Pharmacokinetic Herb-Drug Interactions of Glipizide with Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) and Andrographolide in Normal and Diabetic Rats by Validated HPLC Method.

Co-administered medicinal herbs can modify a drug's pharmacokinetics (PK), effectiveness, and toxicity. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) ethanolic extract (APE) and andrographolide (AND) (a potent CYP2C9 inducer/inhibitor) can alter the pharmacokinetic parameters of glipizide (GLZ). This study aimed to determine the potential pharmacokinetics of herb−drug interactions between GLZ and APE/AND in the plasma of normal and diabetic rats using the HPLC bioanalysis method. The glipizide bioanalytical method established with RP-HPLC/UV instrument was validated following the EMA guidelines. GLZ was administered alone and in combination with APE or AND to normal and diabetic rats. The GLZ pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated according to the correlation between concentration and sampling time using the PK solver program. A simple and rapid GLZ bioanalysis technique with a lower limit of quantitation of 25 ng/mL was developed and presented the following parameters: accuracy (error ≤ 15%), precision (CV ≤ 15%), selectivity, stability, and linearity (R2 = 0.998) at concentrations ranging 25−1500 ng/mL. APE administration significantly improved the Cmax and AUC0−t/AUC0−∞ GLZ values in normal and diabetic rats (p < 0.05). AND significantly reduced the bioavailability of GLZ in diabetic rats with small values of T 1/2, Cmax, and AUC0−t/AUC0−∞ (p < 0.05). This combination can be considered in administering medications because it can influence the pharmacological effects of GLZ.

Personnel knowledge of intravenous admixtures: a survey in a government hospital.

INTRODUCTION: in Indonesia, intravenous admixtures are a common problem in hospitals. The incidence of microbial contamination in hospitals is still increasing every year. As such, knowledge of compounding personnel about intravenous admixtures is crucial in determining product quality. This study aims to assess the compounding personnel´s knowledge regarding intravenous admixtures and determine the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics with knowledge of compounding personnel in a government hospital, Indonesia. METHODS: a cross-sectional study was conducted on 119 compounding personnel selected using purposive sampling from five different hospital units from September to November 2020. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire on socio-demographic factors and knowledge of intravenous admixtures. RESULTS: of the 119 compounding personnel who was respondent in this study, only 28 compounding personnel had good knowledge (23.5%). Most of the respondents were female at 52.9%, early adulthood at 63.9%, profession as a nurse of 100%, working period less than five years at 37.0%, civil servants at 53.8%, and employees who have never attended training at 84.9%. Spearman rank correlation test results showed that no significant correlation between sex, profession, working period, and employment status with knowledge. However, age and intravenous admixtures training history have a significant correlation with knowledge. CONCLUSION: we found that most compounding personnel in a government hospital, Indonesia, were sufficiently understood with intravenous admixtures so that they should be aware of the importance of performing intravenous admixtures adequately.