Contraception Initiation in the Emergency Department: Adolescent Perspectives.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting contraceptive intention and behavior among adolescent females in the pediatric Emergency Department. METHODS: We conducted a qualitative interview study nested within a larger prospective cohort study examining adolescent contraceptive counseling for females ages 15-18 years at-risk of unintended pregnancy presenting to the pediatric Emergency Department. Interviews were conducted in a subset of participants. The ecologically expanded Theory of Planned Behavior, expert opinion, and literature review informed the interview guide. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded and monitored for thematic saturation. RESULTS: Twenty-eight interviews were analyzed. Mean age was 17.1 years. Themes were mapped to ecologically expanded Theory of Planned Behavior constructs. Within health system influences, prior contraceptive experiences and patient-clinician interactions were described. Within community influences, contraceptive education, knowledge and misinformation, teen pregnancy norms, and social media impacts were described. Within attitudes influences, side-effect and safety concerns, contraceptive motivations and teen pregnancy beliefs were described. Within subjective norm influences, peer and family impacts were described. Within perceived behavioral control, Emergency Department (ED) counseling intervention impacts were described. DISCUSSION: We identified factors affecting contraceptive initiation/behavior among an ED adolescent population that otherwise may not have received contraceptive education in similar detail as provided by study clinicians. Adolescents' prior contraceptive and clinician interactions, limited access to contraceptive education, knowledge and misinformation, and side-effect and safety concerns affected initiation. Peer/family sharing and social media were leading contraceptive information sources. Future studies should incorporate insights into adolescent ED intervention design to make optimal use of resources while maximizing potential benefit.

The effect of normal, metaplastic, and neoplastic esophageal extracellular matrix upon macrophage activation.

INTRODUCTION: Macrophages are capable of extreme plasticity and their activation state has been strongly associated with solid tumor growth progression and regression. Although the macrophage response to extracellular matrix (ECM) isolated from normal tissue is reasonably well understood, there is a relative dearth of information regarding their response to ECM isolated from chronically inflamed tissues, pre-neoplastic tissues, and neoplastic tissues. Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is a type of neoplasia driven by chronic inflammation in the distal esophagus, and the length of the esophagus provides the opportunity to investigate macrophage behavior in the presence of ECM isolated from a range of disease states within the same organ. METHODS: Normal, metaplastic, and neoplastic ECM hydrogels were prepared from decellularized EAC tissue. The hydrogels were evaluated for their nanofibrous structure (SEM), biochemical profile (targeted and global proteomics), and direct effect upon macrophage (THP-1 cell) activation state (qPCR, ELISA, immunolabeling) and indirect effect upon epithelial cell (Het-1A) migration (Boyden chamber). RESULTS: Nanofibrous ECM hydrogels from the three tissue types could be formed, and normal and neoplastic ECM showed distinctive protein profiles by targeted and global mass spectroscopy. ECM proteins functionally related to cancer and tumorigenesis were identified in the neoplastic esophageal ECM including collagen alpha-1(VIII) chain (COL8A1), lumican, and elastin. Metaplastic and neoplastic esophageal ECM induce distinctive effects upon THP-1 macrophage signaling compared to normal esophageal ECM. These effects include activation of pro-inflammatory IFNγ and TNFα gene expression and anti-inflammatory IL1RN gene expression. Most notably, neoplastic ECM robustly increased macrophage TNFα protein expression. The secretome of macrophages pre-treated with metaplastic and neoplastic ECM increases the migration of normal esophageal epithelial cells, similar behavior to that shown by tumor cells. Metaplastic ECM shows similar but less pronounced effects than neoplastic ECM suggesting the abnormal signals also exist within the pre-cancerous state. CONCLUSION: A progressively diseased ECM, as exists within the esophagus exposed to chronic gastric reflux, can provide insights into novel biomarkers of early disease and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Methamphetamine-associated pulseless electrical activity in a young child.

This is a case report of a 19-month-old female who presented to the emergency department in cardiac arrest after methamphetamine exposure. Prior to presentation, she had seizure-like activity and then became unresponsive. On arrival, she had dilated pupils, intermittent clonus, and pulseless electrical activity. She was found to have full thickness circumferential burns of her bilateral lower extremities. She received 12 doses of epinephrine, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and volume resuscitation after which she had return of spontaneous circulation and was transferred to the intensive care unit on an epinephrine drip. Initial laboratory studies showed a mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis and hyperglycemia. An initial urine immunoassay for drugs of abuse was negative, however, 5 h later, a second urine immunoassay was positive for amphetamine. The first specimen was also sent for liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis that later returned positive for methamphetamine and amphetamine. In retrospect, the initial urine screen was found to have evidence of amphetamine below the threshold for positivity (500 ng/mL), and the second urine specimen was highly positive, with an amphetamine level of >1450 ng/mL. In this case, what turned out to be a sub-threshold rather than undetectable level was clinically significant, highlighting the challenges of urine screening in cases of suspected poisoning syndromes with atypical presentations. Our case also suggests the possibility of PEA as a presentation of methamphetamine toxicity in a child.