RESUMEN
Introduction: Indonesia has a large broiler industry with extensive antimicrobial use (AMU) according to empirical evidence. However, there are no quantitative data of on-farm AMU. Quantification of AMU at farm level is crucial to guide interventions on antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). The objective of this study was to compare on-farm AMU monitoring methods, to assess which monitoring method is best suited to gain insight in the quantitative AMU at farm level in medium-scale Indonesian broiler farms. Method: AMU was calculated using four different indicators-mg/PCU (mass-based), TFUDDindo (Treatment Frequency of Used Daily Dose, dose-based), TFDDDvet (Treatment Frequency of Defined Daily Dose, dose-based), and TFcount - based (count-based)-for the total AMU of 98 production cycles with an average length of 30 days. Results: Broilers were exposed to an average of 10 days of antimicrobial treatments per production cycle, whereas 60.8% of the antimicrobials belonged to the Highest Priority Critically Important Antimicrobials (HPCIAs). For each pair of indicators, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient was calculated to assess if the production cycles were ranked consistently in increasing AMU across the different indicators. The correlation varied between 0.4 and 0.8. Discussion: This study illustrates the considerable difference in the ranking of AMU between the different indicators. In a setting comparable to medium-scale broiler farms in Indonesia, where resources are scarce and there is no professional oversight, the TFcount - based method is best suitable. Before implementing an AMU monitoring method, careful consideration of the use-indicators is paramount to achieve fair benchmarking.
RESUMEN
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) infection is an emerging problem in the world poultry industry, especially in broilers, as the causal agent of inclusion body hepatitis or hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome. From December 2017 to January 2019, we recorded 116 cases of suspected hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome in chicken farms throughout Indonesia. Necropsy was done on each farm site with three to five freshly dead birds per farm. Tissue samples were collected in virus transport medium and frozen at -20 C. The virus was cultivated in 9-day-old fertilized specific-pathogenic-free chicken eggs. FAdV was detected using polymerase chain reaction with a published primer set. The polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced and subjected to a BLAST search. The phylogeny was inferred using the neighbor-joining method and tested using the bootstrap test. FadV-D and -E are present in Indonesia and confirmed in 40 of 116 suspected cases. The affected chicken ages were 27.27 ± 8.94 days. Most affected farms were raising broiler chickens. The only typical clinical sign was unusual daily mortality of >1%, while the three most frequent pathologic lesions were swelling and hemorrhage of kidney and liver, as well as hydropericardium. To reduce economic loss, a vaccine should be developed immediately.
Epizootiología, signos clínicos y análisis filogenético del adenovirus de pollos en granjas avícolas en Indonesia entre los años 2018 a 2019. La infección por adenovirus de aves (FAdV) es un problema emergente en la industria avícola mundial, especialmente en pollos de engorde, como agente causal de la hepatitis por cuerpos de inclusión y del síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio. Desde diciembre del año 2017 hasta enero de 2019, se registraron 116 casos sospechosos de síndrome de hepatitis-hidropericardio en granjas avícolas en toda Indonesia. Se realizaron necropsias en los sitios de las granjas con tres a cinco aves recién muertas por granja. Se recogieron muestras de tejido en medio de transporte viral y se congelaron a -20 C. El virus se cultivó en huevos embrionados de aves libres de patógenos específicos de 9 días de edad. Se detectaron adenovirus del pollo usando una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con un conjunto de iniciadores previamente publicados. Los productos de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa se secuenciaron y se sometieron a una búsqueda mediante la herramienta básica de búsqueda de alineación local (BLAST). La filogenia se infirió usando el método Neighbor-Joining y se evaluó mediante la prueba bootstrap. Se determinó la presencia de adenovirus del pollo D y E en Indonesia y se confirmó su presencia en 40 de 116 casos sospechosos. Las edades de los pollos afectados fueron de 27.27 ± 8.94 días. Las granjas más afectadas fueron de pollos de engorde. El único signo clínico típico fue una mortalidad diaria inusual mayor al 1%, mientras que las tres lesiones patológicas más frecuentes fueron inflamación y hemorragia de riñón e hígado, así como hidropericardio. Para reducir la pérdida económica, se debe desarrollar una vacuna de inmediato.
