Effect of Dopamine as a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Antagonist on the Development of Acute Lung Injury in Sepsis Patients.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is a dysregulated host immune response stemming from a systemic inflammatory response to microbial invasion, encompassing bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was initially identified for its potent induction of endothelial permeability. Studies have proposed a therapeutic role of dopamine in mitigating VEGF-induced permeability, shedding light on its potential in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) management. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of dopamine as an inhibitor of VEGF and to prevent the progression of sepsis to acute lung injury (ALI) and ARDS. METHODS: A total of 154 critical care unit patients with a diagnosis of sepsis were randomized into two groups: Group I (control group) and Group II (Study group). Both received standard treatment, as per ICU protocol. In addition, the study group (Group II) received a dopamine infusion of 2 micrograms/kg/min. Baseline routine investigation, procalcitonin, and chest X-ray were done. Day one and day seven blood samples were stored for analysis of VEGF levels. Murray's score and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score (organ dysfunction) were calculated from day one to day seven. RESULTS: VEGF levels on day seven were significantly lower in the study group compared to the control group (p<0.05). The PaO2/FiO2 ratio at day seven was significantly increased in the study group than in the control group, indicating an improvement in oxygenation status in the study group. There was a mean ICU stay of 9.3 days in the study group versus 11.6 days in the control group (p<0.05). The SOFA score showed a significant improvement in the study group from day five onwards, indicating a therapeutic effect of dopamine on organ dysfunction in sepsis. CONCLUSION: Dopamine reduces VEGF and lung injury mediated by increased endothelial permeability.

Determinants of Readmission in the Intensive Care Unit: A Prospective Observational Study.

Background The antecedents of readmission among survivors of intensive care units (ICUs) are complex and comprise an array of elements that impact the rehabilitation process after leaving the ICU. The aforementioned determinants may comprise socioeconomic factors, access to follow-up healthcare, the nature and severity of the initial illness or injury, the presence of comorbidities, the sufficiency of transitional care and rehabilitation services, and patient and family support systems. Added to this, the risk of readmission may be increased by complications that develop during the ICU stay, including but not limited to infections, organ dysfunction, and psychological distress. Comprehending these determinants is of the utmost importance for healthcare providers in order to execute focused interventions that seek to diminish readmission rates, enhance patient outcomes, and elevate the standard of care for survivors of ICUs. Objective The objective of the study is to determine the factors associated with readmission among ICU survivors and the cause of readmission. Methodology This prospective observational study was conducted in a tertiary-level ICU. The duration of the study was one year and we enrolled 108 ICU survivors in our study. We have recorded patient demographic data, comorbidity, primary diagnosis, previous treatment history (vasopressor, sedation), causes of readmission, duration of previous ICU stay, and outcome of readmitted patient (discharge, death, and transfer to lower facility). Result The incidence of readmission in our ICU is 10.4%; 50-70 age groups are more prone to readmission of which the male sex is predominant (64.81%). In our study, hypertension (cardiac, 18.52%) and diabetes mellitus (11.11%) were the most common comorbidities reported in readmitted patients. The majority of patients who get readmission suffered from blunt trauma abdomen. In the majority of readmitted patients, sedation was used in the previous admission for ventilation and patient comfort (66.67%). Most of the readmitted patients (68.51%) have a previous ICU stay of more than five days. Patients were readmitted mainly because of respiratory (30.56%) and neurological (25%) complications. In this study, readmitted patients have high mortality (59.26%). Conclusion In a tertiary care ICU, the incidence rate of readmitted patients was 10.4%. Respiratory and neurological problems were the main cause of readmission. In readmitted patients, mortality was high up to 59.26%. Old age, male sex, prolonged ICU stay, comorbidities like hypertension, blunt trauma abdomen, use of sedation, and prolonged mechanical ventilation in previous ICU admission are major risk factors for ICU readmission.

Obesity is associated with muscle atrophy in rotator cuff tear.

Objective: The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and muscle atrophy in individuals with rotator cuff tears. Methods: This study consists of patients with rotator cuff tears identified by MRI from two independent cohorts, the Rotator Cuff Outcomes Workgroup (ROW) and the Multicenter Orthopaedic Outcomes Network (MOON). Presence of atrophy (yes/no) and severity of atrophy (as an ordinal variable) were assessed on MRI by expert physicians. We used multivariable regression models to evaluate the relationship between BMI and muscle atrophy while adjusting for age and sex in each study, conducted sensitivity analyses for full-thickness tear and combined results using inverse variance-weighted meta-analysis. Results: A total of 539 patients (MOON=395, ROW=144) from the combined cohorts had MRI data available on muscle atrophy. Among these patients, 246 (46%) had atrophy of at least one of the muscles of the rotator cuff and 282 (52%) had full-thickness tears. In meta-analysis across both cohorts, each 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a 21% (aOR=1.21, 95% CI=1.02, 1.43) increased odds of having muscle atrophy among individuals with any tear size, and 36% (aOR=1.36, 95% CI=1.01-1.81) increased odds among individuals with full-thickness tear. Conclusions: Higher BMI was associated with significantly higher odds of muscle atrophy in patiens with rotator cuff tears. More study is needed to unders1tand why and how this relationship exists, as well as whether interventions to reduce BMI may help improve outcomes for these patients. Level of Evidence: III.

Neurogenic and angiogenic poly(N-acryloylglycine)-co-(acrylamide)-co-(N-acryloyl-glutamate) hydrogel: preconditioning effect under oxidative stress and use in neuroregeneration.

Traumatic injuries, neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress serve as the early biomarkers for neuronal damage and impede angiogenesis and subsequently neuronal growth. Considering this, the present work aimed to develop a poly(N-acryloylglycine)-co-(acrylamide)-co-(N-acryloylglutamate) hydrogel [p(NAG-Ac-NAE)] with angiogenesis/neurogenesis properties. As constituents of this polymer modulate their vital role in biological functions, inhibitory neurotransmitter glycine regulates neuronal homeostasis, and glutamatergic signalling regulates angiogenesis. The p(NAG-Ac-NAE) hydrogel is a highly branched, biodegradable and pH-responsive polymer with a very high swelling behavior of 6188%. The mechanical stability (G', 2.3-2.7 kPa) of this polymeric hydrogel is commendable in the differentiation of mature neurons. This hydrogel is biocompatible (as tested in HUVEC cells) and helps to proliferate PC12 cells (152.7 ± 13.7%), whereas it is cytotoxic towards aggressive cancers such as glioblastoma (LN229 cells) and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC; MDA-MB-231 cells) and helps to maintain the healthy cytoskeleton framework structure of primary cortical neurons by facilitating the elongation of the axonal pathway. Furthermore, FACS results revealed that the synthesized hydrogel potentiates neurogenesis by inducing the cell cycle (G0/G1) and arresting the sub-G1 phase by limiting apoptosis. Additionally, RT-PCR results revealed that this hydrogel induced an increased level of HIF-1α expression, providing preconditioning effects towards neuronal cells under oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and initiating neurogenic and angiogenic signalling. This hydrogel further exhibits more pro-angiogenic activities by increasing the expression of VEGF isoforms compared to previously reported hydrogels. In conclusion, the newly synthesized p(NAG-Ac-NAE) hydrogel can be one of the potential neuroregenerative materials for vasculogenesis-assisted neurogenic applications and paramount for the management of neurodegenerative diseases.

Learnings From the Implementation of an Electronic Human Resource Management System for the Health Workforce in Uttar Pradesh, India.

The state of Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, has one of the largest single public health systems globally, serving about 235 million people through more than 30,000 public health facilities with approximately 160,000 health personnel. Yet, the UP health system has a shortfall of public health facilities to meet the population's needs, a shortage of clinical and nonclinical health personnel, inequitable distribution of existing health personnel, and low utilization of public health facilities. A robust and effective electronic human resource management system (eHRMS) that provides real-time information about the lifecycle of all health professionals in UP may aid in improving the health workforce, resulting in better health services and improved health outcomes. The Government of UP rolled out Manav Sampada, a comprehensive eHRMS that complied with global norms and requirements. We describe the implementation of Manav Sampada at scale and elaborate on key learnings and adoption strategies. Manav Sampada was based on key principles of integration and data-sharing with other digital systems, included functional components, a minimum dataset, used a lifecycle-based approach, and a workflow-based system, all of which acted to improve human resource data quality. The eHRMS emerged as a valuable tool for key stakeholders in reviewing worker performance, identifying skill-building needs, and allocating resources for training, leading to improved availability and equity in the distribution of a few critical cadres. The eHRMS in UP is well positioned to become an integral part of the Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, the backbone of India's integrated digital health infrastructure. Linking eHRMS to a planned beneficiary-centric unitized health service delivery system (capturing information at the individual level rather than the aggregate level) will enable the measurement of service delivery and quality, leading to improved workforce management.

An assessment of treatment compliance using the Morisky scale-8 tool in adult hypertensive patients of Eastern India.

Background: Adequate management of hypertension is crucial for decreasing the likelihood of cardiovascular ailments and associated complications. Nonetheless, in the Indian context, maintaining compliance with prescribed hypertensive therapies presents a notable hurdle, impeding the attainment of favorable health outcomes. Thus, this study was conducted with the aim to evaluate the prevalence of treatment adherence and explore the diverse factors that impact adherence patterns among individuals diagnosed with hypertension. Material and Methods: A community-based cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was carried out among the diagnosed hypertensive patients from 12 purposefully selected villages of Khagaul block, Patna. A total of 262 participants were recruited in the study by using non-probability sampling. The 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) was used for measuring adherence. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows version 21.0 (SPSS Inc; Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analysis of data. Result: As per MMAS scores, 10 (3.8%) had high, 133 (50.8%) moderate, and 119 (45.4%) poor adherence. However, good adherence was reported among geriatric patients [1.65 (1.01-2.7)], those with a history of absence of comorbidities [2.15 (1.21-3.85)], more than 5 years' duration of hypertension [3.2 (1.89-5.41)], once-a-day drug intake [2.8 (1.61-4.87)], and having controlled blood pressure [5.2 (3.08-8.96)]. Controlled blood pressure (AOR = 0.048, 0.023-0.098), perception of high benefit of treatment [0.497 (0.255-0.97)], and absence of comorbidity [0.016 (0.168-0.832)] were identified as predictors of good treatment adherence. Conclusion: Overall medication adherence in the current study was 54.6%. Achieving treatment adherence frequently demands proactive patient engagement, highlighting their active role in disease management. Also, involving the patient's caregivers can offer an additional tactic to tackle non-adherence stemming from forgetfulness of the patient.

Genomic insights into key genes and QTLs involved in cattle reproduction.

From an economic standpoint, reproductive characteristics are fundamental for sustainable production, particularly for monotocous livestock like cattle. A longer inter-calving interval is indicative of low reproductive capacity. This issue changes the dynamics of current and future lactations since it necessitates more inseminations, veterinary care, and hormone interventions. Various reproductive phenotypes, including ovulation, mating, fertility, pregnancy, embryonic growth, and calving-related traits, are observed in dairy cattle, and these traits have been associated with several QTLs. Calving ease, age at puberty, scrotal circumference, and inseminations per conception have been associated with 4437, 10623, 10498, and 2476 Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs), respectively. This data offers valuable insights into enhancing and comprehending reproductive traits in livestock breeding. Studying QTLs associated with reproductive traits has far-reaching implications across various fields, from agriculture and animal husbandry to human health, evolutionary biology, and conservation. It provides the foundation for informed breeding practices, advances in biotechnology, and a deeper understanding of the genetic underpinnings of reproduction.

Efficacy of ShotBlocker device versus vapocoolant spray for spinal needle pain relief during spinal anaesthesia in elective caesarean section - A randomised controlled trial.

Background and Aims: Apprehension of pain due to a spinal needle is often a cause of anxiety and refusal. ShotBlocker provides non-painful physical stimulation, inhibiting pain perception. The vapocoolant spray contains ethyl chloride vapours, rapidly raising the skin temperature and hampering the transmission of noxious stimuli. The present study compared the effectiveness of the ShotBlocker device and the vapocoolant spray in reducing spinal needle-associated pain in primigravida women undergoing elective lower-segment caesarean section (LSCS). Methods: We enroled 144 primigravida women undergoing elective LSCS and were randomised to Group SB (the ShotBlocker device was firmly pressed over the skin, and the spinal needle was inserted through its slit), Group V (the vapocoolant spray was applied at the puncture site before spinal needle insertion), and Group C (received local infiltration before spinal anaesthesia (SA)). The groups were compared for needle-associated pain and patient satisfaction using a 10-point visual analogue scale (VAS) and a 3-point Likert scale. Results: The mean (standard deviation) [95% confidence interval (CI)] VAS scores of Group SB 3.85 (0.74) [3.64, 4.07] and Group V 3.04 (0.74) [2.83, 3.26] were significantly lower than that of Group C 5.19 (0.92) [3.28, 3.62]). On the Likert scale, the maximum number of patients in the vapocoolant group (64.6%) responded satisfactorily, while in the control group, the majority (62.5%) of participants responded dissatisfied (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Both the ShotBlocker and vapocoolant spray reduce needle puncture-associated pain before SA in primigravida patients undergoing elective LSCS. However, the vapocoolant spray is more beneficial in reducing spinal needle-associated pain than the ShotBlocker device.

Comparison of Magnesium Pre-treatment With Two Different Doses of Rocuronium in Rapid Sequence Intubation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Introduction Magnesium is recognized for its ability to reduce the onset time of rocuronium while simultaneously extending its duration of action. This study aims to assess the efficacy of magnesium pre-treatment in decreasing the onset time with two different doses of rocuronium in patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation. Materials and methods This randomized prospective double-blind clinical study involved 50 patients classified as American Society Of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I/II, with no preoperative indications of difficult intubation, undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. The patients were divided into two groups: group A received 60 mg/kg of magnesium 15 minutes before intubation with 1.2 mg/kg of rocuronium, and group B received 60 mg/kg of magnesium before 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium. Intubating conditions were assessed and graded at loss of last twitch after administration in both groups, considering ease of intubation, vocal cord position, and response to the insertion of the tracheal tube. Simultaneously, hemodynamic variations were recorded just before intubation, at one minute and five minutes post-intubation. Results Intubating conditions with 0.6 mg/kg of rocuronium were comparable or equally good compared to 1.2 mg/kg of rocuronium with magnesium pre-treatment. Conclusions Magnesium pre-treatment enhances the neuromuscular blocking effect of rocuronium, reducing its onset time without clinically significant prolongation of the duration of the block.

Post-spinal Anesthesia Low Back Pain in Obese Female Patients: Comparison of the Median Versus Paramedian Approach.

BACKGROUND: A side effect of spinal anesthesia is post-dural puncture backache (PDPB), which is characterized by ongoing discomfort at the location of the spinal puncture without any radicular pain. This study aims to compare the incidence and severity of post-dural puncture back pain following spinal anesthesia by median versus paramedian technique in obese female patients. METHODS:  A prospective randomized comparative study on 120 female patients, aged 20-50 years with a BMI of 30-40 kg/m2 and American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status II, scheduled for elective surgery under spinal anesthesia, was included in the study. Patients were randomly divided into two groups, with 60 patients in each group. Group P uses the paramedian approach for spinal anesthesia, and group M uses the midline approach for spinal anesthesia. RESULTS: Low back pain incidence was lower in group P than in group M at seven days, but at one month and after, its incidence remained the same in both groups. No difference in the severity of pain was observed. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of back pain in the first seven days of surgery was significantly more frequent with the median approach. The pain severity decreased as the time passed from day seven to three months of follow-up. There is no difference in the severity of pain with either approach at different intervals.

Geographic and socioeconomic inequalities in the coverage of contraception in Uttar Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND: Uttar Pradesh (UP) is the most populous state in India, with a historically lower level of family planning coverage than the national average. In recent decades, family planning coverage in UP has significantly increased, yet there are considerable geographic and socio-economic inequalities. METHODS: The data used for the study is derived from a cross-sectional quantitative survey of 12,200 currently married women conducted during December 2020-February 2021 in UP by the Technical Support Unit. Univariate and bivariate analyses were performed and equiplots were used to make visualizing inequalities easy. RESULTS: The findings of the study reveal significant variation in family planning coverage indicators amongst currently married women in reproductive ages by administrative divisions in UP. For instance, in the Jhansi division, it was 72.4%, while in Faizabad, it was 39.3%. Jhansi division experienced the highest modern contraceptive coverage with the lowest inequity compared to other divisions. However, the range of coverage within the division by Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA) areas is 25% to 75%. In fact, for some ASHA areas in the Jhansi division, the family planning demand satisfied for modern contraception ranged from more than 85% to less than 22%. On the other hand, the Gonda division with the lowest coverage and lowest inequity for demand satisfied for modern contraception has some ASHA areas with less than 5% and some with more than 36%. The study also revealed intersectionality of education, wealth, place of residence and geographic divisions in identifying inequity patterns. For instance, in case of Mirzapur and Varanasi, the demand satisfied among the illiterates was 69% and the corresponding percentage for literates was 49%. With respect to place of residence, Basti division, where the coverage for modern contraception is extremely low, demand satisfied for modern contraceptive methods is 16.3% among rural residents compared to 57.9% in the case of urban residents. CONCLUSIONS: The findings showed inequality in the modern family planning methods coverage in UP in both best and worst performing divisions. The inequalities exist even in extremely small geographies such as ASHA areas. Within the geographies as well, the socio-economic inequalities persisted. These inequalities at multiple levels are important to consider for effective resource allocation and utilization.

Core-Shell Structure of Photopolymer-Grafted Polyurethane as a Controlled Drug Delivery Vehicle for Biomedical Application.

Functionalized ultraviolet photocurable bisphenol A-glycerolate dimethacrylates with tailorable size have been synthesized as the core, which have further been grafted using the diisocyanate chain end of polyurethane (PU) as the shell to create a core-shell structure of tunable size for a controlled drug delivery vehicle. The core-shell structure has been elucidated through spectroscopic techniques like 1H NMR, FTIR, and UV-vis and their relative shape and size through TEM and AFM morphology. The greater cross-link density of the core is reflected in the higher glass transition temperature, and the improved thermal stability of the graft copolymer is proven from its thermogravimetric analyses. The flow behavior and enhanced strength of the graft copolymers have been revealed from rheological measurements. The graft copolymer exhibits sustained release of the drug, as compared to pure polyurethane and photopolymer, arising from its core-shell structure and strong interaction between the copolymer and drug, as observed through a significant shifting of absorption peaks in FTIR and UV-vis measurements. Biocompatibility has been tested for the real application of the novel graft copolymer in medical fields, as revealed from MTT assay, cell imaging, and cell adhesion studies. The efficacy of controlled release from a graft copolymer has been verified from the gradual cell killing and ∼70% killing in 3 days vs meager cell killing of ∼25% very quickly in 1 day, followed by the increased cell viability of the system treated with the pure drug. The mechanism of slow and controlled drug release from the core-shell structure has been explored. The fluorescence images support the higher cell-killing efficiency as opposed to a pure drug or a drug embedded in polyurethane. Cells seeded on 3D scaffolds have been developed by embedding a graft copolymer, and fluorescence imaging confirms the successful growth of cells within the scaffold, realizing the potential of the core-shell graft copolymer in the biomedical arena.

Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement with ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus.

AIM: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of resin-modified glass ionomer cement with two different types of mineral trioxide aggregate at different time intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 80 cylindrical blocks were prepared using a self-cure acrylic resin with a central cavity of 4 mm internal diameter and 2 mm height. The prepared samples were randomly divided into two groups (n = 40 each) according to the type of MTA cements used (ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus). Two groups were further sub-divided into four sub-groups of 10 samples each according to the different time intervals. ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus were placed in the prepared cavity and a wet cotton pellet was placed over the filled cavity. A hollow plastic tube was placed over the MTA surface and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) was placed into the hollow plastic tube and light-cured (Spectrum 800, Dentsply Caulk Milford, DE, USA) according to the time intervals decided. After light curing the plastic tubes were removed carefully and the specimens were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 24 hours to encourage setting of MTA. The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine (ADMET) and a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min was applied to each specimen by using a knife-edge blade until the bond between the MTA and RMGIC failed. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, post hoc Tukey's t-test and Fisher's t-test and p-value ≤ 0.5 was considered significant. RESULTS: For both ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus there was no statistically significant difference between 45 minutes and 24 hours (p-value ≥ 0.8). For ProRoot MTA, shear bond strength value at 10 minutes were significantly lower than 45 minutes and 24 hours group. However, for MTA Angelus, shear bond strength value at 10 minute was not significantly different from 45 minutes group (p-value ≥ 0.3). For both ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus shear bond strength value at 0 minute were the least and were significantly lower than 10 minutes, 45 minutes, and 24 hours, respectively (p-value ≥ 0.000). CONCLUSION: Resin-modified glass ionomer cement can be layered over MTA Angelus after it is allowed to set for 10 minutes. However, ProRoot MTA should be allowed to set for at least 45 minutes before the placement of RMGIC to achieve better shear bond strength. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Due to the variety of types of mineral trioxide aggregate cements available in dentistry, it is justifiable to emphasize on different time intervals as it may affect the shear bond strength of restorative cements. Such information is pivotal for the clinicians while using mineral aggregate-based cements that receive forces from the condensation of restorative materials or occlusion, as the compressive strength may be affected due to different time intervals. How to cite this article: Tyagi N, Chaman C, Anand S, et al. Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Resin-modified Glass Ionomer Cement with ProRoot MTA and MTA Angelus. J Contemp Dent Pract 2024;25(1):35-40.

A Surface Imprinted Polymer EIS Sensor for Detecting Alpha-Synuclein, a Parkinson's Disease Biomarker.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease, causing loss of motor function and, in some instances, cognitive decline and dementia in those affected. The quality of life can be improved, and disease progression delayed through early interventions. However, current methods of confirming a PD diagnosis are extremely invasive. This prevents their use as a screening tool for the early onset stages of PD. We propose a surface imprinted polymer (SIP) electroimpedance spectroscopy (EIS) biosensor for detecting α-Synuclein (αSyn) and its aggregates, a biomarker that appears in saliva and blood during the early stages of PD as the blood-brain barrier degrades. The surface imprinted polymer stamp is fabricated by low-temperature melt stamping polycaprolactone (PCL) on interdigitated EIS electrodes. The result is a low-cost, small-footprint biosensor that is highly suitable for non-invasive monitoring of the disease biomarker. The sensors were tested with αSyn dilutions in deionized water and in constant ionic concentration matrix solutions with decreasing concentrations of αSyn to remove the background effects of concentration. The device response confirmed the specificity of these devices to the target protein of monomeric αSyn. The sensor limit of detection was measured to be 5 pg/L, and its linear detection range was 5 pg/L-5 µg/L. This covers the physiological range of αSyn in saliva and makes this a highly promising method of quantifying αSyn monomers for PD patients in the future. The SIP surface was regenerated, and the sensor was reused to demonstrate its capability for repeat sensing as a potential continuous monitoring tool for the disease biomarker.

Association of Age and Sex at Onset With Glenohumeral Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present systematic review is to synthesize existing evidence (qualitative and quantitative) regarding age- and sex-specific differences with glenohumeral osteoarthritis. DESIGN: The electronic databases PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science were searched up to March 15, 2023. Articles reporting on the association of risk factors (age and sex) with glenohumeral osteoarthritis were considered. We used Newcastle-Ottawa Scale to assess study quality. Meta-analysis was conducted to quantitatively summarize the association of age and sex with glenohumeral osteoarthritis. RESULTS: A total of 24 articles were retrieved for full-text review. Of 24 articles, 8 reporting age-specific and 5 articles reporting sex-specific associations with glenohumeral osteoarthritis were included. The odds ratio for the age (odds ratio = 3.18; 95% confidence interval = 1.10-15.92) and female sex (odds ratio = 1.78; 95% confidence interval = 0.95-3.42) were increased and observed statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The present systematic review and meta-analysis suggests the role of increasing age as one of the significant contributors to glenohumeral osteoarthritis. However, association of female sex with glenohumeral osteoarthritis is least convincing. Future studies are required to understand the molecular mechanisms behind the contributory role of increasing age and female sex in the establishment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis.

A blinded study using laser induced endogenous fluorescence spectroscopy to differentiate ex vivo spine tumor, healthy muscle, and healthy bone.

Ten patients undergoing surgical resection for spinal tumors were selected. Samples of tumor, muscle, and bone were resected, de-identified by the treating surgeon, and then scanned with the TumorID technology ex vivo. This study investigates whether TumorID technology is able to differentiate three different human clinical fresh tissue specimens: spine tumor, normal muscle, and normal bone. The TumorID technology utilizes a 405 nm excitation laser to target endogenous fluorophores, thereby allowing for the detection of tissue based on emission spectra. Metabolic profiles of tumor and healthy tissue vary, namely NADH (bound and free emission peak, respectively: 487 nm, 501 nm) and FAD (emission peak: 544) are endogenous fluorophores with distinct concentrations in tumor and healthy tissue. Emission spectra analyzed consisted of 74 scans of spine tumor, 150 scans of healthy normal bone, and 111 scans of healthy normal muscle. An excitation wavelength of 405 nm was used to obtain emission spectra from tissue as previously described. Emission spectra consisted of approximately 1400 wavelength intensity pairs between 450 and 750 nm. Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted comparing AUC distributions for each treatment group, α = 0.05. Spectral signatures varied amongst the three different tissue types. All pairwise comparisons among tissues for Free NADH were statistically significant (Tumor vs. Muscle: p = 0.0006, Tumor vs. Bone: p < 0.0001, Bone vs. Muscle: p = 0.0357). The overall comparison of tissues for FAD (506.5-581.5 nm) was also statistically significant (p < 0.0001), with two pairwise comparisons being statistically significant (Tumor vs. Muscle: p < 0.0001, Tumor vs. Bone: p = 0.0045, Bone vs. Muscle: p = 0.249). These statistically significant differences were maintained when stratifying tumor into metastatic carcinoma (N = 57) and meningioma (N = 17). TumorID differentiates tumor tissue from normal bone and normal muscle providing further clinical evidence of its efficacy as a tissue identification tool. Future studies should evaluate TumorID's ability to serve as an adjunctive tool for intraoperative assessment of surgical margins and surgical decision-making.

Bone Fracture-healing Properties and UPLC-MS Analysis of an Enriched Flavonoid Fraction from Oxystelma esculentum.

Oxystelma esculentum has been used as a folk medicine to treat jaundice, throat infections, and skin problems. In the current study, the bone fracture-healing properties of a flavonoid-enriched fraction (Oxy50-60F) of O. esculentum were investigated in Swiss mice using a drill-hole injury model. Oxy50-60F (1 mg/kg/day, 5 mg/kg/day, and 10 mg/kg/day) was administered orally (from the next day) after a 0.6 mm drill-hole injury in mice femur mid-diaphysis for 7 days and 14 days. Parathyroid hormone (40 µg/kg; 5 times/week) was given subcutaneously as the positive control. Confocal imaging for bone regeneration, micro-architecture of femur bones, ex vivo mineralization, hematoxyline and eosin staining, measurement of reactive oxygen species, and gene expression of osteogenic and anti-inflammatory genes were studied. Quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin glycosides were identified in the active fraction using mass spectrometry techniques. Our results confirm that Oxy50-60F treatment promotes fracture healing and callus formation at drill-hole sites and stimulates osteogenic and anti-inflammatory genes. Oxy50-60F administration to fractured mice exhibited significantly better micro-CT parameters in a dose-dependent manner and promoted nodule mineralization at days 7 and 14 post-injury. Oxy50-60F also prevents ROS generation by increasing expression of the SOD2 enzyme. Overall, this study reveals that Oxy50-60F has bone regeneration potential in a cortical bone defect model, which supports its use in delayed-union and non-union fracture cases.

MCC950 reduces autophagy and improves cognitive function by inhibiting NLRP3-dependent neuroinflammation in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the seventh most common cause of mortality and one of the major causes of disability and vulnerability in the elderly. AD is characterized by gradual cognitive deterioration, the buildup of misfolded amyloid beta (Aß) peptide, and the generation of neurofibrillary tangles. Despite enormous scientific progress, there is no effective cure for AD. Thus, exploring new treatment options to stop AD or at least slow down its progress is important. In this study, we investigated the potential therapeutic effects of MCC950 on NLRP3-mediated inflammasome-driven inflammation and autophagy in AD. Rats treated with streptozotocin (STZ) exhibited simultaneous activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy, as confirmed by Western blot, immunofluorescence, and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. MCC950, a specific NLRP3 inhibitor, was intraperitoneally administered (50 mg/kg body weight) to rats with AD-like symptoms induced by intracerebroventricular STZ injections (3 mg/kg body weight). MCC950 effectively suppressed STZ-induced cognitive impairment and anxiety by inhibiting NLRP3-dependent neuroinflammation. Moreover, our findings indicate that MCC950 exerts neuroprotective effects by attenuating autophagy in neuronal cells. The inhibiting effects of MCC950 on inflammasome activation and autophagy were reproduced in vitro, provding further mechansistic insights into MCC950 therapeutic action. Our findings suggest that MCC950 impedes the progression of AD and may also improve cognitive function through the mitigation of autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition.

Evaluation of 10 current image reconstruction algorithms for linear array photoacoustic imaging.

Various reconstruction algorithms have been implemented for linear array photoacoustic imaging systems with the goal of accurately reconstructing the strength absorbers within the tissue being imaged. Since the existing algorithms have been introduced by different research groups and the context of performance evaluation was not consistent, it is difficult to make a fair comparison between them. In this study, we systematically compared the performance of 10 published image reconstruction algorithms (DAS, UBP, pDAS, DMAS, MV, EIGMV, SLSC, GSC, TR, and FD) using in-vitro phantom data. Evaluations were conducted based on lateral resolution of the reconstructed images, computational time, target detectability, and noise sensitivity. We anticipate the outcome of this study will assist researchers in selecting appropriate algorithms for their linear array PA imaging applications.

Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Various Herbal Products Used with Zinc Oxide as an Obturating Material in Primary Teeth: An In Vivo Study.

AIM: To compare the clinical and radiographically mixture of zinc oxide with Aloe vera, Curcumin and neem as an obturating material for pulpectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study comprised of age group 4-8 years children requiring endodontic treatment for at least a single primary molar tooth. Sixty primary molar teeth from 43 children were divided equally and randomly into four study groups. The materials used for obturation were zinc oxide powder (ZnO) and Eugenol (ZOE) (group I), ZnO and Aloe vera Gel (group II), ZnO and Curcumin Powder (group III), ZnO and neem extract (group IV). They were evaluated clinically and radiographically at immediate postoperative and then at 1-, 3-, 6-, and 9-month intervals. RESULTS: At the end of 9 months, the Chi-square test revealed 100% success rate for recovery of pain in group I and III, 66.66% in group II and 93.3% in group IV. The success rates for absence of abscess and for periradicular radiolucency in group I, III, and group IV were 100% and 66.6% for group II. The success rate for periapical radiolucency in group I and group III was 100%, in group II 66.6% and in group IV 93.35%. The success rate for all the groups shows 100% success in terms of pathological root resorption. CONCLUSION: Zinc oxide eugenol has proven to be the best obturating material. ZnO with Aloe vera showed a success rate which is significantly lower than the other medicaments. ZnO with Curcumin and ZnO with neem had shown promising clinical and radiographical results. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: ZnO with Curcumin and ZnO with neem can be used as a root canal filling material in primary teeth with further follow-up studies.