End-stage heart failure in congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries: a multicentre study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: For patients with congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA), factors associated with progression to end-stage congestive heart failure (CHF) remain largely unclear. METHODS: This multicentre, retrospective cohort study included adults with ccTGA seen at a congenital heart disease centre. Clinical data from initial and most recent visits were obtained. The composite primary outcome was mechanical circulatory support, heart transplantation, or death. RESULTS: From 558 patients (48% female, age at first visit 36 ± 14.2 years, median follow-up 8.7 years), the event rate of the primary outcome was 15.4 per 1000 person-years (11 mechanical circulatory support implantations, 12 transplantations, and 52 deaths). Patients experiencing the primary outcome were older and more likely to have a history of atrial arrhythmia. The primary outcome was highest in those with both moderate/severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and tricuspid regurgitation (n = 110, 31 events) and uncommon in those with mild/less RV dysfunction and tricuspid regurgitation (n = 181, 13 events, P < .001). Outcomes were not different based on anatomic complexity and history of tricuspid valve surgery or of subpulmonic obstruction. New CHF admission or ventricular arrhythmia was associated with the primary outcome. Individuals who underwent childhood surgery had more adverse outcomes than age- and sex-matched controls. Multivariable Cox regression analysis identified older age, prior CHF admission, and severe RV dysfunction as independent predictors for the primary outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ccTGA have variable deterioration to end-stage heart failure or death over time, commonly between their fifth and sixth decades. Predictors include arrhythmic and CHF events and severe RV dysfunction but not anatomy or need for tricuspid valve surgery.

Long-Term Outcomes After Atrial Switch Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries.

BACKGROUND: For patients with d-loop transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA) with a systemic right ventricle after an atrial switch operation, there is a need to identify risks for end-stage heart failure outcomes. OBJECTIVES: The authors aimed to determine factors associated with survival in a large cohort of such individuals. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective cohort study included adults with d-TGA and prior atrial switch surgery seen at a congenital heart center. Clinical data from initial and most recent visits were obtained. The composite primary outcome was death, transplantation, or mechanical circulatory support (MCS). RESULTS: From 1,168 patients (38% female, age at first visit 29 ± 7.2 years) during a median 9.2 years of follow-up, 91 (8.8% per 10 person-years) met the outcome (66 deaths, 19 transplantations, 6 MCS). Patients experiencing sudden/arrhythmic death were younger than those dying of other causes (32.6 ± 6.4 years vs 42.4 ± 6.8 years; P < 0.001). There was a long duration between sentinel clinical events and end-stage heart failure. Age, atrial arrhythmia, pacemaker, biventricular enlargement, systolic dysfunction, and tricuspid regurgitation were all associated with the primary outcome. Independent 5-year predictors of primary outcome were prior ventricular arrhythmia, heart failure admission, complex anatomy, QRS duration >120 ms, and severe right ventricle dysfunction based on echocardiography. CONCLUSIONS: For most adults with d-TGA after atrial switch, progress to end-stage heart failure or death is slow. A simplified prediction score for 5-year adverse outcome is derived to help identify those at greatest risk.

Disseminated Native Tricuspid Valve Infective Endocarditis and Vertebral Osteomyelitis Secondary to Veillonella dispar in a Patient Who Injects Drugs.

We present the case of a 50-year-old man presenting with fever, back pain, persistent bacteremia with Veillonella dispar, echocardiographic evidence of a tricuspid valve vegetation increasing in size, and magnetic resonance imaging suggesting new vertebral osteomyelitis. He was successfully treated with intravenous ceftriaxone for six weeks. Deep-seated infections secondary to Veillonella species are rare, but cases of endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and meningitis have been reported in the literature. Given Veillonella species are normal human commensals present in the oropharyngeal flora, we suspect our patient developed native tricuspid valve endocarditis and vertebral osteomyelitis as a complication of either poor dentition or contaminated injection drug use paraphernalia and subsequent hematogenous seeding.

Effects of heavy-intensity priming exercise on pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and muscle oxygenation in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

Exercise intolerance is a hallmark feature in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Prior heavy exercise ("priming exercise") speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake (V̇o2p) kinetics in older adults through increased muscle oxygen delivery and/or alterations in mitochondrial metabolic activity. We tested the hypothesis that priming exercise would speed V̇o2p on-kinetics in patients with HFpEF because of acute improvements in muscle oxygen delivery. Seven patients with HFpEF performed three bouts of two exercise transitions: MOD1, rest to 4-min moderate-intensity cycling and MOD2, MOD1 preceded by heavy-intensity cycling. V̇o2p, heart rate (HR), total peripheral resistance (TPR), and vastus lateralis tissue oxygenation index (TOI; near-infrared spectroscopy) were measured, interpolated, time-aligned, and averaged. V̇o2p and HR were monoexponentially curve-fitted. TPR and TOI levels were analyzed as repeated measures between pretransition baseline, minimum value, and steady state. Significance was P < 0.05. Time constant (τ; tau) V̇o2p (MOD1 49 ± 16 s) was significantly faster after priming (41 ± 14 s; P = 0.002), and the effective HR τ was slower following priming (41 ± 27 vs. 51 ± 32 s; P = 0.025). TPR in both conditions decreased from baseline to minimum TPR ( P < 0.001), increased from minimum to steady state ( P = 0.041) but remained below baseline throughout ( P = 0.001). Priming increased baseline ( P = 0.003) and minimum TOI ( P = 0.002) and decreased the TOI muscle deoxygenation overshoot ( P = 0.041). Priming may speed the slow V̇o2p on-kinetics in HFpEF and increase muscle oxygen delivery (TOI) at the onset of and throughout exercise. Microvascular muscle oxygen delivery may limit exercise tolerance in HFpEF.