RESUMEN
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) is a type II arginine methyltransferase that catalyzes the post-translational symmetric dimethylation of protein substrates. PRMT5 plays a critical role in regulating biological processes including transcription, cell cycle progression, RNA splicing, and DNA repair. As such, dysregulation of PRMT5 activity is implicated in the development and progression of multiple cancers and is a target of growing clinical interest. Described herein are the structure-based drug designs, robust synthetic efforts, and lead optimization strategies toward the identification of two novel 5,5-fused bicyclic nucleoside-derived classes of potent and efficacious PRMT5 inhibitors. Utilization of compound docking and strain energy calculations inspired novel designs, and the development of flexible synthetic approaches enabled access to complex chemotypes with five contiguous stereocenters. Additional efforts in balancing bioavailability, solubility, potency, and CYP3A4 inhibition led to the identification of diverse lead compounds with favorable profiles, promising in vivo activity, and low human dose projections.
Asunto(s)
Aminoquinolinas/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Nucleósidos/uso terapéutico , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Aminoquinolinas/síntesis química , Aminoquinolinas/metabolismo , Animales , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diseño de Fármacos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/síntesis química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones SCID , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Estructura Molecular , Nucleósidos/síntesis química , Nucleósidos/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferasas/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
In the context of a PRMT5 inhibitor program, we describe our efforts to develop a flexible and robust strategy to access tetrahydrofuro[3,4-b]furan nucleoside analogues. Ultimately, it was found that a Wolfe type carboetherification from an alkenol derived from d-glucofuranose diacetonide was capable of furnishing the B-ring and installing the desired heteroaryl group in a single step. Using this approach, key intermediate 1.3-A was delivered on a gram scale in a 62% yield and 9.1:1 dr in favor of the desired S-isomer. After deprotection of 1.3-A, a late-stage glycosylation was performed under Mitsunobu conditions to install the pyrrolopyrimidine base. This provided serviceable yields of nucleoside analogues in the range of 31-48% yield. Compound 1.1-C was profiled in biochemical and cellular assays and was demonstrated to be a potent and cellularly active PRMT5 inhibitor, with a PRMT5-MEP50 biochemical IC50 of 0.8 nM, a MCF-7 target engagement EC50 of 3 nM, and a Z138 cell proliferation EC50 of 15 nM. This work sets the stage for the development of new inhibitors of PRMT5 and novel nucleoside chemical matter for alternate drug discovery programs.
Asunto(s)
Nucleósidos , Proteína-Arginina N-Metiltransferasas , Proliferación Celular , Inhibidores Enzimáticos , FuranosRESUMEN
Bryostatin 1 is an exceedingly scarce marine-derived natural product that is in clinical development directed at HIV/AIDS eradication, cancer immunotherapy, and the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Despite this unique portfolio of indications, its availability has been limited and variable, thus impeding research and clinical studies. Here, we report a total synthesis of bryostatin 1 that proceeds in 29 total steps (19 in the longest linear sequence, >80% average yield per step), collectively produces grams of material, and can be scaled to meet clinical needs (~20 grams per year). This practical solution to the bryostatin supply problem also opens broad, facile, and efficient access to derivatives and potentially superior analogs.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/síntesis química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/síntesis química , Brioestatinas/síntesis química , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , VIH-1/efectos de los fármacos , Latencia del Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/química , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Anti-VIH/química , Fármacos Anti-VIH/farmacología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Brioestatinas/química , Brioestatinas/farmacología , Brioestatinas/uso terapéutico , Erradicación de la Enfermedad , HumanosRESUMEN
In 1996, a snapshot of the field of synthesis was provided by many of its thought leaders in a Chemical Reviews thematic issue on "Frontiers in Organic Synthesis". This Accounts of Chemical Research thematic issue on "Synthesis, Design, and Molecular Function" is intended to provide further perspective now from well into the 21st century. Much has happened in the past few decades. The targets, methods, strategies, reagents, procedures, goals, funding, practices, and practitioners of synthesis have changed, some in dramatic ways as documented in impressive contributions to this issue. However, a constant for most synthesis studies continues to be the goal of achieving function with synthetic economy. Whether in the form of new catalysts, reagents, therapeutic leads, diagnostics, drug delivery systems, imaging agents, sensors, materials, energy generation and storage systems, bioremediation strategies, or molecules that challenge old theories or test new ones, the function of a target has been and continues to be a major and compelling justification for its synthesis. While the targets of synthesis have historically been heavily represented by natural products, increasingly design, often inspired by natural structures, is providing a new source of target structures exhibiting new or natural functions and new or natural synthetic challenges. Complementing isolation and screening approaches to new target identification, design enables one to create targets de novo with an emphasis on sought-after function and synthetic innovation with step-economy. Design provides choice. It allows one to determine how close a synthesis will come to the ideal synthesis and how close a structure will come to the ideal function. In this Account, we address studies in our laboratory on function-oriented synthesis (FOS), a strategy to achieve function by design and with synthetic economy. By starting with function rather than structure, FOS places an initial emphasis on target design, thereby harnessing the power of chemists and computers to create new structures with desired functions that could be prepared in a simple, safe, economical, and green, if not ideal, fashion. Reported herein are examples of FOS associated with (a) molecular recognition, leading to the first designed phorbol-inspired protein kinase C regulatory ligands, the first designed bryostatin analogs, the newest bryologs, and a new family of designed kinase inhibitors, (b) target modification, leading to highly simplified but functionally competent photonucleases-molecules that cleave DNA upon photoactivation, (c) drug delivery, leading to cell penetrating molecular transporters, molecules that ferry other attached or complexed molecules across biological barriers, and (d) new reactivity-regenerating reagents in the form of functional equivalents of butatrienes, reagents that allow for back-to-back three-component cycloaddition reactions, thus achieving structural complexity and value with step-economy. While retrosynthetic analysis seeks to identify the best way to make a target, retrofunction analysis seeks to identify the best targets to make. In essence, form (structure) follows function.
Asunto(s)
Productos Biológicos/síntesis química , Brioestatinas/síntesis química , Diseño de Fármacos , Compuestos Orgánicos/síntesis química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/síntesis química , Animales , Productos Biológicos/química , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Brioestatinas/química , Brioestatinas/farmacología , División del ADN , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Humanos , Ligandos , Compuestos Orgánicos/química , Compuestos Orgánicos/farmacología , Proteína Quinasa C/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína Quinasa C/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Multicomponent reactions allow for more bond-forming events per synthetic operation, enabling more step- and time-economical conversion of simple starting materials to complex and thus value-added targets. These processes invariably require that reactivity be relayed from intermediate to intermediate over several mechanistic steps until a termination event produces the final product. Here, we report a multicomponent process in which a novel 1,2,3-butatriene equivalent (TMSBO: TMSCH2C≡CCH2OH) engages chemospecifically as a two-carbon alkyne component in a metal-catalysed [5 + 2] cycloaddition with a vinylcyclopropane to produce an intermediate cycloadduct. Under the reaction conditions, this intermediate undergoes a remarkably rapid 1,4-Peterson elimination, producing a reactive four-carbon diene intermediate that is readily intercepted in either a metal-catalysed or thermal [4 + 2] cycloaddition. TMSBO thus serves as an yne-to-diene transmissive reagent coupling two powerful and convergent cycloadditions--the homologous Diels-Alder and Diels-Alder cycloadditions--through a vinylogous Peterson elimination, and enabling flexible access to diverse polycycles.
Asunto(s)
Alquinos/síntesis química , Alquinos/química , Ciclización , Estructura MolecularRESUMEN
The human kinome comprises over 500 protein kinases. When mutated or over-expressed, many play critical roles in abnormal cellular functions associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease and neurological disorders. Here we report a step-economical approach to designed kinase inhibitors inspired by the potent, but non-selective, natural product staurosporine, and synthetically enabled by a novel, complexity-increasing, serialized [5 + 2]/[4 + 2] cycloaddition strategy. This function-oriented synthesis approach rapidly affords tunable scaffolds, and produced a low nanomolar inhibitor of protein kinase C.