[The surveillance of Candida spp. infections related to health care in the Neonatal Intensive Care of University Hospital Federico II of Naples, Italy]. / La sorveglianza delle infezioni da Candida spp. nella terapia intensiva neonatale dell'AOU Federico II di Napoli.

BACKGROUND: In neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) invasive fungal infections are predominantly supported by Candida species, with an increasing frequency of C. non-albicans. This work aims to demonstrate the need for monitoring of these infections for the purposes of a more effective prevention strategy. METHODS: This study, conducted for 15 months on 365 patients admitted to the NICU of the University Hospital "Federico II" of Naples, examines the colonization and nosocomial infections by Candida species in relation to the most significant risk factors such as prematurity, low birth weight and the application of relief devices. RESULTS: It was detected a statistically significant association between infections and pharyngeal colonization (p = 0.002), gestational age <28 weeks (p = 0.001) and central venous catheterization (p = 0.01). 12% of the 336 patients cared for more than 48 hours had pharyngeal colonization by Candida spp, especially C. albicans, while 2% develops sepsis due to C. parapsilosis. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate the importance and validity of the procedures used for the surveillance of infections in NICU.

Long-term immunologic effects of thymectomy in patients with myasthenia gravis.

BACKGROUND: Thymectomy (Tx) is a common therapeutic option to treat myasthenia gravis (MG), but its effects on the immune system are still obscure in humans. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate long-term immunologic effects of therapeutic Tx in patients with MG. METHODS: T- and B-cell subsets and T-cell repertoire were analyzed in 35 patients with MG, 16 with previous Tx (at least 8 years before), 6 with recent (<1 year) Tx, and 13 without Tx, as well as in 32 healthy subjects used as normal control subjects. Serum immunoglobulins and a variety of autoantibodies were also measured. A subsequent 3-year clinical follow-up was performed to verify the possible appearance of systemic autoimmune diseases. RESULTS: The long-term thymectomized (Txd) patients had mild T-cell lymphopenia and an expansion of some Vbeta families among circulating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. They displayed a normal number of total B and CD5+ B-circulating lymphocytes, but they also displayed a polyclonal increase in serum IgM and IgG associated with the presence of high levels of a variety of organ- and nonorgan-specific autoantibodies, including anti-dsDNA and anticardiolipin, without clinical evidence of autoimmune disease. These serologic abnormalities were not detectable in both non-Txd and recently Txd patients. After 3 years, 2 long-term Txd patients had systemic lupus erythematosus and an undifferentiated connective tissue disease. CONCLUSIONS: The association between MG and laboratory findings of systemic autoimmune disease may be in part related to Tx rather than to MG. Tx may represent a risk for the development of systemic autoimmune disorders over years in patients with MG.

Prognosis of myasthenia gravis: a retrospective study of 380 patients.

The 9139 follow-up records of 438 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients were reviewed. Excluding those patients who were diagnosed 5 or more years after symptom onset (n = 37) and those who experienced only oculomotor symptoms throughout follow-up (n = 21), there were 380 patients. A survival analysis approach was used to assess the influence of prognostic factors on the following endpoints: (a) stable complete remission, (b) complete remission of at least 6 months and (c) pharmacological remission of at least 6 months. Early diagnosis was associated with a better prognosis with respect to all endpoints. Thymectomy also improved the prognosis but only for those patients without thymoma. Later MG onset was associated with a higher tendency to achieve pharmacological remission.

Breathing during sleep in myasthenia gravis.

The aim of this study was to assess breathing patterns during sleep in patients with generalized mild myasthenia gravis. Fourteen patients (13 F; 1M, age range 20-40 years) in a stable clinical and functional state underwent a sleep questionnaire, baseline respiratory function tests and standard nocturnal polysomnography. All of the patients had normal daytime blood-gas values, except one who showed mild hypoxemia. No patient complained of disturbed sleep; six patients reported snoring. In five patients nocturnal polysomnography showed the occurrence of short and infrequent central apneas mainly during REM sleep, together with a drop in HbSaO2 levels of more than 5% of the baseline wakefulness value. Our data indicate that, in patients with mild generalized MG in a stable functional state, breathing pattern instability during sleep is infrequent and, when it occurs, is mild and mainly related to REM sleep.

High-dose methylprednisolone infusions in relapsing and in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis patients. One year follow-up.

Sixty Multiple Sclerosis patients hospitalized either in relapse (28) or in chronic progressive (32) phase of the disease were treated with high-dose methylprednisolone infusions (1 g/daily for 6 days). Clinical examinations, scored by Kurtzke's functional systems (FSs) and expanded disability status scale (EDSS), were performed before treatment, immediately after, and thereafter at 1,3,6 and 12 month intervals. In relapsing cases, 22 patients (78.6%) improved and EDSS mean value decreased by 1.39 points after the treatment; 8 patients had a new bout within one year. In chronic progressive cases, 18 patients (56.2%) improved and EDSS mean value decreased by 0.56 points after the treatment; 13 patients showed a new worsening throughout the follow-up period. The treatment proved to be safe and effective both in relapsing and in chronic progressive patients, determining rapid clinical improvement in most of the cases, and a slowing down of progression in some chronic patients.