Synthesis of pyrazino[1,2-b]indazoles via cascade cyclization of indazole aldehydes with propargylic amines.

An efficient intermolecular annulation of indazole aldehydes with propargylic amines has been developed for the synthesis of pyrazinoindazoles under catalyst- and additive-free conditions. This straightforward methodology was found to feature a wide substrate scope, high atom economy and environmental advantages. The bioactivity results of these new pyrazino[1,2-b]indazoles showed that some of them exhibited significant antifungal activity.

Regulating Ion-Dipole Interactions in Weakly Solvating Electrolyte towards Ultra-Low Temperature Sodium-Ion Batteries.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are recognized as promising energy storage devices. However, they suffer from rapid capacity decay at ultra-low temperatures due to high Na+ desolvation energy barrier and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, a weakly solvating electrolyte (WSE) with decreased ion-dipole interactions is designed for stable sodium storage in hard carbon (HC) anode at ultra-low temperatures. 2-methyltetrahydrofuran with low solvating power is incorporated into tetrahydrofuran to regulate the interactions between Na+ and solvents. The reduced Na+-dipole interactions facilitate more anionic coordination in the first solvation sheath, which consistently maintains anion-enhanced solvation structures from room to low temperatures to promote inorganic-rich SEI formation. These enable WSE with a low freezing point of -83.3 °C and faster Na+ desolvation kinetics. The HC anode thus affords reversible capacities of 243.2 and 205.4 mAh g-1 at 50 mA g-1 at -40 and -60 °C, respectively, and the full cell of HC||Na3V2(PO4)3 yields an extended lifespan over 250 cycles with high capacity retention of ~100 % at -40 °C. This work sheds new lights on the ion-dipole regulation for ultra-low temperature SIBs.

Temperature-mediated diffusion of nanoparticles in semidilute polymer solutions.

The temperature is often a critical factor affecting the diffusion of nanoparticles in complex physiological media, but its specific effects are still to be fully understood. Here, we constructed a temperature-regulated model of semidilute polymer solution and experimentally investigated the temperature-mediated diffusion of nanoparticles using the particle tracking method. By examining the ensemble-averaged mean square displacements (MSDs), we found that the MSD grows gradually as the temperature increases while the transition time from sublinear to linear stage in MSD decreases. Meanwhile, the temperature-dependent measured diffusivity of the nanoparticles shows an exponential growth. We revealed that these temperature-mediated changes are determined by the composite effect of the macroscale property of polymer solution and the microscale dynamics of polymer chain as well as nanoparticles. Furthermore, the measured non-Gaussian displacement probability distributions were found to exhibit non-Gaussian fat tails, and the tailed distribution is enhanced as the temperature increases. The non-Gaussianity was calculated and found to vary in the same trend with the tailed distribution, suggesting the occurrence of hopping events. This temperature-mediated non-Gaussian feature validates the recent theory of thermally induced activated hopping. Our results highlight the temperature-mediated changes in diffusive transport of nanoparticles in polymer solutions and may provide the possible strategy to improve drug delivery in physiological media.

The health advantage of volunteering is larger for older and less healthy volunteers in Europe: a mega-analysis.

There is a vast literature on the health benefits associated with volunteering for volunteers. Such health advantages are likely to vary across groups of volunteers with different characteristics. The current paper aims to examine the health advantages of volunteering for European volunteers and explore heterogeneity in the association between volunteering and health. We carry out a mega-analysis on microdata from six panel surveys, covering 952,026 observations from 267,212 respondents in 22 European countries. We provide open access to the code we developed for data harmonization. We use ordinary least squares, fixed effects, first difference, and fixed effect quantile regressions to estimate how volunteering activities and changes therein are related to self-rated health for different groups. Our results indicate a small but consistently positive association between changes in volunteering and changes in health within individuals. This association is stronger for older adults. For respondents 60 years and older, within-person changes in volunteering are significantly related to changes in self-rated health. Additionally, the health advantage of volunteering is larger for respondents in worse health. The advantage is largest at the lowest decile and gradually declines along the health distribution. The magnitude of the association at the first decile is about twice the magnitude of the association at the ninth decile. These results suggest that volunteering may be more beneficial for the health of specific groups in society. With small health advantages from year to year, volunteering may protect older and less healthy adults from health decline in the long run. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-022-00691-5.

[Treatment of open fracture of lower limb in high altitude area].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the treatment methods and experience of open fracture of lower limb in high altitude area. METHODS: From January 2016 to January 2021, 62 patients with open fractures of lower limbs were treated by staged surgery with the concept of injury control orthopedics, emphasizing wound treatment and combining various fracture fixation methods. There were 51 males and 11 females, ranging in age from 14 to 59 years old, with a mean of (37.2±12.3) years old; and the course of disease ranged from 7 to 59 days, with a mean of (23.7±15.5) days. According to Gustilo Anderson classification, there were 14 cases of typeⅠ, 24 cases of typeⅡ, 14 cases of typeⅢA, 8 cases of typeⅢB and 2 cases of typeⅢC. The fracture repair and wound healing were observed, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated by Johner-Wruhs evaluation standard. RESULTS: Fifty-five patients were followed up, and the duration ranged from 4 to 36 months, with a mean of (14.7±8.5) months, and 7 cases were lost to follow-up. According to Johner-Wruhs evaluation criteria, 33 cases got an excellent result, 16 good, 4 poor and 2 bad. The wound healing was poor in 2 cases, partial necrosis of Achilles tendon in 1 case, nonunion of fracture in 1 case and delayed healing of fracture in 2 cases. CONCLUSION: It is an effective method to treat the open fracture of lower extremity in high altitude area to pay attention to the management of soft tissue injury, the management of wound moisturizing, staged operation of fracture and full protection of blood supply at the fracture end. Paying attention to the treatment of soft tissue injury and the management of wound moisturizing, staged operation of fracture and full protection of blood supply at the fracture end are effective methods for the treatment of open fracture of lower limbs in high altitude areas.

Pharmacokinetics of oxycodone hydrochloride and three of its metabolites after intravenous administration in Chinese patients with pain.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of oxycodone and three of its metabolites, noroxycodone, oxymorphone and noroxymorphone after intravenous administration in Chinese patients with pain. METHODS: Forty-two subjects were assigned to receive intravenous administration of oxycodone hydrochloride of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg. Plasma and urine samples were collected for up to 24 h after intravenous administration of oxycodone hydrochloride. RESULTS: Pharmacokinetic parameters showed that mean values of C(max), AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-∞) of oxycodone were dose dependent, whereas Tmax and t(1/2) were not. The mean AUC(0-t) ratio of noroxycodone to oxycodone ranged from 0.35 to 0.42 over three doses, and those of noroxymorphone, or oxymorphone, to oxycodone were ranging of 0.06-0.08 and 0.007-0.008, respectively. Oxycodone and its three metabolites were excreted from urine. Approximately 10% of unchanged oxycodone was recovered in 24 h. Most adverse events (AEs) reported were mild to moderate. The frequently occurred AEs were dizziness, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness and fatigue. No dose-related AEs were found. CONCLUSION: Our pharmacokinetics of oxycodone injection in Chinese patients with pain strongly support continued development of oxycodone as an effective analgesic drug in China.

Amelioration of dementia induced by Aß 22-35 through rectal delivery of undecapeptide-hEGF to mouse brain.

A group of growth factors have been shown to play important roles in amelioration of the malfunction of the neurodegenerative diseases. However, the proteins or polypeptides passing across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to access the brain parenchyma are relatively few so that it hinders the therapies in clinic. Here a genetically reconstructed fusion peptide of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) with an undecapeptide YGRKKRRQRRR (P11) was used to investigate the permeability between the cell membrane and the BBB via rectal administration. The efficiency to rescue the Aß 22-35-induced dementia in mice was assessed after administration of P11-hEGF per rectal. Our results showed that P11-hEGF permeates across not only the 3T3 cell membrane in vitro, but also the endothelia of vessels after intravenous injection (IV), and the mucosa of the rectum after per rectal administration. Further results showed that the circulating P11-hEGF allowed penetrating through the blood-brain barrier and then getting into the brain manifesting biological responses. In the animal experiments, treatment with P11-hEGF not only ameliorated the dementia induced by Aß 22-35 but also rescued the dementia of the aged mice, no matter how it was administrated (IV or per rectal). These results suggest that the rectal non-invasive delivery of the P11 polypeptide-conjugated growth factor is an efficient way for BBB transduction, thus raises the hope of real therapeutic progress against neurodegenerative diseases.

Single-dose safety, pharmacokinetics, and food effects studies of compound naphthoquine phosphate tablets in healthy volunteers.

The compound naphthoquine phosphate is a novel antimalaria drug tablet containing a fixed-dose combination of naphthoquine phosphate and artemisinin in a 1:2.5 ratio. A randomized, open study on the safety and tolerability was conducted in 28 healthy male volunteers using a single oral dose of 350 mg, 700 mg, 1400 mg, or 2100 mg of artemisinin-naphthoquine phosphate. Pharmacokinetics at the last 3 doses were examined in 30 volunteers. Food effects were also determined. Serial blood samples up to 216 hours after single oral dose administration were analyzed for plasma concentrations using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay. The compound was well tolerated at single doses up to 2100 mg. Increased exposure to naphthoquine phosphate and artemisinin was less than dose proportional and linear. The half-life of naphthoquine phosphate was approximately 255 hours. The combination increased the AUC(0-t) and C(max) of both artemisinin (by 71% and 49%) and naphthoquine phosphate (by 135% and 104%) compared with monotherapy. Food intake greatly increased the AUC(0-t) of artemisinin with a ratio of 77% and reduced that of naphthoquine phosphate from 955 ± 352 µg·h/L under the fasted state to 446 ± 231 µg·h/L in the fed condition. The pharmacokinetics and safety profile of the drug support its continued investigation in future clinical studies.

Changes of autologous neural stem cells in the hippocampi of aging mice.

Although there is possibility of cognitive disturbance in aging people, many of them live for long life and enjoy well-functioning brain during the whole life-span. The biological basis of longevity is unknown. In this study, we investigated the influence of aging on hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs), and the correlations between hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive function. The result showed that the protein production and mRNA expression of nestin, and the number of BrdU(+) cells in dentate gyrus (DG) of the aged non-dementia mice were clearly higher than that in the aged dementia mice and the young adult mice. We also found that the number of NeuN(+) (neuron-specific nuclear antigen) cells in DG and CA1, choline O-acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) production and mRNA expression in hippocampi of the aged-dementia mice were significantly reduced as compared to that of the young adult mice and the aged non-dementia mice, whereas the number of NeuN(+) cells, ChAT production and mRNA expression of the aged non-dementia mice has no difference with that of the young adult mice. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the hippocampi of aged dementia mice significantly higher than that of the young adult mice and the aged non-dementia mice. Our results suggest that aging sometimes does not cause changing of the number of neurons and the hippocampal neurogenesis. Increment of DNA replication and neuron replacement, promotion of differentiation of neural stem cells, enhancement of neuronal proliferation, facilitation of synaptic plasticity of neurons may all benefit to the maintenance of the normal cognitive ability in the aged mice.

Effects of Chinese herbal medicine fuzhisan on aged rats.

Fuzhisan (FZS), a Chinese herbal complex prescription, has been used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for more than 15 years. Previous studies showed that FZS enhanced the cognitive ability in AD patients and AD model rats. FZS modulated the impaired cellular functions, and attenuated the damage caused by beta-amyloid protein, dose-dependently regulated and ameliorated the cholinergic functions of the Abeta(25-35)-induced AD-model mice. The SPECT imaging revealed that FZS improved the blood flow of the frontal and temporal lobes and the callosal gyrus in AD patients. However, little investigation of the effects of FZS on the naturally aged rats was reported. The underlying mechanism also remains to be explored. Recently we investigated the effects of the aqueous extract of FZS on the cognitive functions of the aged rats and the pharmacological basis for its therapeutic efficacy. The results showed a significant improvement made by FZS (0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g/kg/d) for impaired cognitive functions of the aged rats. The rats manifested a shortened latency in Morris water maze test after intra-gavage administration (ig) of FZS for 30 consecutive days. The micro-positron emission tomography (microPET) using (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose ((18)F-FDG) as the tracer demonstrated that FZS promoted the glucose metabolism in the whole brains especially the temporal and parietal regions in the aged rats. The spectrophotometry and Western blot showed that FZS obviously increased the activity and the production of choline O-acetyltransferase (ChAT, EC 2.3.1.6) and the acetylcholine (ACh) contents in the hippocampus, thus regulated and ameliorated the impaired cholinergic functions of the aged rats. The therapeutical effects of FZS on the learning and memory of the aged rats were dose-dependent. The mechanism of action of FZS in ameliorating the memory dysfunction of the aged rats is ascribed to the reinforcement of the function of the cholinergic system and the enhancement of the glucose metabolism in the brains. The results of this study, together with a survey of the findings in the clinical treatment with FZS suggest that FZS may not merely alleviate the symptoms of the dementia, but may also augment the production of the neurotransmitter ACh and the energy supply in the brain to build up fitness of the patients. FZS may be beneficial for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease or cognitive impairment in old people.

Transducible P11-CNTF rescues the learning and memory impairments induced by amyloid-beta peptide in mice.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder with the loss of memory and other intellectual abilities. Amyloid species and neurofibrillary tangles are the prime suspects in damaging and killing nerve cells. Abnormal accumulation of Amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) may cause synaptic dysfunction and degeneration of neurons. Drugs that can prevent its formation and accumulation or stimulate its clearance might ultimately be of therapeutic benefit. Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), a neurotrophic cytokine, promotes the survival of various neurons in brain. However, the blood-brain barrier hinders the systemic delivery of CNTF to brain. Recently the 11-amino acid of protein transduction domain TAT has successfully assisted the delivery of many macromolecules to treat preclinical models of human disease. The present study aimed to evaluate whether P11-CNTF fusion protein (P11-CNTF) is protective against the Abeta25-35-induced dementia in mice. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that P11 effectively carried CNTF to the SH-SY5Y cells in vitro, and to the brains of mice in vivo. The learning and memory impairments of mice induced by Abeta were substantially rescued by supplement with the P11-CNTF. Furthermore, mRNAs of enzymes involved in the Abeta metabolism, e.g. neprilysin (NEP), endothelin-converting enzyme 1 (ECE-1) and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE), increased in the P11-CNTF treated dementia mice, accompanied by the proliferation of nestin- and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive cells in hippocampus. It implies that the delivery of P11-CNTF may be a novel treatment for Alzheimer's disease.