Oleogel classification, physicochemical characterization methods, and typical cases of application in food: a review.

The harmful effects of trans and saturated fatty acids have attracted worldwide attention. Edible oleogels, which can structure liquid oils, are promising healthy alternatives to traditional fats. Active research on oleogels is focused on the interaction between unsaturated oils with different fatty acid compositions and low molecular weight or polymer oleogels. The unique network structure inside oleogels has facilitated their application in candies, spreads, meat, and other products. However, the micro- and macro-properties, as well as the functional properties of oleogels vary by preparation method and the system composition. This review discusses the characteristics of oleogels, serving as a reference for the application of oleogels in food products. Specifically, it (i) classifies oleogels and explains the influence of gelling factors on their gelation, (ii) describes the methods for measuring the physicochemical properties of oleogels, and (iii) discusses the current applications of oleogels in food products.

Analysis of thermal oxidation of different multi-element oleogels based on carnauba wax, ß-sitosterol/lecithin, and ethyl cellulose by classical oxidation determination method combined with the electronic nose.

Thermal oxidation of different multi-element oleogels (DMEOs) was assessed by measuring the peroxide, p-anisidine, and total antioxidant values. Moreover, a rapid discriminant model for determining oleogel oxidation was established using an electronic nose combined with cluster analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant factor analysis (DFA), and linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The oxidation degree of the oleogels was sensitive to their gelation temperature. The oleogels prepared with ethyl cellulose showed the highest oxidation value compared with those prepared with ß-sitosterol and lecithin, or carnauba wax. Loading resveratrol and adding surfactants can effectively reduce the oxidation of DMEOs. During the thermal oxidation, the DMEOs were sensitive to nitrogen oxides and methane species. The accuracy rates of the discriminant analyses by CA, PCA, DFA, and LDA were 95.00%, 97.25%, 96.25%, and 100%, respectively, which were consistent with that of the American Oil Chemists' Society Official Method.

Thermal oxidation stability of different multi-element oleogels via 1H NMR spectroscopy.

In this study, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance was used to track the evolution of oxidation products of different multi-element oleogels (DMEOs) during temperature-accelerated oxidative degradation. The nutritional properties of the DMEOs were also indirectly explored. Oleogels prepared using sitosterol/lecithin oleogelator showed higher nutritional properties than those prepared using carnauba wax or ethyl cellulose oleogelators. Only a small amount of primary oxidation product hydroxide, (Z,E)-conjugated dienic systems, and (E,E)-conjugated dienic systems were produced from all oleogels upon accelerated oxidation. Furthermore, no 1H signal peaks of secondary oxidation products, such as aldehydes or ketones, were detected. However, very small amounts of primary alcohols (-CH2OH-), secondary alcohols (-CHOH-), and epoxides were identified. Moreover, resveratrol loading and surfactant addition effectively stabilized the internal structure and unsaturated fatty acid acyl content of the oleogels.

Expression and prognostic potential of GPX1 in human cancers based on data mining.

BACKGROUND: Glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPX1) is a member of the GPX family, which considered an enzyme that interacts with oxidative stress. GPX1 differential expression is closely correlated with carcinogenesis and disease progression. In this study, we used bioinformatics analysis to investigate GPX1 expression level and explore the prognostic information in different human cancers. METHODS: Expression was analyzed via the Oncomine database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis tool, and potential prognostic analysis was evaluated using the UALCAN, GEPIA, and DriverDBv3 databases. Then, the UALCAN database was used to find the promoter methylation of GPX1 in defied cancer types. While GPX1 related functional networks were found within the GeneMANIA interactive tool and Cytoscape software. Moreover, Metascape online website was used to analyze Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. RESULTS: We found that GPX1 was commonly overexpressed in most human cancers. High expression of GPX1 could lead to poor outcomes in Brain Lower Grade Glioma, while GPX1 over expression was correlated with better prognosis in Kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIPP). High GPX1 expression was marginally associated with poor prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Gene regulation network suggested that GPX1 mainly involved in pathways including the glutathione metabolism, ferroptosis, TP53 regulates metabolic genes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic process, and several other signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings revealed that GPX1 showed significant expression differences among cancers and served as a prognostic biomarker for defined cancer types. The data mining effectively revealed useful information about GPX1 expression, prognostic values, and potential functional networks in cancers, thus providing researchers with an available way to further explore the mechanism underlying carcinogenesis of genes of interest in different cancers.

Effect of Palm Stearin Oil (PSO), Physical Fractionation Oil of Palm Stearin Oil (PPP) and Structured Lipids of Rich 1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO)on the Stability in Different Emulsion Systems.

This manuscript described the preparation of triglycerides with palmitic and ethyl oleate chains, and the stability of emulsions prepared from those triglycerides. Results showed that ratios of total saturated fatty acids (ΣSFA) of palm stearin oil (PSO), physical fractionation oil of palm stearin oil (PPP) and structured lipids of rich 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) were 72.5%, 95.4% and 33.2% respectively. Rich 1,3-dioleoyl-2 palmitoylglycerol-emulsion (OPO-E) showed a better emulsion stability than that of palm stearin oil (PSO) and physical fractionation oil of palm stearin oil (PPP). The emulsion stability of OPO-E with 10% structured lipids of rich 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol (OPO) showed the highest value compared with 5% and 20% OPO. The value of emulsion stability (ES) was 85.5, the values of volume-surface mean diameter(d32) and weight mean diameter(d43) were 0.09-0.79 µm and 1.1-34.1 µm, respectively. The experimental data had significant (p < 0.05) difference with other emulsions. The value of zeta potential ranged from -34.8 to -53.1 mV, indicating that the emulsion stability of 10% OPO was the most stable in all experiment samples.