NEDD1 overexpression increases cell proliferation, tumor immune escape, and drug resistance in LUAD.

Background: Neural Precursor Cell Expressed Developmentally Down-Regulated Protein 1 (NEDD1) serves as a crucial factor in promoting cellular mitosis by directly facilitating wheel assembly and daughter centriole biogenesis at the lateral site of parent centrioles, ultimately driving centrosome replication. The amplification of centrosomes and the abnormal expression of centrosome-associated proteins contribute to the invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer cells. However, the specific mechanism by which NEDD1 contributes to the progression of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unexplored. Therefore, the objective of this study is to uncover the role played by NEDD1 in LUAD. Methods: To verify the expression of NEDD1 in pan-carcinoma. The feasibility of NEDD1 as a prognostic marker for LUAD in TCGA and GEO databases was verified. Subsequently, Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to screen the prognostic factors of LUAD, so as to analyze the correlation between prognostic factors and NEDD1 expression. For another, NEDD1-related genes were screened for pathway enrichment analysis to verify their possible functions. In addition, the expression of NEDD1 in LUAD was verified by qPCR and IHC, then siRNA was used to construct NEDD1-knocked lung cancer cells for subsequent cytobehavioral experiments. Finally, the distribution of NEDD1 in single-cell samples was revealed, and then the correlation between its overexpression and LUAD immune escape and drug resistance was analyzed. Results: LUAD exhibits upregulation of NEDD1, which in turn promotes the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells, thereby contributing to a poor prognosis. Furthermore, the overexpression of NEDD1 is closely associated with immune escape and drug resistance in LUAD. Conclusion: NEDD1 serves as a reliable prognostic marker for LUAD, and its upregulation is associated with increased immune escape and drug resistance. Given these findings, NEDD1 holds potential as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of LUAD.

lncRNA CERS6-AS1 upregulates the expression of ANLN by sponging miR-424-5p to promote the progression and drug resistance of lung adenocarcinoma.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a crucial role in tumor generation and progression. However, the exact functional significance and underlying molecular mechanism by which lncRNA CERS6-AS1 operates in the context of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain unknown. We aimed to evaluate the potential role of the CERS6-AS1/miR-424-5p/ANLN axis in the progression of LUAD through bioinformatics and cytobehavioral experiments, and to provide a new insight into the combined treatment of LUAD. Based on the TCGA database, the expression of CERS6-AS1 in pan-cancer was evaluated, and its prognostic performance in LUAD was evaluated by ROC curve, survival curve and COX analysis. In addition, quantification of CERS6-AS1 expression levels in LUAD patients and lung cancer cells using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and further validate the functional significance of CERS6-AS1 in promoting the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of lung cancer cells. The competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed, and miR-424-5p inhibitors were applied to CERS6-AS1 knockdown cells. The potential downstream genes associated with the regulatory axis of CERS6-AS1/miR-424-5p were analyzed by PPI network and gene enrichment analysis (KEGG). Finally, we evaluated the prognostic value of high expression of ANLN in LUAD and its effects on immune cell infiltration, tumor mutation burden, chemotherapy response, and immunotherapy. CERS6-AS1 expression was significantly elevated in both LUAD patients and lung cancer cells. In the CERS6-AS1 knockdown assay, the proliferation, invasion, migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) of cancer cells were significantly inhibited. Notably, there was a prominent upregulation of miR-424-5p expression in cells where CERS6-AS1 was knocked down. Co-transfection of siRNA and miR-424-5p inhibitors into lung cancer cells restored the restriction on lung cancer cells. Anillin (ANLN) has been identified as a potential target gene for miR-424-5p and as a prognostic and immune biomarker associated with immune cell infiltration and tumor mutational burden in LUAD. Additionally, ANLN impacts the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in LUAD patients. This study reveals a novel regulatory mechanism in which CERS6-AS1 may contribute to the progression of LUAD by influencing the expression of ANLN as a competitive sponge for miR-424-5p.

Effects of glucocorticoid use on survival of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide, with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for the majority of cases. Patients with NSCLC have achieved great survival benefits from immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoints. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are frequently used for palliation of cancer-associated symptoms, as supportive care for non-cancer-associated symptoms, and for management of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The aim of this study was to clarify the safety and prognostic significance of glucocorticoid use in advanced patients with NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). METHODS: The study searched publications from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China Biology Medicine disc, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database up to March 1st, 2022, and conducted a meta-analysis to assess the effects of glucocorticoid use on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs through the available data. The study calculated the pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: This study included data from 25 literatures that were mainly retrospective, with 8713 patients included. Patients taking GCs had a higher risk for tumor progression and death compared with those not taking GCs (PFS: HR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.33-1.86, P <0.001; OS: HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.41-1.88, P <0.001). GCs used for cancer-associated symptoms caused an obviously negative effect on both PFS and OS (PFS: HR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.32-2.29, P <0.001; OS: HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.52-2.04, P <0.001). However, GCs used for irAEs management did not negatively affect prognosis (PFS: HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.46-1.00, P = 0.050; OS: HR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.34-0.83, P = 0.005), and GCs used for non-cancer-associated indications had no effect on prognosis (PFS: HR = 0.92, 95%CI: 0.63-1.32, P = 0.640; OS: HR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.59-1.41, P = 0.680). CONCLUSIONS: In advanced NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the use of GCs for palliation of cancer-associated symptoms may result in a worse PFS and OS, indicating that they increase the risk of tumor progression and death. But, in NSCLC patients treated with ICIs, the use of GCs for the management of irAEs may be safe, and the use of GCs for the treatment of non-cancer-associated symptoms may not affect the ICIs' survival benefits. Therefore, it is necessary to be careful and evaluate indications rationally before administering GCs in individualized clinical management.

LncRNA PCAT6 promotes proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma cell by targeting miR-545-3p.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is a high incidence cancer on a worldwide basis and has become a major public health problem. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) makes up approximately half of all lung cancers and is a threat to human health. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is an important regulator of the development and progression of lung adenocarcinoma. In this manuscript we examined the role and potential mechanism of lncRNA PCAT6 in the development of LUAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: Differences in lncRNA PCAT6 levels between LUAD samples and normal samples were first explored in the GEPIA database. We found that lncRNA PCAT6 expression was elevated, which was also validated in lung adenocarcinoma tissues and cell lines. Using western blotting, CCK-8, EdU, wound healing and transwell assays, we found that knockdown of lncRNA PCAT6 inhibited EMT, proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells. We noted a predicted a binding site for lncRNA PCAT6 and miR-545-3p through conducting bioinformatic analyses, and their binding was subsequently verified by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Rescue experiments confirmed that miR-545-3p inhibitor partially abolished the inhibition function of lncRNA PCAT6 knockdown on LUAD cells. In addition, we predicted the downstream target genes of miR-545-3p and verified them by RT-qPCR. We found that EGFR was reduced in the silence of lncRNA PCAT6 and upregulated after miR-545-3p inhibition. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that lncRNA PCAT6 promotes a more aggressive LUAD phenotype by sponging miR-545-3p. This finding may provide new ideas for the treatment of lung cancer.

Osimertinib is an effective epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor choice for lung cancer with epidermal growth factor receptor exon 18-25 kinase domain duplication: report of two cases.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are an effective treatment for common EGFR mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Rarer EGFR mutations such as kinase domain duplications (KDDs) have been identified, but the optimal therapy following treatment resistance remains unknown. We report two patients who were diagnosed with NSCLC including KDD. For case 1, afatinib (40 mg once daily) was at first effective but then became ineffective. Consequently, osimertinib therapy (80 mg once daily) was administered. As of 26 May 2021, the osimertinib therapy achieved a stable disease state according to the chest computed tomography scan. As for case 2, the patient received second-line chemotherapy and anlotinib (12 mg once daily) for 6 months and died in May 2020. Here, we describe osimertinib as an effective therapy for EGFR-KDD positive lung adenocarcinoma and thereby provide a new alternative for further treatment following resistance to first- and second-generation EGFR-TKIs.

Coexistence of a secondary STRN-ALK, EML4-ALK double-fusion variant in a lung adenocarcinoma patient with EGFR mutation: a case report.

ALK-positive disease is characterized by the presence of ALK gene rearrangements that encode driver fusion oncoproteins. EML4-ALK fusion is regarded as the most common type in advanced nonsmall cell lung cancers. STRN-ALK is a novel ALK fusion partner in NSCLC and is considered sensitive to targeted therapy. However, there was no study regarding effective therapy for EML4-ALK and STRN-ALK double fusion variants in EGFR-resistant mutant lung cancer. TP53, RB1, and EGFR exon 21 L858R were found in tumor tissues and plasma from patients with capture-based NGS. After 3 months of gefitinib treatment, an NGS of plasma circulating tumor DNA showed that all variants disappeared significantly, and the tumor mass regressed on CT. However, after 10 months, the patient developed drug resistance and the disease progressed with the appearance of new metastatic lesions in the liver and bones. A repeated NGS test revealed EGFR exon20 T790M and the appearance of a novel double-fusion EML4-ALK and STRN-ALK. A combined therapeutic regimen of crizotinib plus osimertinib showed a promising prognosis confirmed with lung CT scans showing stable lesions without any new metastasis. Moreover, a subsequent genotype by NGS also showed the disappearance of STRN-ALK and EGFR exon20 T790M. The therapeutic efficacy of crizotinib plus osimertinib on EML4-ALK and STRN-ALK double-fusion variant in patients with EGFR-resistant mutant lung cancer may provide a supportive reference for the patients with such genetic alteration.

FTO Facilitates Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Progression by Activating Cell Migration Through mRNA Demethylation.

BACKGROUND: The fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) was identified as a critical demethylase involved in regulating cellular mRNA stability by removing N6-methyladenosine (m6A) residues from mRNA. Emerging evidence has revealed that FTO is deeply implicated in lung cancer. However, knowledge of the function of FTO in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAC) is limited. METHODS: FTO and FTO R96Q (R96Q), an FTO missense mutant lacking demethylase activity, were ectopically overexpressed, and FTO was knocked down via siRNA in A549 and H1299 cells. The relationships between FTO with cell characteristics and mRNA m6A levels were explored. Furthermore, RNA sequencing was performed on A549 cells. RESULTS: FTO overexpression enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of A549 and H1299 cells, decreased mRNA m6A levels. Interestingly, overexpression of R96Q, blunted the effects of FTO overexpression on cell proliferation and invasion. Through RNA sequencing analysis of A549 cells overexpressing FTO or R96Q and control A594 cells, 45 genes were identified as affected by m6A mRNA demethylation. Most of these genes were related to lung cancer, such as laminin γ2, thrombospondin 1, nerve growth factor inducible, integrin alpha11, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses suggested that these genes are fundamental to cancer development processes, such as cell migration and extracellular matrix organization. CONCLUSION: Our research shows that FTO facilitates LUAC cell progression by activating cell migration through m6A demethylation; however, further research on the mechanism underlying FTO activity in LUAC is necessary.

Influence of rs1746048 SNPs on clinical manifestations and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Guangxi Han population.

A relationship of the CXCL12 gene rs1746048 SNPs with AMI has been reported in American, European, Caucasian, and Pakistani populations. However, little is known about this association in the Guangxi Han population. In this study, we detect associations between rs1746048 SNPs and susceptibility, risk factors, clinical characteristics, and gene-environment interactions for AMI. 300 AMI patients and 300 healthy controls of Chinese Han were enrolled. Genotyping of rs1746048 SNPs was performed using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and then confirmed by direct sequencing. Significant differences in both genotypic and allelic frequencies of rs1746048 SNPs between AMI and the control group were not detected (P > 0.05 for each). The frequency of CC genotypes of rs1746048 SNPs was the highest in the 2 h < DT ≤ 6 h subgroup (P < 0.05). The frequencies of the CT genotype and the T allele were significantly higher in the severe complications subgroup of AMI (P < 0.05). There were interactions between the subjects with rs1746048 SNPs and smoking or alcohol consumption (P < 0.017 for each). Rs1746048 SNPs were not correlated with the risk of AMI in present study. For the first time, we discovered that the CC genotype of the rs1746048 SNPs was significantly correlated with DT of AMI; the frequencies of the CT genotype and the minor T allele were positively correlated with the severe complications of AMI. Also, the interaction between the rs1746048 SNPs and smoking or alcohol appears to increase the risk of AMI exposure.

Clinical study on thalidomide combined with cinobufagin to treat lung cancer cachexia.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss and assess the clinical value of treating lung cancer cachexia with thalidomide combined with cinobufagin.s. METHODS: A cohort of 54 patients, who were diagnosed with lung carcinoma, was randomly divided into two groups, a trial group and a control group, respectively. The trial group was given 150 mg/day thalidomide and 2700 mg/day cinobufagin; the control group only received 2,700 mg/day cinobufagin. The therapy lasted for 12 weeks, and the nutritional status, quality of life, survival, and side effects in patients in the two groups were recorded. RESULTS: The nutritional status, quality of life, and survival of patients with lung cancer cachexia in the trial group were significantly improved compared to the control group. The trial group received 150 mg thalidomide, which by contrast reduced the incidence of side effect and increased tolerance. CONCLUSION: Using thalidomide combined with cinobufagin to treat patients with lung cancer cachexia will significantly improve their nutritional status and quality of life. This therapy is better than that using cinobufagin alone and is well tolerated.

Down-regulation of Aquaporin1 (AQP1) by peptidoglycan via p38 MAPK pathways in primary rat pleural mesothelial cells.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to investigate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway involved in Aquaporin1 (AQP1) expression caused by staphylococcal peptidoglycan (PGN) in cultured rat pleural mesothelial cells (rPMCs) in vitro. METHODS: RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis were used to determine the relative mRNA and protein levels of AQP1 by PGN in rPMCs. P38 kinase inhibitor SB203580, JNK inhibitor SP600125, and ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 were used to determine the effects of PGN-induced AQP1 expression by immunoblot. Activation of p38 by PGN was reflected by detecting the phosphorylation constituent of p38, using immunoblot. The shift of localization after activation of p38 by PGN was investigated by immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: AQP1 transcription and protein expression were decreased by PGN in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners in rPMCs. Down-regulation of AQP1 by PGN was blocked only by SB203580, neither by SP600125 nor by PD98059. Furthermore, rPMCs exposed to PGN showed activation of p38 MAPK. Phospho-p38 protein production was increased by PGN stimulation in rPMCs. The localization of phospho-p38 was both in the cytosol and nuclei after PGN treatment, while its normal distribution is mainly in the cytosol in rPMCs. CONCLUSION: AQP1 expression was decreased by PGN in both dose-dependent and time-dependent manners in rPMCs. This down-regulation by PGN-induced AQP1 in rPMCs may be mediated by the activation of p38 MARK pathway.

Differentiation and recruitment of Th9 cells stimulated by pleural mesothelial cells in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.

Newly discovered IL-9-producing CD4(+) helper T cells (Th9 cells) have been reported to contribute to tissue inflammation and immune responses, however, differentiation and immune regulation of Th9 cells in tuberculosis remain unknown. In the present study, our data showed that increased Th9 cells with the phenotype of effector memory cells were found to be in tuberculous pleural effusion as compared with blood. TGF-ß was essential for Th9 cell differentiation from naïve CD4(+) T cells stimulated with PMA and ionomycin in vitro for 5 h, and addition of IL-1ß, IL-4 or IL-6 further augmented Th9 cell differentiation. Tuberculous pleural effusion and supernatants of cultured pleural mesothelial cells were chemotactic for Th9 cells, and this activity was partly blocked by anti-CCL20 antibody. IL-9 promoted the pleural mesothelial cell repairing and inhibited IFN-γ-induced pleural mesothelial cell apoptosis. Moreover, pleural mesothelial cells promoted Th9 cell differentiation by presenting antigen. Collectively, these data provide new information concerning Th9 cells, in particular the collaborative immune regulation between Th9 cells and pleural mesothelial cells in human M. tuberculosis infection. In particular, pleural mesothelial cells were able to function as antigen-presenting cells to stimulate Th9 cell differentiation.

Diagnosis of invasive fungal disease using serum (1→3)-ß-D-glucan: a bivariate meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The (1→3)-ß-D-Glucan (BG) assay has been approved for diagnosing invasive fungal disease (IFD). However, the test performance has been variable. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the overall accuracy of BG assay for diagnosing IFD. METHODS: The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR, respectively) of BG for diagnosing IFD were pooled using a bivariate meta-analysis. We also performed subgroup analyses. RESULTS: Twelve reports, including 15 studies, were included for the analysis (proven and probable IFD vs possible or no IFD). The sensitivity, specificity, PLR and NLR were 0.76 (95% CI, 0.67-0.83), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.73-0.92), 5.05 (95% CI, 2.71-9.43), and 0.28 (95% CI, 0.20-0.39), respectively. Subgroup analyses showed that the BG assay had higher specificities for patients with hematological disorders and a positive BG result with two consecutive samples. The combination of galactomannan and BG increased the specificity value to 0.98 (95% CI, 0.95-0.99) for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. CONCLUSION: Serum BG determination is clinically useful for diagnosing IFD in at-risk patients, especially for hematology patients. The combination of galactomannan and BG was sufficient for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. Since the BG assay is not absolutely sensitive and specific for IFD, the BG results should be interpreted in parallel with clinical findings.

CD39+ regulatory T cells suppress generation and differentiation of Th17 cells in human malignant pleural effusion via a LAP-dependent mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Both regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper IL-17-producing cells (Th17 cells) have been found to be involved in human malignancies, however, the possible implication of Tregs in regulating generation and differentiation of Th17 cells in malignant pleural effusion remains to be elucidated. METHODS: The numbers of both CD39(+)Tregs and Th17 cells in malignant pleural effusion and peripheral blood from patients with lung cancer were determined by flow cytometry. The regulation and mechanism of Tregs on generation and differentiation of Th17 cells were explored. RESULTS: Both CD39(+)Tregs and Th17 cells were increased in malignant pleural effusion when compared with blood, and the numbers of CD39(+)Tregs were correlated negatively with those of Th17 cells. It was also noted that high levels of IL-1ß, IL-6, and TGF-ß1 could be observed in malignant pleural effusion when compared the corresponding serum, and that pleural CD39(+)Tregs could express latency-associated peptide on their surface. When naïve CD4(+) T cells were cocultured with CD39(+)Tregs, Th17 cell numbers decreased as CD39(+)Treg numbers increased, addition of the anti-latency-associated peptide mAb to the coculture reverted the inhibitory effect exerted by CD39(+)Tregs. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, the above results indicate that CD39(+)Tregs inhibit generation and differentiation of Th17 cells via a latency-associated peptide-dependent mechanism.

Diagnostic accuracy of T-cell interferon-γ release assays in tuberculous pleurisy: a meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy by analysis of pleural fluid using standard diagnostic tools is difficult. Recently, T-cell interferon-γ release assays (IGRA) have been introduced for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy. The aim of the present meta-analysis was to establish the overall diagnostic accuracy of IGRA on both pleural fluid and peripheral blood, for diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy. METHODS: A systematic review was performed of English language publications. Sensitivity, specificity and other measures of the accuracy of IGRA for the diagnosis tuberculous pleurisy using both pleural fluid and blood were pooled using a random-effects model or a fixed-effects model. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance. RESULTS: Seven out of eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, negative likelihood ratio, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic odds ratio were, for pleural fluid: 0.75, 0.82, 3.49, 0.24, 0.85, 0.70 and 19.04, respectively; and for blood: 0.80, 0.72, 2.86, 0.28, 0.78, 0.74 and 11.06, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: As almost 20% of non-tuberculosis patients would be erroneously treated for tuberculosis and 25% of patients with tuberculous pleurisy would be missed, pleural fluid IGRA are not useful for the clinical diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy.

Effect of tumor necrosis factor-α antagonism in asthma: a meta-analysis of the published literature.

It remains controversial whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α antagonism is effective for asthma. This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate efficacy of TNF-α antagonism in treatment of patients with asthma. MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and CINAHL databases were searched for English-language studies published through January 3, 2010. Randomized-controlled trials comparing TNF-α antagonism with control therapy were selected. For each report, data were extracted in relation to the outcomes analyzed: asthma exacerbation, asthma quality of life questionnaire scores, and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. Four assessable trials were identified including 641 patients with asthma. TNF-α antagonism therapy was superior to control therapy in preventing exacerbations in asthmatics [pooled odds ratio 0.52 (95% confidence interval 0.29-0.88), P=0.02]; however, there was a nonsignificant reduction in asthma quality of life questionnaire scores [0.23 (0 to 0.47), P=0.05], forced expiratory volume in 1 second [0.03, (-0.14 to 0.10), P=0.74] when analyzed using standardized mean differences. TNF-α antagonism was superior to control chemotherapy in terms of asthma exacerbation, but not asthma quality of life questionnaire scores or forced expiratory volume in 1 second.

Generation and differentiation of IL-17-producing CD4+ T cells in malignant pleural effusion.

IL-17-producing CD4(+) T (Th17) cells have been found to be increased in some human cancers; however, the possible implication of Th17 cells in regulating antitumor responses in malignant pleural effusion (MPE) remains to be elucidated. In the current study, distribution and phenotypic features of Th17 cells in both MPE and peripheral blood from patients with lung cancer were determined by flow cytometry or double immunofluorescence staining. The impacts of cytokines on Th17 cell generation and differentiation were explored. The chemoattractant activity of chemokines CCL20 and CCL22 for Th17 cells in vitro was also observed. It was found that the increased Th17 cells could be found in MPE compared with blood. The in vitro experiments showed that IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-23, or their various combinations could promote Th17 cell generation and differentiation from naive CD4(+) T cells. MPE was chemotactic for Th17 cells, and this activity was partly blocked by anti-CCL20 and/or CCL22 Abs. Our data also showed that the accumulation of Th17 cells in MPE predicted improved patient survival. It could be concluded that the overrepresentation of Th17 cells in MPE might be due to Th17 cell differentiation and expansion stimulated by pleural proinflammatory cytokines and to recruitment of Th17 cells from peripheral blood induced by pleural chemokines CCL20 and CCL22. Furthermore, the accumulation of Th17 cells in MPE predicted improved patient survival. These data provide the basis for developing immune-boosting strategies based on ridding the cancer patient of this cell population.

Effects of the TREM-1 pathway modulation during empyema in rats.

BACKGROUND: The activation of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) in the presence of microbial components amplifies the inflammatory response. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the modulation of the TREM-1 pathway during empyema in rats. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to empyema induced by intrapleural injection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The animals were treated with LP17 (a synthetic TREM-1 inhibitor), a control peptide, or a vehicle (normal saline). Differential cell count, flow cytometry and histological examination were performed to evaluate local inflammatory alterations. Concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 in both pleural effusion and serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Although differential counts of each type of leukocytes in pleural effusion were not affected by LP17, a marked reduction in neutrophil numbers was seen in LP17 treated rats due to the reduction of both pleural effusion volume and total cell numbers. LP17 administration impaired concentration elevation in tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and interleukin-6 in both pleural effusion and serum. It was found that survival rate in LP17 treated rats was much higher than that in control rats. CONCLUSION: The modulation of the TREM-1 pathway by the use of LP17 appears to be beneficial during empyema in rats in attenuating pleural and systemic inflammatory responses.

Expression of soluble Toll-like receptors in pleural effusions.

BACKGROUND: The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a group of single-pass transmembrane receptors expressed on sentinel cells that are central to innate immune responses.The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of soluble TLRs in pleural effusions, and the diagnostic values of TLRs for pleural effusion with various etiologies. METHODS: Pleural effusion and serum samples were collected from 102 patients (36 with malignant pleural effusion, 36 with tuberculous pleural effusion, 18 with bacterial pleural effusion, and 12 with transudative pleural effusion). The concentrations of TLR1 to TLR10 were determined in effusion and serum samples by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Four classical parameters (protein, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose and C-reactive protein (CRP)) in the pleural fluid were also assessed. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of pleural fluid TLRs and biochemical parameters for differentiating bacterial pleural effusion. RESULTS: The concentrations of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 in bacterial pleural effusion were significantly higher than those in malignant, tuberculous, and transudative groups, respectively. Analysis of receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that the area under the curves of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 were 0.831, 0.843, 0.842, 0.883 and 0.786, respectively, suggesting that these TLRs play a role in the diagnosis of bacterial pleural effusion. Also, the diagnostic value of TLRs for bacterial pleural effusions was much better than that of biochemical parameters (protein, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose and CRP). CONCLUSIONS: The concentrations of TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 appeared to be increased in bacterial pleural effusion compared to non-bacterial pleural effusions. Determination of these pleural TLRs may improve the ability of clinicians to differentiate pleural effusion patients of bacterial origin from those with other etiologies.

Accuracy of BAL galactomannan in diagnosing invasive aspergillosis: a bivariate metaanalysis and systematic review.

BACKGROUND: A serum galactomannan (GM) assay has been approved for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis (IA). However, the role of the BAL-GM assay has not been well established. Therefore, we conducted a metaanalysis to determine the overall accuracy of BAL-GM in the diagnosis of IA. METHODS: After a systematic review of English-language studies, the sensitivity (SEN), specificity (SPE), and positive and negative likelihood ratios (PLR and NLR, respectively) of BAL-GM for the diagnosis of IA were pooled using a bivariate metaanalysis. Hierarchic summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance. Potential between-study heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analyses. We calculated posttest probability to evaluate clinical usefulness. RESULTS: Twelve reports, including 13 studies, met our inclusion criteria. The summary estimates of the BAL-GM assay for proven or probable IA were as follows: SEN, 0.90 (95% CI, 0.79-0.96); SPE, 0.94 (95% CI, 0.90-0.96); PLR, 14.87 (95% CI, 8.89-24.90); and NLR, 0.10 (95% CI, 0.04-0.24). The four summary estimates of the BAL-GM assay for proven IA were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.86-0.98), 0.79 (95% CI, 0.68-0.86), 4.41 (95% CI, 2.87-6.77), and 0.07 (95% CI, 0.03-0.09), respectively. Significant heterogeneity was present. CONCLUSIONS: BAL-GM determination is a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of proven and probable IA. The measurement of BAL-GM is thus likely to be a useful tool for diagnosing IA. Further studies focused on the impact of treatment agents are needed.

CCL22 is involved in the recruitment of CD4+CD25 high T cells into tuberculous pleural effusions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: CD4(+)CD25(high) regulatory T cells are increased in tuberculous pleural effusions (TPE). However, the mechanism by which CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells infiltrate into the pleural cavity is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the chemokines CCL22 and CCL17 are present in TPE, and the chemoattractant activity of these chemokines for infiltration of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells into the pleural space. METHODS: The concentrations of CCL22 and CCL17 were measured in pleural effusions from 33 patients with tuberculous pleurisy, 21 patients with pleural bacterial infections and 18 patients with transudative pleural effusions. T lymphocyte subsets in pleural effusions were assessed by flow cytometry. Pleural effusion cells were analysed for the expression of CCL22. The chemoattractant activity of CCL22 for CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells was assessed in vitro. RESULTS: The frequency of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells was significantly higher in TPE than in blood. High concentrations of CCL22 were detected in tuberculous effusions, but not in bacterial effusions or transudates. Macrophages and T cells in TPE expressed CCL22. Tuberculous pleural fluid was chemotactic for CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells in vitro, and anti-CCL22 antibody partly inhibited this chemotactic activity. CONCLUSIONS: CCL22 appeared to be increased in TPE compared with bacterial pleural effusions or transudates. CCL22 may be responsible for the infiltration of CD4(+)CD25(high) T cells into the pleural space of patients with tuberculous pleurisy.