RESUMEN
Wild turnip (Brassica rapa) is a common weed and a close relative to oilseed rape (Brassica napus). The Clearfield® production system is a highly adopted tool which provides an alternative solution for weed management, but its efficiency is threatened by gene transfer from crop to weed relatives. Crop-weed hybrids with herbicide resistance were found in the progeny of a B. rapa population gathered from a weedy stand on the borders of an oilseed rape (B. napus) imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant crop. Interspecific hybrids were confirmed by morphological traits in the greenhouse and experimental field, survival after imazethapyr applications, DNA content through flow cytometry, and pollen viability. The transference of herbicide resistance was demonstrated even in a particular situation of pollen competition between both an herbicide-resistant crop and a non-resistant crop. However, IMI resistance was not found in further generations collected at the same location. These results verify gene transmission from oilseed rape to B. rapa in the main crop area in Argentina where resistant and susceptible varieties are found and seed loss and crop volunteers are common. Hybridization, introgression, and herbicide selection would be associated with the loss of effectiveness of IMI technology.
Asunto(s)
Brassica napus/efectos de los fármacos , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica rapa/efectos de los fármacos , Brassica rapa/genética , Resistencia a los Herbicidas/genética , Herbicidas/toxicidad , Hibridación Genética , Imidazolinas/toxicidad , Argentina , ADN de Plantas/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Citometría de Flujo , Fenotipo , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Polen/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Malezas/métodosRESUMEN
Transgenic plants have increased interest in the study of crop gene introgression in wild populations. Genes (or transgenes) conferring adaptive advantages persist in introgressed populations, enhancing competitiveness of wild or weedy plants. This represents an ecological risk that could increase problems of weed control. Introgression of cultivar alleles into wild plant populations via crop-wild hybridisations is primarily governed by their fitness effect. To evaluate this, we studied the second generation of seven wild-crop interspecific hybrids between weedy Helianthus petiolaris and cultivated sunflower, H. annuus var. macrocarpus. The second generation comprised open-pollinated progeny and backcrosses to the wild parent, mimicking crosses that occur in natural situations. We compared a number of morphological, life history and fitness traits. Multivariate analysis showed that the parental species H. annuus and H. petiolaris differed in a number of morphological traits, while the second hybrid generation between them was intermediate. Sunflower crop introgression lowered fitness of interspecific hybrids, but fitness parameters tended to recover in the following generation. Relative frequency of wild/weedy and introgressed plants was estimated through four generations, based on male and female parent fitness. In spite of several negative selection coefficients observed in the second generation, introgressed plants could be detected in stands of <100 weedy H. petiolaris populations. The rapid recovery of fecundity parameters leads to prediction that any trait conferring an ecological advantage will diffuse into the wild or weedy population, even if F1 hybrids have low fitness.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas/genética , Helianthus/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente/genética , Argentina , Fertilidad , Transferencia de Gen Horizontal , Hibridación Genética/ética , Especies Introducidas , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Eight isozyme systems were used in this study: acid phosphatase (ACP), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), esterase (EST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM). The polymorphism of these enzyme systems was studied in 25 elite inbred lines. A total of 19 loci were identified, but only eight of them were polymorphic in the germplasm tested. The polymorphic index for the eight informative markers ranged from 0.08 to 0.57, with a mean value of 0.36. Five isozyme loci were mapped in F2:3 populations with existing RFLP data. Est-1, Gdh-2 and Pgi-2 were mapped to linkage groups 3, 14 and 9, respectively. As in previous reports, an ACP locus and a PGD locus were found to be linked, both located in linkage group 2 of the public sunflower map
Asunto(s)
Ligamiento Genético , Helianthus , Polimorfismo Genético , Mapeo Cromosómico , Marcadores Genéticos , Isoenzimas , PlantasRESUMEN
Se estudió la ultraestructura de la superficie foliar en seis cultivares de pasto llorón, Eragrostis curvula (Schrader) Nees, de diferente grado de tolerancia a la sequía. Mediante microscopía eletrónica de barrido se observó que los cultivares más tolerantes a dicho factor ambiental poseen una capa cerosa apicuticular abaxial más gruesa y compleja que los susceptibles. Por gravimetría se determinó también que en estos cultivares más tolerantes la cantidad total de cera es mayor. Se discute la relación entre la cantidad y distribución de la cera epicuticular y la resistencia a la sequía en esta especie
Asunto(s)
Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Plantas/ultraestructura , Ceras/análisisRESUMEN
Se estudió el efecto del déficit hídrico sobre la cantidad, morfología y distribución de la cera epicuticular en dos cultivares de pasto llorón de diferente grado de tolerancia a la sequía. Mediante gravimetría y microscopía electrónica de barrido se encontró que la cantidad de cera epicuticular foliar aumentó luego que las plantas fueron sometidas a un régimen de sequía. Sin embargo, el contenido de cera epicuticular en plantas normalmente regadas de este cultivar es menor que en aquellas pertenecientes al cv. Don Eduardo, más resistentes al estrés hídrico. También se observó un cambio en la morfología de los cristales de cera en tal situación
