 , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer is an important global health burden marked by a high mortality rate. Medical attention is drawn more often by the new targeted therapies, but also by the concept of liquid biopsy. Tumor's genetic profile is the major indicator of the response to targeted therapies and the risk for metastatic relapse. Therefore, analysis of tumor-linked genetic alterations holds a great importance, both for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Areas covered: The present paper highlights the molecular basis of the liquid biopsy concept and its major clinical applications in colorectal cancer. This consists in circulating tumor cells (CTC) and cell-free tumor DNA (cfDNA) and is described in manuscripts as an alternative to tissue samples, providing more information about tumor heterogeneity and tumor evolution in dynamic. Expert opinion: Liquid biopsy is an innovative, minimally invasive method which enables real-time monitoring of tumor's genetic heterogeneity, being an important step towards personalized medicine. However, despite the large number of detection methods available, it is necessary to standardize them regarding the blood collection processing and sample storage, analysis in order to be implemented in clinical guidelines.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , ADN Tumoral Circulante/sangre , Neoplasias Colorrectales/sangre , Biopsia Líquida , Neoplasias Colorrectales/patología , Humanos , Mutación , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/sangre , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/patología , Células Neoplásicas Circulantes , Medicina de Precisión , PronósticoRESUMEN
Colorectal cancer remains a frequent disease to which screening and target therapy exist, but despite this is still marked by a high mortality rate. Even though radical surgery may be performed in many cases, patients relapse with metastatic disease. Circulating tumor cells were incriminated for tumor recurrence, that's why vigorous research started on their field. Owning prognostic and predictive value, it was revealed their usefulness in disease monitoring. Moreover, they may serve as liquid biopsies for genetic tests in cases where tissue biopsy is contraindicated or cannot be performed. In spite of these advantages, they were not included in clinical guidelines, despite CellSearch and many other detection methods were developed to ease the identification of circulating tumor cells. This review highlights the implication of circulating tumor cells in metastasis cascade, intrinsic tumor cells mechanisms and correlations with clinical parameters along with their utility for medical practice and detection techniques.
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Pancreatic cancer has attracted a great deal of attention owing to the poor outcome, increasing prevalence in the last years and delay diagnosis. Known as a complex disease, it involves genetic mutations, changes in tumour microenvironment and inflammatory component dominated by interleukin-6 and its activated pathways, like Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Translation3, Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase and Androgen receptor. The pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a central role in oncogenesis, cancer progression, invasiveness, microenvironment changes, treatment resistance, prognosis and associated co morbidities like cachexia and depression. Fulfilling these roles IL-6 requires special attention to understand its complexity in PC development.
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Interleucina-6 , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Transducción de Señal , Humanos , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Pronóstico , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Microambiente Tumoral/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to determine whether operators with an expectancy that automation is trustworthy are better at calibrating their trust to changes in the capabilities of automation, and if so, why. BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that individual differences in automation expectancy may be able to account for why changes in the capabilities of automation lead to a substantial change in trust for some, yet only a small change for others. METHOD: In a baggage screening task, 225 participants searched for weapons in 200 X-ray images of luggage. Participants were assisted by an automated decision aid exhibiting different levels of reliability. Measures of expectancy that automation is trustworthy were used in conjunction with subjective measures of trust and perceived reliability to identify individual differences in trust calibration. RESULTS: Operators with high expectancy that automation is trustworthy were more sensitive to changes (both increases and decreases) in automation reliability. This difference was eliminated by manipulating the causal attribution of automation errors. CONCLUSION: Attributing the cause of automation errors to factors external to the automation fosters an understanding of tasks and situations in which automation differs in reliability and may lead to more appropriate trust. APPLICATION: The development of interventions can lead to calibrated trust in automation.
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Automatización/normas , Individualidad , Confianza/psicología , Adolescente , Adulto , Viaje en Avión , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Medidas de Seguridad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: We attempted to understand the latent structure underlying the systems pilots use to operate in situations involving human-automation interaction (HAI). BACKGROUND: HAI is an important characteristic of many modern work situations. Of course, the cognitive subsystems are not immediately apparent by observing a functioning system, but correlations between variables may reveal important relations. METHOD: The current report examined pilot judgments of 11 HAI dimensions (e.g., Workload, Task Management, Stress/Nervousness, Monitoring Automation, and Cross-Checking Automation) across 48 scenarios that required airline pilots to interact with automation on the flight deck. RESULTS: We found three major clusters of the dimensions identifying subsystems on the flight deck: a workload subsystem, a management subsystem, and an awareness subsystem. DISCUSSION: Relationships characterized by simple correlations cohered in ways that suggested underlying subsystems consistent with those that had previously been theorized. APPLICATION: Understanding the relationship among dimensions affecting HAI is an important aspect in determining how a new piece of automation designed to affect one dimension will affect other dimensions as well.