Evaluation of Multiple RNA Extraction Protocols for Chikungunya Virus Screening in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes.

Chikungunya virus (Togaviridae, Alphavirus; CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne global health threat. The main urban vector of CHIKV is the Aedes aegypti mosquito, which is found throughout Brazil. Therefore, it is important to carry out laboratory tests to assist in the virus's diagnosis and surveillance. Most molecular biology methodologies use nucleic acid extraction as the first step and require quality RNA for their execution. In this context, four RNA extraction protocols were evaluated in Ae. aegypti experimentally infected with CHIKV. Six pools were tested in triplicates (n = 18), each containing 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, or 40 mosquitoes per pool (72 tests). Four commercial kits were compared: QIAamp®, Maxwell®, PureLink®, and PureLink® with TRIzol®. The QIAamp® and PureLink® with TRIzol® kits had greater sensitivity. Two negative correlations were observed: as the number of mosquitoes per pool increases, the Ct value decreases, with a higher viral load. Significant differences were found when comparing the purity and concentration of RNA. The QIAamp® protocol performed better when it came to lower Ct values and higher RNA purity and concentration. These results may provide help in CHIKV entomovirological surveillance planning.

Isolation and sequencing of Orthoflavivirus ilheusense from mosquitoes collected in the Brazilian cerrado, West-Central region, Brazil.

The Orthoflavivirus ilheusense (ILHV) is an arbovirus that was first isolated in Brazil in 1944 during an epidemiologic investigation of yellow fever. Is a member of the Flaviviridae family and it belongs to the antigenic complex of the Ntaya virus group. Psorophora ferox is the primary vector of ILHV and this study presents the isolation and phylogenetic analysis of ILHV in a pool of Ps. ferox collected in the state of Goiás in 2021. Viral isolation tests were performed on Vero cells and C6/36 clones. The indirect immunofluorescence test (IFI) was used to confirm the positivity of the sample. The positive sample underwent RT-qPCR, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of ILHV circulation in this municipality and presented close relationship between this isolate and another ILHV isolate collected in the city of Belém (PA).

Ilheus Virus (ILHV) Resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus from the Northern Region of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Orthoflavivirus ilheusense (ILHV) is a member of the Flaviviridae family. It was first isolated in 1944 from pools of Aedes serratus and Psorophora ferox mosquitoes; however, it has also been detected in species of the genus Culex, such as Cx. portesi and Cx. coronator. The objective of this study was to examine the vector competence of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to ILHV infection and the subsequent transmission of the virus through their saliva during feeding on blood. METHODS: F1 generation females of Cx. quinquefasciatus (Ananindeua/PA) were orally infected with goose blood infected with strain BeH7445, and body, head and saliva samples were analyzed at 7, 14, and 21 dpi using the techniques of virus isolation in cells and indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The presence of ILHV was not detected in the body and head samples of Cx. quinquefasciatus females at any of the three dpi's analyzed, indicating that the lineage of mosquitoes analyzed was resistant to ILHV. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results obtained in this study, the species Cx. quinquefasciatus proved resistant to ILHV, regardless of the virus titers to which it was exposed, which suggests the possibility that this species does not act as a vector in the ILHV transmission cycle.

Genus Culex Linnaeus, 1758 (Diptera: Culicidae) as an Important Potential Arbovirus Vector in Brazil: An Integrative Review.

The genus Culex has 817 species subdivided into 28 subgenera. It has a cosmopolitan distribution, being most abundant in countries with a tropical climate. Understanding the ecology and diversity of viruses circulating in the species of this genus is important for understanding their role as arbovirus vectors in Brazil. To conduct an integrative review to identify the importance of the Culex genus as arbovirus vectors in Brazil. A search was carried out for scientific papers in the PubMed, BVSalud, Patuá-IEC and International Catalogue of Arboviruses: including certain other viruses of vertebrates databases. 36 publications describing arbovirus detections in Culex mosquitoes collected in the field in Brazil were evaluated. A total of 42 arbovirus species were detected, as well as studies analyzing the vector competence of C. quinquefasciatus for the transmission of four different arboviruses. The study of the Culex genus and its role as a vector of arboviruses in Brazil is essential for understanding transmission cycles, with the main aim of reducing cases of human infection. Thus, entomovirological surveillance guides the implementation of actions to detect circulating arboviruses among vectors to anticipate measures aimed at preventing or reducing the risk of arbovirus outbreaks in the country.

Vector Competence of Culex quinquefasciatus from Brazil for West Nile Virus.

West Nile virus is characterized as a neurotropic pathogen, which can cause West Nile fever and is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Culex. In 2018, the Instituto Evandro Chagas performed the first isolation of a WNV strain in Brazil from a horse brain sample. The present study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of orally infected Cx. quinquefasciatus from the Amazon region of Brazil to become infected and transmit the WNV strain isolated in 2018. Oral infection was performed with blood meal artificially infected with WNV, followed by analysis of infection, dissemination, and transmission rates, as well as viral titers of body, head, and saliva samples. At the 21st dpi, the infection rate was 100%, the dissemination rate was 80%, and the transmission rate was 77%. These results indicate that Cx. quinquefasciatus is susceptible to oral infection by the Brazilian strain of WNV and may act as a possible vector of the virus since it was detected in saliva from the 21st dpi.

First Isolation and Genome Sequence Analysis of West Nile Virus in Mosquitoes in Brazil.

West Nile virus is a flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, mainly of the genus Culex. In Brazil, serological studies have already indicated the circulation of the virus since 2003, with the first human case detected in 2014. The objective of the present paper is to report the first isolation of WNV in a Culex (Melanoconion) mosquito. Arthropods were collected by protected human attraction and CDC light bait, and taxonomically identified and analyzed by viral isolation, complement fixation and genomic sequencing tests. WNV was isolated from samples of Culex (Melanoconion) mosquitoes, and the sequencing analysis demonstrated that the isolated strain belonged to lineage 1a. The finding of the present study presents the first evidence of the isolation and genome sequencing of WNV in arthropods in Brazil.

Sequencing and description of the complete mitochondrial genome of Limatus durhamii (Diptera: Culicidae).

The genus Limatus (Diptera: Culicidae) are wild mosquitoes belonging to the Sabethini tribe that occurs in tropical countries and is related to transmission cycles of Orthobunyavirus (Bunyaviridae), particularly in the Amazon region. Given the unavailability of information related to evolutionary biology and molecular taxonomy aspects of this genus, we report here the first complete sequencing of the mitochondrial genome of Limatus durhamii Theobald, 1901. The NextSeq 500 platform was used for sample sequencing, and the mitochondrial sequence obtained was 14,875 bp long, comprising 37 functional subunits (13 PCGs, 22 tRNA and 02 rRNA). The phylogeny reconstructed by maximum likelihood based on the concatenation of all 13 PCGs corroborated the known taxonomic classification based most on aspects of the external morphology and few molecular studies. The data and information produced here may be useful in the future development of taxonomic and evolutionary studies for the genus, as well as the Culicidae family itself.

Relação de Trabalho entre Enfermeiros Obstétricos e Doulas na Assistência ao Parto / The work relationship between obstetric nurses and doulas in assistance to childbirth / La relación de trabajo entre enfermeros obstétricos y doulas en la asistencia al parto

Objetivo: O estudo objetiva descrever a relação de Enfermeiros Obstétricos e Doulas na assistência ao trabalho de parto e parto. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, descritivo e prospectivo, realizado no Centro de Parto Normal localizado em Castanhal, com sete Enfermeiras Obstétricas e três Doulas. Os dados foram coletados entre dezembro/2017 e maio/2018, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: Emergiram as seguintes categorias: Assistência holística à gestante; A Enfermagem Obstétrica e as Doulas: o desafio no entrecruzar de práticas; Associação de práticas na assistência ao parto normal. Conclusão: Apesar dos relatos evidenciados de conflitos entre as Doulas e as Enfermeiras Obstétricas, é possível identificar uma boa relação na associação de práticas proporcionando benefícios à parturiente. (AU)

Objective: The study aims to describe the relationship between Obstetric Nurses and Doulas in assisting labor and delivery. Methods: A qualitative, descriptive and prospective study, carried out with seven Obstetric Nurses and three Doulas. Data were collected between Dec 2017 to May 2018, through a semi-structured interview and Bardin Content Analysis. Results: The speeches were classified into the following categories: Holistic care for pregnant women; Obstetric Nursing and Doulas: the challenge in the intertwining of practices; Association of practices in assisting normal delivery. Conclusion: Despite the evidences of conflicts between the Doulas and the Obstetric Nurses, it is possible to identify a good relation in the association of practices providing benefits to the parturient. (AU)

Objetivo: El estudio objetivó describir la relación de Enfermeros Obstétricos y Doulas en la asistencia al trabajo de parto y parto. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y prospectivo, realizado en el Centro de Parto Normal ubicado en Castanhal, con siete Enfermeras Obstétricas y tres Doulas. Los datos fueron recolectados entre diciembre/2017 y mayo/2018, por medio de entrevista semiestructurada y Análisis de Contenido de Bardin. Resultados: Se plantearon las siguientes categorías: Asistencia holística a la gestante; La Enfermería Obstétrica y las Doulas: el desafío en el entrecruzar de prácticas; Asociación de prácticas en la asistencia al parto normal. Conclusion: A pesar de los relatos evidenciados de conflictos entre las Doulas y las Enfermeras Obstétricas, es posible identificar una buena relación en la asociación de prácticas proporcionando beneficios a la parturienta. (AU)

Análise de causa raiz em internações por drogas de abuso como eventos sentinelas / Análisis de causa raíz em internaciones por drogas de abuso como eventos centinelas / Root cause analysis in hospitalizations due to drugs as sentinel surveillance

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de iniciação e continuidade do uso de drogas, a partir do evento sentinela, internação hospitalar com diagnóstico de trauma associado à intoxicação por drogas de abuso. Métodos: Estudo exploratório e retrospectivo, com referencial de vigilância epidemiológica de 30 eventos sentinelas, a partir de revisão de documentos hospitalares e entrevista com familiar dos usuários de drogas. A matriz para avaliação foi a análise da causa raiz, estabelecida pela investigação e pelar e construção da trajetória do uso de drogas. Resultados: Houve predomínio de sexo masculino, baixa escolaridade e desemprego, com média de 40,1 anos. A droga mais utilizada foi o álcool, isolada ou associada a drogas ilícitas. Identificaram-se pontos críticos de vulnerabilidade social, permitindo uma discussão sobre o desempenho das políticas públicas. Conclusão: A maioria dos fatores subjacentes se relacionava à ausência ou à precariedade de políticas públicas, com pontos críticos na intersetorialidade (AU)

Objective: to analyze the initiation and continuity factors for drug use from the hospitalization sentinel surveillance diagnosed with trauma associated with drug intoxication. Methods: this is an exploratory and retrospective study with the epidemiological surveillance framework of 30 sentinel events based on hospital documents review and interviews with family members of drug users. The matrix for the evaluation was the root cause analysis, established by the investigation and reconstruction of the drug use trajectory. Results: we found predominance of male gender, low education and unemployment, with average 40.1 years. The most consumed drug was alcohol, alone or associated with illicit drugs. Critical points of social vulnerability were identified, admitting the discussion of public policies performance. Conclusions: most of the underlying factors were related to the absence or precariousness of public policies, with critical points in intersectoriality (AU)

Objetivo: analizar los factores de iniciación y continuidad para el consumo de drogas del evento centinela de hospitalización, diagnosticado con trauma asociado con la intoxicación por abuso de drogas. Métodos: estudio exploratorio y retrospectivo con el marco de vigilancia epidemiológica de 30 eventos centinela, basado en la revisión de documentos hospitalarios y entrevistas con familiares de usuarios de drogas. La matriz para la evaluación fue el análisis de la causa raíz, establecido por la investigación y reconstrucción de la trayectoria del consumo de drogas. Resultados: predominó el sexo masculino, baja educación y desempleo, con un promedio de 40,1 años. La droga más utilizada fue el alcohol, solo o asociado con drogas ilícitas. Se identificaron puntos críticos de vulnerabilidad social, lo que permite una discusión sobre el desempeño de las políticas públicas. Conclusión: la mayoría de los factores subyacentes estaban relacionados con la ausencia o precariedad de las políticas públicas, con puntos críticos en la intersectorialidad (AU)

Familiares de usuários de substâncias psicoativas em busca de cuidado / Family of users of psychoactive substances in search of care

Objetivo: descrever as vivências de familiares de usuários de substâncias psicoativas em busca de cuidado na rede de atenção psicossocial. Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, exploratório e transversal, com 29 familiares de usuários de substâncias psicoativas internados com trauma físico, notificados em um centro de informação e assistência toxicológica, utilizando um roteiro semiestruturado e entrevistas domiciliares. Compilaram-se os dados em planilha eletrônica no software Microsoft Office Excel 10.0 e os analisando pela estatística descritiva simples. Resultados: revela-se que os familiares conviviam, em média, há 20,8 anos com comportamento aditivo intrafamiliar, principalmente o uso de bebida alcoólica, em um contexto de períodos curtos de recaídas e abstinência e elevada violência intrafamiliar e social. Observaram-se acesso elevado a serviços hospitalares de urgência e baixo acesso e vínculo a serviços de atenção primária e de base comunitária. Relatou-se, após a internação hospitalar por trauma, por 15 familiares (51,7%), diminuição do comportamento aditivo, em média, por 30 dias. Conclusão: conclui-se que a oportunidade de quebra do ciclo de dependência e continuidade do cuidado, com foco na atenção psicossocial e na unidade familiar, não aconteceu nas famílias investigadas.(AU)

Objective: to describe the experiences of family members of psychoactive substance users in search of care in the psychosocial care network. Method: this is a quantitative, exploratory, and cross-sectional study, with 29 family members of users of psychoactive substances hospitalized with physical trauma, reported to an information and toxicological assistance center, using a semi-structured script and home interviews. Data were compiled in an electronic spreadsheet using Microsoft Office Excel 10.0 software and analyzed using simple descriptive statistics. Results: it is revealed that family members lived, on average, for 20.8 years with domestic addictive behavior, especially the use of alcohol, in a scenario of short periods of relapse and abstinence and high intrafamily and social violence. There was high access to emergency hospital services and low access and link to primary care and community-based services. After hospitalization due to trauma, 15 family members (51.7%) reported a decrease in addictive behavior, on average, for 30 days. Conclusion: it is concluded that the opportunity to stop the cycle of addiction and continuity of care, focusing on psychosocial care and family arrangement, did not happen in the investigated families.(AU)

Objetivo: describir las experiencias de los familiares de los usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas en busca de atención en la red de atención psicosocial. Método: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, exploratorio y transversal, con 29 familiares de usuarios de sustancias psicoactivas hospitalizados con trauma físico, notificados en un centro de información y asistencia toxicológica, utilizando un guion semiestructurado y entrevistas domiciliadas. Los datos se compilaron en una hoja de trabajo en el software Microsoft Office Excel 10.0 y se analizaron mediante estadísticas descriptivas simples. Resultados: se revela que los familiares convivieron, en promedio, durante 20,8 años con comportamientos intrafamiliares adictivos, principalmente el uso de bebidas alcohólicas, en un contexto de cortos períodos de recaída y abstinencia y alta violencia intrafamiliar y social. Se observó un alto acceso a los servicios hospitalarios de urgencia y bajo acceso y vínculo a servicios de atención primaria y comunitaria. Después de la hospitalización por trauma, 15 familiares (51,7%) reportaron disminución del comportamiento aditivo, en promedio, durante 30 días. Conclusión: se concluye que la oportunidad de romper el ciclo de dependencia y continuidad del cuidado, centrándose en la atención psicosocial y en la unidad familiar, no ocurrió en las familias investigadas.(AU)

Uso de tabaco em mulheres acompanhadas em um centro de atenção psicossocial / Uso del tabaco en mujeres acompañadas en un centro de atención psicosocial / Tobacco use among women receiving treatment in a psychosocial care center

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos associados ao uso de produtos derivados do tabaco em mulheres com transtornos mentais e comportamentais acompanhadas em um centro de atenção psicossocial. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de prevalência, com uma amostra aleatória de 181 mulheres com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, com diagnóstico médico de transtornos mentais e comportamentais segundo a Classificação Internacional de Doenças. A coleta de dados foi realizada no período de agosto de 2016 a abril de 2017, por meio de entrevista telefônica com as participantes do estudo. Os dados foram submetidos a tratamento estatístico por meio de análise descritiva e medidas de tendência central. Resultados: Dentre as 181 mulheres entrevistadas, 24,9% faziam uso de produtos derivados do tabaco, predominando as mulheres com: idade entre 40 a 49 anos, raça/cor parda, escolaridade entre um e oito anos estudados, renda entre um e menos que dois salários mínimos, sem trabalho fora de casa, ausência de residência com companheiro, e com religião católica. Quarenta e nove mulheres (27,1%) relataram comorbidades, principalmente Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica e Diabetes Mellitus, apresentando relação com o uso de produtos derivados de tabaco (p=0,049). Conclusão: A prevalência do uso de produtos derivados de tabaco em mulheres com transtornos mentais e comportamentais é elevada se comparada à população geral feminina, e tem relação com a presença de comorbidades clínicas.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar factores sociodemográficos y clínicos asociados con el uso de productos derivados del tabaco en mujeres con trastornos mentales y comportamentales, acompañadas en un centro de atención psicosocial. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio de prevalencia, con una muestra aleatoria de 181 mujeres con edad igual o superior a 18 años, con diagnóstico médico de trastornos mentales y comportamentales según la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades. La recolección de datos fue realizada en el período de agosto de 2016 a abril de 2017, por medio de una entrevista telefónica con las participantes del estudio. Los datos fueron sometidos a tratamiento estadístico a través de análisis descriptivo y medidas de tendencia central. Resultados: Entre las 181 mujeres entrevistadas, un 24,9% hacía uso de productos derivados del tabaco, predominando las mujeres con: edad entre 40 y 49 años, raza / color pardo, escolaridad entre uno y ocho años estudiados, ingresos entre uno y menos de dos salarios mínimos, sin trabajo fuera de casa, ausencia de residencia con compañero, y con religión católica. Cuarenta y nueve mujeres (27,1%) relataron comorbilidades, principalmente Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica y Diabetes Mellitus, presentando relación con el uso de productos derivados del tabaco (p = 0,049). Conclusión: La prevalencia del uso de productos derivados del tabaco en mujeres con trastornos mentales y comportamentales es elevada si se compara con la población general femenina, y tiene relación con la presencia de comorbilidades clínicas.

Abstract Objective: Analyze sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with the use of tobacco-based products among women with mental and behavioral disorders receiving treatment in a psychosocial care center. Methods: This is a prevalence study, with a random sample of 181 women, 18 years of age or older, diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders according to the International Classification of Diseases. Data were collected between August 2016 and April 2017, via telephone interviews with the study participants. The data underwent statistical treatment using descriptive analysis and measurements of central tendency. Results: Among the 181 women interviewed, 24.9% used tobacco-based products, and the following aspects predominated in the study population: 40 to 49 years of age; brown race/color; one to eight years of study; income ranging from one to less than two minimum wages; does not work outside the home; does not live with a partner, and Catholic religion. Forty-nine of the women (27.1%) reported comorbidities, mainly arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, where there was a relationship with tobacco-based product use (p=0.049). Conclusion: The prevalence of tobacco-based product use among women with mental and behavioral disorders was high, compared to the general female population, and was associated with the presence of clinical comorbidities.

Risco social de famílias de usuários de drogas internados por trauma físico social / Risk for the family of drug users hospitalized due to physical injury / Riesgo social para la familia de usuarios de drogas hospitalizado por un trauma fisico

Objetivo: Classificar o risco social de famílias de indivíduos internados por trauma físico e usuários de drogas, investigados como eventos sentinela. Métodos: Estudo exploratório-descritivo, realizado em um centro de assistência toxicológica do Paraná, com 30 eventos sentinela - indivíduos internados com diagnóstico de trauma físico associado à intoxicação por drogas de abuso, no período de abril a setembro de 2014. Instrumentos de coleta de dados foram um roteiro para entrevista semiestruturada e a Escala do Risco Familiar de Coelho e Savassi, respondidos por um familiar informante-chave. Os escores foram analisados descritivamente. Resultados: A pontuação dos escores da Escala de Risco Familiar indicou 19 famílias em risco social, sendo nove com Risco máximo, e famílias com percentuais sociodemográficos de camadas populares da população. Conclusão: Tempo de uso das drogas de abuso, desemprego e baixo vínculo social dos eventos sentinela, influenciaram os índices de risco familiar

Objetivo: Clasificar el riesgo social familiar delos consumidores de drogas a largo plazo y hospitalizado por un trauma físico. Método: Estudio exploratorio descriptivo, realizado en un centro de asistencia toxicológica de Paraná, con eventos centinela - 30 personas hospitalizadas con diagnóstico de trauma físico asociado a la intoxicación por drogas de abuso, de abril a septiembre de 2014. Instrumentos de recolección de datos fueron una hoja de ruta para la entrevista semiestructurada y Escala de Riesgo Familia de Coelho y Savassi, respondida por un informante clave familiar. Las puntuaciones se analizaron descriptivamente. Resultados: La puntuación de la Escala de Riesgo familia indicaron 19 familias en riesgo social, nueve con máximo riesgo, y las familias con el porcentaje sociodemográfico de las clases más bajas de la población. Conclusión: Uso del tiempo de las drogas de abuso, el desempleo y la baja vínculo social de los eventos centinela influyeron en los índices de riesgo de la familia

Objective: The study's purpose has been to classify the familiar social risk of long-term drug users and hospitalized due to physical trauma. Methods: It is a descriptive-exploratory study that was carried out in a toxicological assistance center from Parana State and through 30 sentinel events - hospitalized individuals diagnosed with physical trauma associated with poisoning by drugs abuse, over the period from April to September 2014. Data collection instruments were a semi-structured interview and the Coelho-Savassi's Family Risk Scale, where it was answered by a family key-informant. The scores were analyzed descriptively. Results: The Family Risk Scale score have indicated that 19 families were under social risk, where 9 of them were under maximum risk, and have also shown families with socio-demographic percentage matching the lower classes of the population. Conclusion: The following categories influenced the family risk rates: drugs of abuse use period; unemployment; and low social bond of sentinel events

Esperança de famílias que convivem com comportamento aditivo por tempo prolongado / Esperanza de familias que conviven con comportamiento aditivo por tiempo prolongado / Hope of families living with long-term additive behavior

Objetivo: Identificar a esperança de famílias que convivem por tempo prolongado com o comportamento aditivo de um de seus membros. Métodos: Estudo transversal com familiares de 29 indivíduos internados com trauma físico associado à intoxicação por drogas de abuso, considerados eventos sentinela em um programa de vigilância epidemiológica das repercussões do uso de drogas em famílias. Foram utilizados um roteiro semi estruturado de entrevista e a Escala de Hopefulness­hopelessness. O teste de MannWhitney foi empregado para se verificar associações estatísticas. Resultados: Os usuários tinham, em média, idade de 40,1 anos e tempo médio de uso de drogas de 20,8 anos. O escore médio de esperança dos familiares foi de 28,81(± 2,83). A idade, o tempo de uso e o poli uso de drogas pelos usuários foram estatisticamente associados aos menores níveis de esperança, enquanto a prática religiosa, pelos familiares, foi estatisticamente associada a maiores níveis de esperança. Conclusão: Observou-se um escore médio de esperança baixo, indicando a necessidade de intervenção sobre esse sentimento nas famílias estudadas.

Objective: To identify the hope of families living for an extended period with the additive behavior of one of their family members. Methods: A retrospective and cross-sectional study was conducted with relatives of 29 hospitalized individuals with physical trauma associated with drug intoxication, considered as sentinel events in a program of epidemiological surveillance of the repercussions of drug use in families. It was used a semi-structured interview script and the Hopefulness-hopelessness Scale. The Mann-Whitney test was used to verify statistical associations. Results: Users had a mean age of 40.1 years and mean time of drug use of 20.8 years. The mean family hope score was 28.81 (± 2.83). Age, time of use and use of many drugs by users were statistically associated with lower levels of hope, while religious practice by relatives was statistically associated with higher levels of hope. Conclusion: A mean score of low expectation was observed, indicating the need for intervention on this feeling in the families studied.

Objetivo: Identificar la esperanza de familias que conviven por tiempo prolongado con el comportamiento aditivo de uno de sus miembros. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo y transversal, con familiares de 29 personas internadas con trauma físico asociado a la intoxicación por drogas de abuso, considerados eventos centinela en un programa de vigilancia epidemiológica de las repercusiones del uso de drogas en familias. Se utilizó un guión semiestructurado de entrevista y la Escala de Hopefulnesshopelessness. La prueba de Meann-Whitney se utilizó para comprobar las asociaciones estadísticas. Resultados: Los usuarios tenían un promedio de edad de 40,1 años y el tiempo promedio de uso de drogas de 20,8 años. El puntaje medio de esperanza de los familiares fue de 28,81 (± 2,83). La edad, el tiempo de consumo y el uso de muchas drogas por parte de los usuarios se asociaron estadísticamente con niveles más bajos de esperanza, mientras que la práctica religiosa de los familiares se asoció estadísticamente con níveles más altos de esperanza. Conclusión: Se observó un puntaje medio de esperanza bajo, indicando la necesidad de intervención sobre ese sentimiento en las familias estudiadas.

Cross-sectional study of adenoidal biofilms in a paediatric population and its clinical implications

INTRODUCTION: Adenoids are nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue with a relevant role in host defence against infection of upper respiratory tract. Nevertheless, adenoids are also a reservoir of microorganisms that can cause infections of upper respiratory tract and otitis particularly in children. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate and compare the association between biofilm assembly on adenoids and the incidence of recurrent infections in a paediatric population submitted to adenoidectomy by either infectious or non-infectious indication. METHODS: Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess biofilms on adenoid surface; biofilm assembly in vitro was monitored by crystal violet assay; antibiotic susceptibility was assessed following EUCAST guidelines; Hinfluenzae capsular typing was performed by PCR. RESULTS: Biofilms were present in 27.4% of adenoid samples and no statistical difference was found between infectious and non-infectious groups. In vitro, the most clinically relevant bacteria, H.influenzae, S.aureus, S.pyogenes, S.pneumoniae and M.catarrhalis, were mostly moderate biofilm assemblers (71.7%). 55.3% of these bacteria were intermediate/resistant to at least one of the tested antibiotics. No association was found between the ability to assemble biofilms in vitro and the presence of biofilms on adenoids nor antibiotic resistance. All H.influenzae were characterized as non-typeable. CONCLUSION: The presence of biofilms on adenoid surface was independent from clinical sample background. Bacterial ability to assemble biofilms in vitro cannot be used to predict biofilm assembly in vivo. The lack of correlation between biofilm formation and infectious respiratory diseases found contributes to question the relevance of biofilms on the pathogenesis of infectious diseases.

Análise do grau de autonomia de residentes em uma Instituição de Longa Permanência / Analysis of elderly autonomy degree of residents in Long Term Care / Análisis del grado de autonomía de residentes en una Hogares para Ancianos

Estudo descritivo/quantitativo realizado no período de novembro e dezembro de 2015. A coleta de dados se deu com 22 institucionalizados por meio da aplicação das escalas de Katz e Lawton & Brody. Constatou-se predomínio da independência para AVD (81,8%) na escala de Katz, divergindo da escala de Lawton & Brody, que evidenciou grau moderadamente dependente (81,8%) para atividades instrumentais de vida diária. Haja vista os dados, observa-se que o grau de funcionalidade exige maior atenção visando à qualidade de vida no envelhecimento.

Descriptive/quantitative study accomplished between November and December of 2015. The data collection has been made with 22 institutionalized people by applying of Katz and Lawton & Brody scales. As became evident the independence to Activities of Daily Living (ADL) (81,8%) in Katz scale diverging of Lawton & Brody scale that showed low function, dependent (81,8%) to Activities Of Daily Living (IADL). Considering the data of functionality degree observed that it requires greater attention aiming aging quality.

Estudio descriptivo/cuantitativo cumplido entre noviembre y diciembre de 2015. Los datos fueron recolectados con 22 institucionalizado mediante la aplicación de las escalas de Katz y Lawton y Brody.  Observado predominio de la independencia de las AVD (81,8%) en la escala de Katz que divergen de Lawton y Brody escala que mostraron moderadamente grado dependiente (81,8%) para AIVD. En vista de los datos se observa que el grado de funcionalidad requiere mayor atención que buscan calidad en el envejecimiento.

Vulnerabilidade social em famílias que convivem com comportamento aditivo por tempo prolongado / Social vulnerability in families living with long-term addictive behavior

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a vulnerabilidade social de famílias que convivem por tempo prolongado com o comportamento aditivo de um de seus membros. Métodos Estudo transversal, com familiares de 29 usuários de drogas, internados com trauma físico associado à intoxicação por drogas de abuso entre abril a setembro de 2014. Utilizou-se o Índice de Vulnerabilidade das Famílias Paranaenses, composto pelas dimensões: adequação do domicílio; perfil e composição familiar; acesso ao trabalho e renda e escolaridade. Os dados foram analisados por medidas de tendência. Resultados Os usuários tinham média de idade de 40,1 anos e comportamento aditivo médio de 20,8 anos. Apenas três famílias não estavam em vulnerabilidade social, e a maior vulnerabilidade foi em relação ao acesso ao trabalho e renda (79,3%) e escolaridade (82,6%), com relação proporcional entre essas dimensões. Conclusão Encontrou-se agravamento da vulnerabilidade em indicadores de longo prazo, proporcional aos anos de enfrentamento às drogas.

Abstract Objective To analyze the social vulnerability of families living for a long time with the addictive behavior of one of their members. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted with relatives of 29 drug users hospitalized with physical trauma associated with drug intoxication from April to September 2014. The Vulnerability Index of Paraná Families was used. It has the following dimensions: adequacy of residence; profile and composition of family; access to work and income; and schooling conditions. Data were analyzed by tendency measures. Results Users had a mean age of 40.1 years and an average addictive behavior of 20.8 years. Only three families were not in social vulnerability. The greatest vulnerability was related to access to work and income (79.3%) and schooling (82.6%), with proportional relation between these dimensions. Conclusion There was worsening of vulnerability in long-term indicators, proportional to the years coping with drugs.

Adenoid bacterial colonization in a paediatric population.

Adenoids play a key role in both respiratory and ear infection in children. It has also been shown that adenoidectomy improves these symptoms in this population. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate adenoid bacterial colonization and document a possible relation with infectious respiratory disease. A prospective observational study was designed to evaluate the proposed hypothesis in a paediatric population submitted to adenoidectomy by either infectious or non-infectious indications and compare these two cohorts. A total of 62 patients with ages ranging from 1 to 12 years old were enrolled in the study. Adenoid surface, adenoid core and middle meatus microbiota were compared. A close association between adenoid colonization and nasal infection was found, supporting that adenoids may function as bacterial reservoir for upper airway infection. The obtained results also contribute to explain the success of adenoidectomy in patients with infectious indications.

Narrativa de filha de usuária de drogas: repercussões no cotidiano familiar / Narrative of a drug user's daughter: impact on family daily routine

Objective: To understand the repercussions of coexisting with the drug use in a family based on the daughter's narrative of a woman who is a multiple drugs user. Method: A case study with a family accessed in 2014, through the records of a Poison Control Center in the North of Paraná. It was used a semi-structured interview and field journal, and resources of thematic oral history to apprehend the story, from the question "How is/was for you and your family to live with a mother who is a drug user?" Results: The daughter's memories emphasized repercussions in the family context: long-term of living with drug abuse; absence or transience of the motherly figure, with rupture processes for homeless situation; cycle of parental disruption/forgiveness and continued presence and fatherly support. Final considerations: The narrative indicated a family that could be added to the process of rehabilitation and social reintegration of the female drug user.

Objetivo: Aprehender las repercusiones del uso de drogas en la convivencia de una familia, a partir de la narrativa de la hija de mujer usuaria de múltiples drogas. Método: Estudio de caso con familia accedida, en 2014, por medio de los registros de un Centro de Control de Intoxicaciones del norte de Paraná. Se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y diario de campo, y recursos de la historia oral temática para aprehensión del relato, a partir de la cuestión "¿Cómo es/fue para usted y su familia convivir con una madre usuaria de drogas?". Resultados: Según las memorias de la hija, la convivencia familiar por largo período con el abuso de drogas; la ausencia o transitoriedad de la figura materna en el domicilio, con procesos de ruptura para situación de calle; el ciclo de rompimiento/perdón conyugal de los padres, y la presencia continua y apoyo del padre, fueron resaltados como reflejos en el contexto familiar. Consideraciones finales: La narrativa indicó una familia que podría ser parcera para el proceso de rehabilitación y reinserción social de la mujer usuaria de drogas.

Objetivo: Apreender as repercussões do uso de drogas na convivência de uma família, a partir da narrativa da filha de uma mulher usuária de múltiplas drogas. Método: Estudo de caso com família acessada, em 2014, através de registros de um Centro de Controle de Intoxicações do norte do Paraná. Entrevista semiestruturada, diário de campo e recursos da história oral temática para apreensão do relato foram utilizados a partir da questão "Como é/foi para você e sua família conviver com uma mãe usuária de drogas?". Resultados: As memórias da filha ressaltaram reflexos no contexto familiar: convivência por longo período com o abuso de drogas; ausência ou transitoriedade da figura materna, com processos de ruptura para situação de rua; ciclo de rompimento/perdão conjugal dos pais e presença contínua e apoio paterno. Considerações finais: A narrativa indicou uma família que poderia ser aliada do processo de reabilitação e reinserção social da mulher usuária de drogas.

Perfil de usuários intoxicados por drogas de abuso e associação com o óbito / Profile of users intoxicated by drugs of abuse and association with death

Caracterizar o perfil de usuários intoxicados por drogas de abuso notificados em um centro deinformação e assistência toxicológica relacionando com a ocorrência de óbitos. Métodos: estudo de sériede casos notificados no biênio 2010-2011, após busca ativa de casos. Os dados foram obtidos das fichasepidemiológicas arquivadas no centro, e submetidos à análise estatística univariada, com teste qui quadrado ede Fischer. Resultados: encontrou-se 339 casos, a maioria homens (87,3%), escolaridade fundamental (61,0%),e idosos (37,2%). Uso de álcool (83,8%) e intoxicações crônicas (89,9%) foram predominantes. Intercorrênciasclínicas estavam presentes na maioria dos diagnósticos médicos (63,4%), no entanto, a letalidade foi maiorna ocorrência de ferimento por armas branca e de fogo. Conclusão: O consumo de drogas de abuso influenciaa morbimortalidade, principalmente em homens, na faixa etária de 60 anos ou mais e com menor nível deescolaridade...

Pathogens in Ornamental Waters: A Pilot Study.

In parks, ornamental waters of easy access and populated with animals are quite attractive to children and yet might hide threats to human health. The present work focuses on the microbiota of the ornamental waters of a Lisboa park, characterized during 2015. The results show a dynamic microbiota integrating human pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Aeromonas spp. and Enterobacter spp., and also antibiotic resistant bacteria. K. pneumoniae and Aeromonas spp. were present as planktonic and biofilm organized bacteria. In vitro K. pneumoniae and Aeromonas spp. showed an enhanced ability to assemble biofilm at 25 °C than at 37 °C. Bacteria recovered from biofilm samples showed an increased antibiotic resistance compared to the respective planktonic counterparts.