How sex and gender matter in infectious diseases - outcomes of the first Polish conference "A woman in an infectious diseases circle".

Occurrence of infectious disease in a woman is an interdisciplinary area of medicine. The common problem of lower recruitment of women to clinical trials leads to the necessity to rely in clinical practice on the exchange of practical experiences, specialist consultations and individualization of treatment. As the COVID-19 pandemic shows, there is a close relationship between infectious diseases and civilization diseases. People suffering from chronic diseases are both more susceptible to infection and the more severe course of an infectious disease. On the other hand, infection may accelerate or initiate the onset of a noncommunicable disease. Women, especially those living with HIV, are a group with an underestimated risk of high blood pressure or some cancers. Therefore, one of the main goals of the conference is to break the stereotypes of thinking about health, in which gender is the main determinant of some screening tests. Late presentation of women to medical care is a significant problem that is of great importance in the diagnosis and treatment of both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Women put family and professional responsibilities in the first place, and they are known to downplay their own health problems. It leads to the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases or cancer at the stage of advanced changes, limiting the possibilities of effective therapy. Understanding gender attributed differences in the etiology and epidemiology of diseases allows for the improvement of patient care, as well as determines the right direction of reforms in the area of healthcare. It is essential to build models of care based on an interdisciplinary and patient-centered approach, with broad support from both stakeholders and NGOs. Each contact of the patient with the health care system should be seen as an opportunity for screening both in the area of civilization diseases, women's health, and infectious diseases corresponding to her lifestyle.

The effects of vitamin D on severity of coronary artery atherosclerosis and lipid profile of cardiac patients.

INTRODUCTION: A deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (the standard biomarker for vitamin D status) can have multiple impacts on the cardiovascular system. The aim of the study was to assess of the influence of 25(OH)D on severity of coronary atherosclerosis and lipid profile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved prospectively 637 patients subject to coronary catheterization. The stage of coronary atherosclerosis was assessed using the Coronary Artery Surgery Study score (CASSS). Plasma concentration of 25(OH)D was measured using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. The levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were measured using the enzymatic method, and the concentration of low-density cholesterol (LDL-C) was calculated with the Friedewald equation. RESULTS: The average level of 25(OH)D was 15.85 ng/ml. A higher level of 25(OH)D was observed in men (16.28 ng/ml vs. 15.1 ng/ml; p = 0.027). The study did not reveal any significant correlation between the level of 25(OH)D and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. It was observed however that the increase of 25(OH)D level results in an increased number of patients without significant lesions in the coronary arteries. In the whole group of women and men in the age group of 70-80 years an inverse relationship was observed between the level of 25(OH) and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. The whole study group showed a statistically significant inverse correlation of the 25(OH)D level with TC (p = 0.0057), LDL-C (p = 0.00037) and TG (p = 0.00017). CONCLUSIONS: Women and men over 70 years showed an inverse correlation of the 25(OH)D level and the stage of coronary atherosclerosis. Deficiency of 25(OH)D affects the levels of TC, LDL-C and TG.