Palliative care in gynecologic oncology: a narrative review of current literature and vision for the future.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Several professional societies have recommended incorporating palliative care into routine oncology care, yet palliative care remains underutilized among women with gynecologic cancers. This narrative review highlights current evidence regarding utilization of palliative care in gynecologic oncology care. Additionally, the authors offer recommendations to increase early integration and utilization of palliative care services, improve education for current and future gynecologic oncology providers, and expand the palliative care workforce. METHODS: The authors reviewed studies of palliative care interventions in oncology settings, with an emphasis on studies that included women with gynecologic malignancies. A panel of author/experts were gathered for a semi-structured interview to discuss the future of palliative care in gynecologic cancer care. The interview was recorded and reviewed to highlight themes. KEY CONTENT AND FINDINGS: Data supports routine integration of palliative care into gynecologic oncology practice. To expand delivery of palliative care, additional research that investigates implementation of palliative care across different healthcare settings is needed. There is a shortage of palliative care providers in the United States. Therefore, it is critical for gynecologic oncologists to receive a robust education in primary palliative care skillsets. Additionally, to expand the specialty palliative care workforce, palliative medicine leaders should recruit more gynecologic oncologists and other surgeons into palliative care fellowship programs. CONCLUSIONS: Expanded utilization of palliative care offers an opportunity to improve quality of care and outcomes for women with gynecologic cancers.

Examining the Selection Criteria of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and to examine toxicities, dose reduction, interruptions, and second-line chemotherapy MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 391 patients with late-stage ovarian cancer diagnosed between January 1, 2004 and December 31, 2010 was conducted. Logistic regression was used to predict chemotherapy type. Cumulative incidence of toxicities, dose reduction, and treatment interruption were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Overall survival was analyzed using time-varying Cox regression models. A competing risk model was used to predict second-line chemotherapy with death as a competing risk. RESULTS: Older patients were less likely to receive primary debulking (OR 0.710; 95% CI 0.55-0.92, P = 0.0108), as were patients with longer diagnostic intervals. Clear-cell, endometrioid, and mucinous carcinoma were more likely to receive adjuvant treatment than unclassified epithelial (OR 6.964; 95% CI 2.02-24.03, P = 0.0021). Adjuvant patients experienced higher incidence of chemotherapy toxicities (P <0.0001) and treatment interruption (P = 0.016) at 3 months. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of chemotherapy dose reduction of >20% in the NAC and adjuvant populations (P = 0.142). Neoadjuvant patients were more likely to require more than one line of chemotherapy ([Subhazard Ratio] = 4.334; 95% CI 2.51-7.50, P <0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study found that patients with shorter diagnostic intervals, more advanced age, and unclassified epithelial histotype were more likely to receive NAC. NAC patients did not experience a higher incidence of chemotherapy toxicities, treatment interruption, or dose reduction. There is treatment selection bias for sicker patients being treated with NAC.

Examining the Effects of Time to Diagnosis, Income, Symptoms, and Incidental Detection on Overall Survival in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: Manitoba Ovarian Cancer Outcomes (MOCO) Study Group.

OBJECTIVE: The primary objectives of this study were to analyze data on time to diagnosis and correlate this with overall survival. We secondarily analyzed the effects of emergency room visits, symptoms, incidental findings, residence, socioeconomic status, and residual disease on overall survival. METHODS: This retrospective population-based descriptive cohort study examined all invasive ovarian cancer cases in Manitoba, Canada, between 2004 and 2010. Clinicopathologic, socioeconomic, and outcome data were collected. Analysis was performed with Cox and logistic regression stratified by early and late stage. RESULTS: Six hundred eighty-seven ovarian cancer patients were identified, with a final cohort of 601 patients: 210 with early-stage (1/2) and 391 with late-stage (3/4) disease. No presenting symptoms were associated with survival outcome. Poorer survival was associated with increasing age (P = 0.0016) and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.0037). Higher income within the urban setting was also associated with a survival advantage (P = 0.0037), whereas initial presentation to the emergency room (P = 0.0399) was associated with decreased survival. Finally, for advanced-stage disease, incidental diagnosis had a significantly improved overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.424; 95% confidence interval, 0.27-0.67; P = 0.0003), even when accounting for confounding factors. Time from first presentation to diagnosis was associated with survival (P = 0.0309). CONCLUSIONS: This study found that time to diagnosis did not negatively impact overall survival, although there was an association. Age, morphology, treatment type, residual disease, medical comorbidities, and income were significant prognostic factors. This is the first study to show a survival advantage to incidentally finding an ovarian cancer. Further research is needed on the outcomes of pelvic examination.

Diagnostic and referral intervals for Manitoba women with epithelial ovarian cancer - the Manitoba Ovarian Cancer Outcomes (MOCO) study group: a retrospective cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Epithelial ovarian cancer has the highest mortality of all gynecologic cancers. The poor survival rates are often attributed to the advanced stage at which most of these cancers are detected. We sought to examine the effects of patient demographics, comorbidities and presenting symptoms on diagnostic and referral intervals by location of first presentation (emergency department v. elsewhere) and to identify factors that affect these intervals. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of chart and medical record data for ovarian cancers, with the exceptions of sex cord and germ cell tumours, diagnosed between 2004 and 2010 in Manitoba, Canada. Data were collected on baseline characteristics, time to diagnosis and referral, number and type of physician visits and emergency department visits. RESULTS: The final cohort consisted of 601 patients. Sixty-three percent of patients received their diagnosis within 60 days of initial presentation, and 75.2% had their cancer diagnosed within 2 physician encounters. The median diagnostic interval for all stages of patients presenting to the emergency department was 7 days, compared with 55 days for patients presenting elsewhere. Early stage patients not presenting to the emergency department had their diagnosis a median of 34.0 days later than patients with advanced disease (95% confidence interval [CI] 22.22 to 45.69, p < 0.0001). The presence of some symptoms was associated with shortened diagnostic intervals. Patients with serous, clear-cell or endometrioid histotypes were less likely to have first presentation beginning in the emergency department (odds ratio [OR] 0.40, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.64, p = 0.0001; OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.59, p = 0.007) than those with unclassified epithelial histotype. INTERPRETATION: For this group of patients, the main factor associated with diagnostic and referral intervals is presentation to the emergency department. These patients likely required more urgent attention for their more symptomatic disease, leading to quicker diagnosis and referral patterns, despite poorer prognosis.

Pure Immature Teratoma of the Ovary in Adults: Thirty-Year Experience of a Single Tertiary Care Center.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic characteristics, treatment outcome, and reproductive function in women diagnosed with ovarian immature teratoma (IT). Our standard chemotherapy regime is currently etoposide/cisplatin (EP), creating a unique opportunity to evaluate this protocol in ovarian ITs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a retrospective analysis. Twenty-seven women older than 18 years with ovarian IT stages IA to IIIC were identified and included in this study. Patients were treated at 1 institution, Health Sciences Center, Women's Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, between 1983 and 2013. RESULTS: The median age at diagnosis was 27.0 years (range, 18-36 years). Twenty-two (82%) presented with an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I disease, 3 (11%) had stage II, and 2 patients (7%) had stage III disease. The histologic grade distribution was grade I in 9 patients (33%), grade II in 3 patients (11%), and grade III in 15 patients (56%). Initial management was surgical for all patients: 3 (11%) hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, 1 (4%) cystectomy only, and 23 (85%) unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Twenty-one patients (78%) received adjuvant therapy. The median follow-up was 60 months (range, 36-72 months). One patient recurred (histological grade III) 6 months after surgery and had a complete clinical response to 4 cycles of EP chemotherapy. Twelve patients reported an attempt to conceive resulting in 10 pregnancies (8 after chemotherapy). CONCLUSIONS: Ovarian IT is a curable disease. Fertility-sparing surgery should be offered. Adjuvant treatment with cisplatinum-based chemotherapy, typically with bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin, is still considered the standard in stages greater than stage IA grade I. Etoposide/cisplatin as a primary chemotherapy regime for early- or advanced-stage disease is an effective treatment with minimal adverse effects and high tolerability. This is the first published study examining EP as a primary treatment modality for IT. Further studies are needed to strengthen these findings.

Cervical cancer in the province of Manitoba: a 30-year experience.

OBJECTIVES: This study was undertaken to analyze trends in cervical cancer incidence by histological type and to track the survival rate in the province of Manitoba over a 30-year period. METHODS: Data from the Manitoba Cancer Registry (MCR) relating to all cases of cervical cancer that occurred between 1970 and 1999 in the province of Manitoba were analyzed to calculate incidence and survival rates according to histological subtype. RESULTS: Over this 30-year span, invasive cervical cancer was diagnosed in 1927 women, and carcinoma in situ was diagnosed in 10 006 women. Cervical cancer was the fifth most frequent cancer diagnosis for women in 1970, and by 1999 it had become the eleventh most frequent. The incidence rate for cervical cancer decreased from 21.6/100 000 women in 1970 to 8.8/100 000 women in 1999. The mortality rate for women with cervical cancer fell from 7.3/100 000 women in 1970 to 2.8 /100 000 women in 1999. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most frequently diagnosed histologic subtype, but its incidence decreased from 1970 to 1999; the proportion of women with adenocarcinoma increased gradually over the same time from 7% to 22%. Survival rates were comparable in women with SCC and adenocarcinoma. In 1999, the incidence of cervical cancer in Manitoba was comparable to the Canadian rate. However, the mortality rate from cervical cancer was higher in Manitoba than in Canada overall. CONCLUSION: The incidence of cervical cancer and the incidence of cervical cancer-related deaths in Manitoba both dropped between 1970 and 1999. However, the incidence of cervical carcinoma in situ has increased steadily during the same period. These observations may reflect the effect of screening programs on the detection and treatment of cervical cancer precursors. Squamous cell carcinoma is still the most frequently diagnosed subtype of invasive cervical cancer, but the proportion of women with adenocarcinoma has increased. Deaths from cervical cancer showed a non-significant reduction over the study period.