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New possibilities for the development of biosensors that are ready to be implemented in the field have emerged thanks to the recent progress of functional nanomaterials and the careful engineering of nanostructures. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have exceptional physical, chemical, highly anisotropic, chemically active, and mechanical capabilities due to their ultra-thin structures. The diversity of the high surface area, layered topologies, and porosity found in 2D nanomaterials makes them amenable to being engineered with surface characteristics that make it possible for targeted identification. By integrating the distinctive features of several varieties of nanostructures and employing them as scaffolds for bimolecular assemblies, biosensing platforms with improved reliability, selectivity, and sensitivity for the identification of a plethora of analytes can be developed. In this review, we compile a number of approaches to using 2D nanomaterials for biomolecule detection. Subsequently, we summarize the advantages and disadvantages of using 2D nanomaterials in biosensing. Finally, both the opportunities and the challenges that exist within this potentially fruitful subject are discussed. This review will assist readers in understanding the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials, their alteration by enzymes and composite materials, and the implementation of 2D material-based biosensors for efficient bioanalysis and disease diagnosis.
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The fabrication of multifunctional nano-therapies has increased gradually to strengthen the therapeutic performance and minimize adverse effects of traditional cancer treatment strategies. Currently, we have designed a facile preparation drug-loaded nanocarrier for multimodal cancer therapy upon external stimuli. First, defect-rich molybdenum oxo-sulfide (MoOxS2-x) quantum dots (QDs) was synthesized via rapid biomineralization techniques with superior optical quantum yield reaching upto 37.28%. The presence of the Fenton ion, Mo+IV/+VI, enables MoOxS2-x QDs to efficiently catalyze peroxide solutions to produce â¢OH radicals for chemodynamic treatment (CDT) and also deactivate the intracellular glutathione (GSH) enzymes through redox reaction for boosted reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated therapies. In addition, upon laser combination, MoOxS2-x QDs generate ROS for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Also, due to a large amount of sulfide content, MoOxS2-x QDs showed excellent H2S gas release in acidic pH for cancer gas therapy. Then, MoOxS2-x QDs was further conjugated with ROS-responsive thioketal linked Camptothecin (CPT-TK-COOH) drug, forming a multitargeted MoOxS2-xCPT anticancer agent with better drug-loading efficiency (38.8%). After triggering the ROS generation through the CDT and PDT mechanisms, the thioketal linkage was disrupted, releasing up to 79% of the CPT drug in 48 h. Besides, in vitro experiments verified that MoOxS2-x QDs possess higher biocompatibility with 4T1 and HeLa cells but also showed considerable toxicity in the presence of laser/H2O2, resulting in 84.45% cell death through PDT/CDT and chemotherapeutic effects. Therefore, the designed MoOxS2-xCPT exhibited outstanding therapeutic benefits for image-guided cancer therapy.
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Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Fotoquimioterapia , Puntos Cuánticos , Humanos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Células HeLa , Molibdeno , Liberación de Fármacos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Sulfuros , Línea Celular Tumoral , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMEN
Development of tumor microenvironment (TME) modifying nanomedicine with cooperative effect between multiple stimuli responsive therapeutic modalities is necessary to achieve lower dosage induced tumor specific therapy. Accordingly, herein, a multifunctional MnOx NSs@BSA-IR780-GOx nanocomposite (MBIG NCs) is developed to modulate the oxidative stress in TME, and thus attain higher therapeutic efficacy. In the presence of glucose, the as-synthesized MBIG NCs are served as a chemodynamic agents and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by self-activation through a cascade of reactions from glucose oxidase (GOx) and manganese oxide nanosheets (MnOx NSs). Also, the MBIG NCs demonstrated excellent photodynamic properties upon irradiation with 808 nm laser owing to the presence of IR780. The combination of glucose-mediated chemodynamic and light-mediated photodynamic properties generated higher ROS than that obtained with individual stimuli. Further, the MBIG NCs exhibited photothermal effect with conversion efficiency of 33.8 %, which helped to enhance the enzymatic activities. In in vitro studies, the MBIG NCs exhibited good biocompatibility to cancerous and non-cancerous cells under non-stimulus conditions. Nevertheless, in the presence of glucose and light stimuli, they triggered more than 90 % cell toxicity at 200 ppm concentration via the cooperative effect between starvation therapy, chemodynamic therapy, and phototherapy. Furthermore, the MBIG NCs demonstrated magnetic resonance and fluorescence imaging properties. These results are suggesting that MBIG NCs would be potential theranostic agents to for cancer diagnosis and target specific therapy. More importantly, the fabrication process is paving a way to improve the aqueous dispersibility, stability, and bio-applicability of MnOx NSs and IR780.
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Nanocompuestos , Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Humanos , Oxígeno Singlete , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Medicina de Precisión , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Nanocompuestos/uso terapéutico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Nanopartículas/uso terapéutico , Microambiente TumoralRESUMEN
The design of therapeutic nanoplatforms based on fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) has become a viable strategy because of their aqueous solubility, biocompatibility, and ease of further functionalization. By doping various heteroatoms into pristine CDs structures, we synthesized N-, Cl-, and S-doped CDs (NClS/CDs), as well as Se-, N-, and Cl-doped CDs (NClSe/CDs) with superior optoelectronic properties using rapid and straightforward microwave heating. The quantum efficiencies of these NClS/CDs and NClSe/CDs were enhanced to 30.7 % and 42.9 %, respectively, compared to those of undoped CDs (0.66 %). Owing to their better light absorption properties, NClS/CDs efficiently produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) under 532 nm laser irradiation for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Considering the ROS generation and surface carrier abilities of NClS/CDs, we designed the loading of camptothecin (CPT) drug via a thioketal linker (TL), resulting in h/CDs@CPT nanovesicles (NVs) with a drug-loading efficiency of 46.5 %. Under laser irradiation in an acidic environment, ROS-triggered CPT release was observed, with 50.2 % of CPT released following the breakdown of the ROS-sensitive TL. In vitro cellular studies revealed that h/CDs@CPT NVs possessed minimal cytotoxicity toward HeLa and 4 T1 cancer cells, despite the high clinical efficacy of PDT and ROS-induced chemotherapeutic response under laser treatment. Confocal microscopy of HeLa and 4 T1 cells revealed that h/CDs@CPT NVs produced red-emissive photographs for potential cancer cell detection. Therefore, our study presents an image-guided PDT and chemotherapeutic platform based on h/CDs@CPT NVs, which will be an attractive candidate for future cancer treatment.
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Fotoquimioterapia , Profármacos , Puntos Cuánticos , Humanos , Fotoquimioterapia/métodos , Profármacos/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Liberación de Fármacos , Carbono/química , Puntos Cuánticos/química , Rayos LáserRESUMEN
The implementation of a structure-designed strategy to construct hierarchical architectures of multicomponent metal oxide-based electrode materials for energy storage devices is in the limelight. Herein, we report NiO nanoflakes impregnated on ZnCo2O4 nanorod arrays as ZnCo2O4@NiO core-shell structures on a flexible stainless-steel mesh substrate, fabricated by a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly reflux condensation method. The core-shell structure of ZnCo2O4@NiO is used as an electrode material in a supercapacitor as it provides a high specific surface area (134.79 m2 g-1) offering high electroactive sites for a redox reaction, reduces the electron and ion diffusion path, and promotes an efficient contact between the electroactive material and electrolyte. The binder-free ZnCo2O4@NiO electrode delivers a high specific capacitance of 882 F g-1 at 4 mA cm-2 current density and exhibits remarkable cycling stability (â¼85% initial capacitance retention after 5000 charge-discharge cycles at 10 mA cm-2). The asymmetric supercapacitor device ZnCo2O4@NiO//rGO delivered a maximum energy density of 46.66 W h kg-1 at a power density of 800 W kg-1. The device exhibited 90.20% capacitance retention after 4000 cycles. These results indicate that the ZnCo2O4@NiO architecture electrode is a promising functional material for energy storage devices.
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Designing a low-cost, highly efficient, and stable electrocatalyst that can synergistically speed up the reduction of polysulfide electrolytes while operative for long periods in the open air is critical for the practical application of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), but it remains a challenging task. Herein, a simple, straightforward, and two-step nanocomposite engineering approach that simultaneously combines metallic copper chalcogenides (MC) either Cu2- x S or Cu2- x Se with S, N dual-doped carbon (SNC) sources for devising high-quality counter electrode (CE) film are reported. First, the hierarchically assembled MC nanostructures are obtained using microwave-assisted synthesis. Second, these MCs are embedded within an ordered macro-meso-microporous carbon matrix to obtain Cu2- x S@C or Cu2- x SeS@C CE. These CEs are demonstrated to have composition dependents crystal structure, surface morphologies, photovoltaic performance, and electrochemical properties. In terms of power conversion efficiency (PCE), the Cu2- x SeS@C (9.89%) and Cu2- x S@C-CE (8.96%) constructed QDSSCs outperform both Cu2- x Se (8.96%) and Cu2- x S-constructed (7.79%) QDSSCs, respectively. The enhanced PCE could be attributed to the synergistic interaction of S and N dopants with MC interfaces that can not only enrich electric conductivity, and a higher surface-to-volume ratio but also offers a 3D network for superior charge transport at the interface.
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The surface of Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets (TC NSs) was first modified with the antioxidants sodium ascorbate (SA) and dopamine (DA) (DSTC NS) to improve their stability in oxidative and hydration environments and thereby improve their bioapplications. This novel approach not only improved MXene stability by arresting oxidation but also increased the available functional groups for further functionalization with various biomolecules. The DSTC NSs were then sequentially conjugated with enzyme glucose oxidase (GOx) and photosensitizer Ce6 to render the obtained CGDSTC NSs with glucose starvation and photodynamic therapeutic properties and thus attain high efficiency in killing cancer cells through the cooperative effect. The as-synthesized CGDSTC NSs demonstrated tremendous photothermal effect with conversion efficiency of 45.1% and photodynamic (ROS generation) properties upon irradiation with 808 and 671 nm lasers. Furthermore, it was observed that the enzymatic activity of CGDSTC NSs increased upon laser irradiation due to enhanced solution temperature. During in vitro studies, the CGDSTC NSs exhibited cytocompatability to HePG2 and HeLa cells under nonstimulus conditions. However, they elicited more than 90% cell-killing efficiency in the presence of glucose and laser irradiation via the cooperative effect between starvation therapy and phototherapy. These results indicate that CGDSTC NSs could be used as potential therapeutic agents to eradicate cancers with no or few adverse effects. This surface modification approach is also simple and facile to adopt in MXene-based research.
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In this study, for the first time, red-emitting CsMgxPb1-xI3 quantum dots (QDs) are prepared by doping with magnesium (Mg) ions via the one-pot microwave pyrolysis technique. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results have confirmed partial substitution of Pb2+ by Mg2+ inside the CsPbI3 framework. The as-synthesized CsMgxPb1-xI3 QDs have exhibited excellent morphology, higher quantum yield (upto â¼89%), better photostability and storage stability than undoped CsPbI3. Next, the bioavailability of as-synthesized hydrophobic CsMgxPb1-xI3 QDs is improved by encapsulating them into gadolinium-conjugated pluronic 127 (PF127-Gd) micelles through hydrophobic interactions (PQD@Gd). The optical properties of perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) and the presence of Gd could endow the PQD@Gd with fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and phototherapeutic properties. Accordingly, the MRI contrasting effects of PQD@Gd nanoagents are demonstrated by employing T1 and T2 studies, which validated that PQD@Gd nanoagents had superior MR contrasting effect with a r2/r1 ratio of 1.38. In vitro MRI and fluorescence imaging analyses have shown that the PQD@Gd nanoagents are internalized into the cancer cells via a caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathway. The PQD@Gd nanoagents have exhibited excellent biocompatibility even at concentrations as high as 450 ppm. Interestingly, the as-prepared PQD@Gd nanoagents have efficiently produced cytotoxic reactive oxygen species in the cancer cells under 671 nm laser illumination and thereby induced cell death. Moreover, the PQD@Gd nanoagent also demonstrated excellent photocatalytic activity toward organic pollutants under visible light irradiation. The organic pollutants rhodamine b, methyl orange, and methylene blue were degraded by 92.11, 89.21, and 76.21%, respectively, under 60, 80, and 100 min, respectively, irradiation time. The plausible mechanism for the photocatalytic activity is also elucidated. Overall, this work proposes a novel strategy to enhance the optical properties, stability, and bioapplicability of PQDs. The multifunctional PQD@Gd nanoagents developed in this study could be the potential choice of components not only for cancer therapy due to dual-modal imaging and photodynamic therapeutic properties but also for organic pollutant or bacterial removal due to excellent photocatalytic properties.
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Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Imagen Óptica , Fotoquimioterapia , Puntos Cuánticos/química , Catálisis , Cesio/química , Yodo/química , Plomo/química , Magnesio/química , Ensayo de Materiales , Procesos FotoquímicosRESUMEN
Herein, we report for the first time a facile strategy for the highly efficient (NH4)xCs1-xPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs). By modulating the amount of ammonium, (NH4)xCs1-xPbBr3 QDs with different photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QY) were synthesized. The results of X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the crystal structure of (NH4)xCs1-xPbBr3 was altered by incorporation of NH4+ cations into the CsPbBr3 lattice. The (NH4)xCs1-xPbBr3 QDs showed enhanced PL QY, higher photostability, and long-term storage stability compared to CsPbBr3 QDs. Furthermore, (NH4)xCs1-xPbBr3 QDs could be conjugated with a photothermal dye (IR780) via a one-pot reaction using poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) and IR780-MPTS. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first attempt integrating perovskite QDs and phototherapeutic molecules into one system (abbreviated as PQD-IR780), demonstrating good water dispersibility and high photothermal conversion efficiency of 57.85%. In vitro experiments performed to examine subcellular uptake showed high fluorescence brightness was observed in HeLa, B16F1, and HepG2 cancer cells cultured with PQD-IR780. The results indicate that the internalization mechanism for uptaking of PQD-IR780 inside HeLa cells is energy-dependent and caveolin-mediated endocytosis. The in vitro cell viability assays and photothermal therapy revealed that PQD-IR780 showed good biocompatibility and can induce hyperthermia upon laser irradiation.
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Puntos Cuánticos , Supervivencia Celular , Células HeLa , Humanos , Luminiscencia , Terapia FototérmicaRESUMEN
For quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), modifying conservative polysulfide electrolytes with polymer additives has been proven as an effective method to control charge recombination processes at the TiO2/QDs/electrolyte interface and to accomplish efficient cell devices. In this respect, the polysulfide electrolyte is modified with polymeric and sulfur-rich graphitic carbon nitride (SGCN) to enhance the photovoltaic performance of QDSSCs. For the first time, SGCN is used to passivate surface trap states and act as the steric hindrance between TiO2/QDs/electrolyte interfaces. The QDSSCs fabricated with GCN and SGCN additives exhibited higher efficiencies, especially improved short-circuit current (JSC) and fill factors (FFs) than those of the liquid electrolyte. Cu-In-S sensitized QDSSCs constructed with GCN and SGCN additives exhibited efficiencies of 6.73% and 7.13%, respectively, whereas the liquid electrolytes delivered an efficiency of 6.16%. Additionally, the applicability of SGCN additives in various Cu-based QDSSCs to enhance their photovoltaic performance is further verified using Cu-In-Se QDSSCs. An increase in the conversion efficiencies of QDSSCs with SGCN additives is possibly due to (1) their electron-rich surface which can act as an obstacle for electron-hole recombination, thereby suppressing the back-transfer of photo-induced electrons to the QD/electrolyte interface; (2) SGCN facilitates the reduction of Sn2- to S2- redox couple, thus providing holes towards the QDs/electrolyte more efficiently. Overall, this work provides an innovative and economic additive to modify polysulfide electrolytes, thereby controlling the TiO2/QDs/electrolyte interfaces of QDSSCs.
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Nanostructured NiCo2O4 is a promising material for energy storage systems. Herein, we report the binder-free deposition of porous marigold micro-flower like NiCo2O4 (PNCO) on the flexible stainless-steel mesh (FSSM) as (PNCO@FSSM) electrode by simple chemical bath deposition. The SEM and EDS analysis revealed the marigold micro-flowers like morphology of NiCo2O4 and its elemental composition. The porous nature of the electrode is supported by the BET surface area (100.47 m2 g-1) and BJH pore size diameter (â¼1.8 nm) analysis. This PNCO@FSSM electrode demonstrated a specific capacitance of 530 F g-1 at a high current density of 6 mA cm-2 and revealed 90.5% retention of specific capacitance after 3000 cycles. The asymmetric supercapacitor device NiCo2O4//rGO within a voltage window of 1.4 V delivered a maximum energy density of 41.66 W h kg-1 at a power density of 3000 W kg-1. The cyclic stability study of this device revealed 73.33% capacitance retention after 2000 cycles. These results indicate that the porous NiCo2O4 micro-flowers electrode is a promising functional material for the energy storage device.